Table 6. Binders, attractants and preservatives for shrimp feeds |
|
|
|
Binders |
Amount to
use (%) |
Nutritive
value |
Relative cost |
Relative effective� ness |
Cost relative to wheat
glutenc,e |
Guar
gum |
0.5�17; 1�36 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
|
Lignon
sulfonate |
0.5�17; 23, 0.5�1.251, 2�46 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Poor |
0.06 |
Carboxymethylcellulose |
2�66 |
No |
Expensive |
Fair |
|
Hemicellulose |
2�36 |
No |
Moderate |
Poor |
|
Bentonite |
2�35,6 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Poor |
|
Alginate |
2�36 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
|
Agar |
2�36 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
|
Carrageenan |
0,2�17, 0.53, 0.5�16 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
0.62 |
Wheat
gluten |
3�77, 13, 3�55, 43, 3�56 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
1 |
High
gluten wheat flour6 |
20 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
|
Collagen |
0.5�36 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
|
Processed
milo |
3�56 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Fair |
0.21 |
Cooked
starch |
> 206 |
Yes |
Inexpensive |
Fair |
|
Various
starch sources |
> 205 |
Yes |
Inexpensive |
Fair � Good |
|
Urea
formaldehyde |
0.3�0.57; 0.5�15, 13 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Very good |
0.28 |
Gelatin�based
Pro�Bind Plusb |
0.5�12 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Fair |
|
Aquabind:
Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer |
43, 0.3-0.74, 2�45 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
1.93 |
PVA
(polyvinyl alcohol)5 |
2 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
|
Locust
bean gum |
0.5�17 |
No |
|
|
|
Attractants |
Crustacean
meals (e.g. shrimp waste meal) |
3�59 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Krill |
3�5, 58 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Fish
hydrolysates |
2�59 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Fish
solubles |
2�59 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Squid
liver powder |
1�39 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Squid
liver meal |
1�39 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Preservatives |
Synthetic
antioxidants� |
|
No |
|
|
|
Butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
0.02 % of fats12; 0.05%10 |
No |
|
|
|
Ethoxyquin |
150 mg/kg12. 0.02%11 |
|
|
|
|
Mould
inhibitors |
|
No |
|
|
|
Calcium
propionate, propionic acid ("Mycocurb") |
0.0614�0.075 %13 |
|
|
|
|
1http://www.uniscope�inc.com/product_detail.htm
(accessed March 2009) |
|
|
|
2De Muylder, Hage and
van der Velden (2008) |
|
|
|
3Dominy and Lim
(1991) |
|
|
|
4http://www.aqua�in�tech.com/aquabind.htm
(accessed March 2009) |
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|
|
5Lim and Cuzon (1994) |
|
|
|
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|
6Lovell (1989) |
|
|
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|
7Hunter and Chamberlain
(2006) |
|
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|
8Smith et al. (2005) |
|
|
|
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|
9Hunter and Chamberlain
(2006) |
|
|
|
|
|
10Bautista�Teruel and
Subosa (1999) |
|
|
|
|
|
11Smith, Tabrett and
Glencross (2007) |
|
|
|
|
|
12NRC and NetLibrary,
Inc. (1993) |
|
|
|
|
|
13FAO (1992b) |
|
|
|
|
|
14Evans (2009) |
|
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