Table 6. Binders, attractants and preservatives for shrimp feeds
Binders	Amount to use (%)	Nutritive value	Relative cost	Relative effective� ness	Cost relative to wheat glutenc,e
Guar gum	0.5�17; 1�36	No	Expensive	Good
Lignon sulfonate	0.5�17; 23, 0.5�1.251,   2�46	No	Inexpensive	Poor	0.06
Carboxymethylcellulose	2�66	No	Expensive	Fair
Hemicellulose	2�36	No	Moderate	Poor
Bentonite	2�35,6	No	Inexpensive	Poor
Alginate	2�36	No	Expensive	Good
Agar	2�36	No	Expensive	Good
Carrageenan	0,2�17, 0.53, 0.5�16	No	Expensive	Good	0.62
Wheat gluten	3�77, 13, 3�55, 43, 3�56	Yes	Moderate	Good	1
High gluten wheat flour6	20	Yes	Moderate	Good
Collagen	0.5�36	Yes	Moderate	Good
Processed milo	3�56	Yes	Moderate	Fair	0.21
Cooked starch	> 206	Yes	Inexpensive	Fair
Various starch sources	> 205	Yes	Inexpensive	Fair � Good
Urea formaldehyde	0.3�0.57; 0.5�15, 13	No	Inexpensive	Very good	0.28
Gelatin�based Pro�Bind Plusb	0.5�12	Yes	Moderate	Fair
Aquabind: Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer	43, 0.3-0.74, 2�45	No	Expensive	Good	1.93
PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)5	2	No	Expensive	Good
Locust bean gum	0.5�17	No
Attractants
Crustacean meals (e.g. shrimp waste meal)	3�59	Yes
Krill	3�5, 58	Yes
Fish hydrolysates	2�59	Yes
Fish solubles	2�59	Yes
Squid liver powder	1�39	Yes
Squid liver meal	1�39	Yes
Preservatives
Synthetic antioxidants�		No
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)	0.02 % of fats12; 0.05%10	No
Ethoxyquin	150 mg/kg12. 0.02%11
Mould inhibitors		No
Calcium propionate, propionic acid ("Mycocurb")	0.0614�0.075 %13
1http://www.uniscope�inc.com/product_detail.htm (accessed March 2009)
2De Muylder, Hage and van der Velden (2008)
3Dominy and Lim (1991)
4http://www.aqua�in�tech.com/aquabind.htm (accessed March 2009)
5Lim and Cuzon (1994)
6Lovell (1989)
7Hunter and Chamberlain (2006)
8Smith et al. (2005)
9Hunter and Chamberlain (2006)
10Bautista�Teruel and Subosa (1999)
11Smith, Tabrett and Glencross (2007)
12NRC and NetLibrary, Inc. (1993)
13FAO (1992b)
14Evans (2009)