Table 3. Typical algae, Artemia and formulated feed amounts for Fenneropenaeus indicus1 |
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Water volume
& exchange4 |
Stage2 |
Density x 1000 |
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Chaetoceros gracilis or C.
muelleri |
Artemia5,8 |
Tetraselmis chuii or T. suecica |
Artificial (dry formulated)
feed |
Tank
volume & {exchange per day}3 m3 |
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Algae density (1000 per ml) |
Max density (1000 per ml) |
Grams per million11 animals per
day divided into 3 feeds |
Artemia per ml (Max)9,12 |
Algae density |
Max density |
Grams per million10 animals per
day divided into 5 feeds |
2-5
{0} |
N/Z1 |
40�80 |
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0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
Z1 |
80�100 |
120 |
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0 |
10 |
24 |
3 |
Z1/Z2 |
80�100 |
120 |
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5 |
30 |
24 |
6 |
Z2 |
100�120 |
130 |
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10�15 |
35 |
36 |
10 |
Z3 |
100�120 |
130 |
8 |
0�1 |
10�15 |
35 |
48 |
10
{1-3}1 |
M1 |
100 |
120 |
21 |
1 |
10�20 |
35 |
60 |
10
{1-3} |
M2 |
75�100 |
120 |
62 |
61.5�73 |
10�30 |
35 |
78 |
10
{1-3} |
M3 |
50�100 |
120 |
152 |
2�6 |
10�40 |
40 |
90 |
10
{1-3} |
M3/PL |
50�80 |
100 |
152 |
2�6 |
10�20 |
25 |
95 |
10
{3-4} |
PL1 |
40�80 |
100 |
300 |
2.5�6 |
5�20 |
20 |
100 |
10
{3-4} |
PL2 |
40�80 |
100 |
370 |
3�6 |
5�20 |
20 |
110 |
10
{3-4} |
PL3 |
40�80 |
100 |
494 |
2.5�6 |
0 |
5 |
120 |
10
{3-4} |
PL4 |
40�80 |
100 |
617 |
2�6 |
0 |
5 |
130 |
10
{3-6} |
PL5 |
40�80 |
100 |
823 |
0�6 |
0 |
5 |
140 |
10
{3-6} |
PL6 |
40�80 |
100 |
823 |
0�5 |
0 |
5 |
145 |
10
{3-6} |
PL7 |
40�80 |
100 |
617 |
0�4 |
0 |
5 |
150 |
10
{3-6} |
PL8 |
40�80 |
100 |
412 |
0�3 |
0 |
5 |
160 |
10
{3-6} |
PL9 |
40�80 |
100 |
206 |
0�2 |
0 |
5 |
170 |
10
{3-6} |
PL10 |
40�80 |
100 |
206 |
0�1 |
0 |
5 |
180 |
10
{3-6} |
PL11 |
40�80 |
100 |
200 |
0�1 |
0 |
5 |
180 |
10
{3-6} |
PL12 |
40�80 |
100 |
200 |
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0 |
5 |
180 |
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1Modified from various
references: Boddy et al.(2000), D'Souza (2000), D'Souza et al. (2000, 2002),
D�Souza and Kelly (2000), Emmerson (1980a, 1984), Evans (1992, 2009), FAO
(1985a,c, 1996, 2004a, 20007b), Ghezelbash et
al. (2008), Jackson, Pendrey and Rothlisberg
(1992), Kumlu (1999), Kurmaly et al. (1989), Mart�nez-Fern�ndez, Acosta-Salm�n & Southgate
(2006), McVey (1993), Pina et al. (2006), Ronquillo et al. (1997), Sara (2007), Tobias-Quinitio and Villegas
(1982), Treece and Fox (1993). |
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2N: nauplius, Z:
protozoea, M: mysis, PL: postlarva stage (FAO, 1996). |
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3If ammonia and
nitrite are being measured, water can be exchanged on the basis of |
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these maximum allowed levels: Unionized ammonia, 0.1
ppm; nitrite 0.1 ppm (use tables to determine� |
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unionized ammonia from TAN) (Treece and Fox, 1993; FAO,
2007a). |
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4Use the following
mesh micrometer sizes for water exchange: mysis: 300 μm screen; PL1-4,
400 μm; PL5-8, 500 μm; PL9-12, 700 μm. |
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5Feed Artemia in the evening
or split into 3 feeds. |
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6Aquafauna
biomarine, Penaeus monodon feeding protocol with low Artemia feeding. |
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7Treece and Fox (1993) |
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8Zoea 3 and Mysis 1
feeds are live, frozen or heat killed Artemia. |
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9If Artemia are evident the
next morning, establish relative to the initial density if "few", |
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"some" or "all" remain and adjust
the feeding accordingly. If "few", follow the programme. |
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If "some", feed the same amount as the day
before. If "all", do not feed more that day. |
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10Note that this is
for 1 million animals, so adjust feeding according to actual larval numbers. |
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11Adjust feed for
the actual larval count per litre so that the budget is met. |
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12All numbers fed
are less than the daily consumption reported by Emmerson (1984). |
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Emmerson (1984) found that F.
indicus consumed 95 Artemia nauplii per day
during the Zoea III� |
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to Mysis I stage, 31 nauplii per day during Mysis II and
Mysis III and 143 Artemia per day during Mysis II and PL1. |
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