Table 4. Feed formulae (ingredient composition) and proximate
composition of commonly used farm�made feed for Fenneropenaeus
indicus and sample diets showing the feed
formulation developments in other species |
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Ingredient/proximate
composition (% dry matter)1,3 |
F. indicus |
F. indicus |
F. indicus |
F. indicus |
F. indicus |
F. indicus |
L. vannamei |
P. monodon |
F. indicus |
Diet 1 |
Diet 2 |
Diet 3 |
Diet 4 |
Diet 5 |
Diet 6 |
Diet 7 |
Diet 8 |
Diet 9 |
Ingredient composition (%) |
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Fishmeal |
22�35% |
26.3 |
43.33b |
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28 |
6 |
5 |
26 |
Wheat flour |
12�15% |
27.2 |
29.3 |
21.5 |
21.5 |
10 |
15.9 |
8.4 |
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Soybean oil cake |
25�33% |
30 |
15.4 |
5 |
5 |
15 |
45.5 |
62 |
26 |
Squid oil |
1�5% |
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Brewer's yeast |
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5 |
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2 |
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Yeast |
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1 |
Squid liver powder |
7�10% |
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Squid meal |
7�10% |
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0 |
1.5 |
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2 |
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5 |
Shrimp meal |
10�15% |
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Fish oil |
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2 |
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4 |
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3 |
Cod liver oil |
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1.75 |
1.75 |
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Fish solubles (dehydrated) |
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20 |
18.4 |
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Shrimp head meal |
2�5% |
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13 |
13 |
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5 |
Shrimp shell meal |
9�10% |
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25 |
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Squilla meal |
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5 |
Sunflower oil cake |
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2 |
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Tapioca powder |
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19.49 |
Alfalfa |
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1 |
Canola meal |
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19.5 |
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Wheat gluten |
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2.5 |
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Yellow corn |
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6.6 |
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Rice bran |
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10 |
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Groundnut oil cake |
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8 |
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Lactic yeast |
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6 |
6 |
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Blood meal |
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2 |
2 |
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Wheat gluten |
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15 |
15 |
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Soy lecithin (crude) |
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2 |
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1.75 |
1.75 |
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1 |
0.5 |
1 |
Cholesterol |
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0.2a |
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0.4 |
0.5 |
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Palm oil |
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2.6 |
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Mould inhibitor |
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yes |
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0.15 |
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Potato starch (Liagel) |
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3 |
3 |
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CaCO3 |
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0.5 |
0.5 |
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NaH2PO4 |
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3.5 |
3.5 |
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Mono calcium phosphate |
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2 |
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Vitamin C (Stay C) |
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0.4 |
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0.1 |
0.1 |
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Vitamin & mineral mix |
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0.4 |
2.72 |
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2 |
0.25 |
1 |
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Vitamin mix |
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3 |
3 |
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1 |
Mineral mix |
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0.5 |
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3 |
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5.5 |
Choline chloride |
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0.75 |
0.75 |
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Binder |
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0.05 |
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CMC |
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1.5 |
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Agar |
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2 |
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Lysine |
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0.5b |
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1 |
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L�Methionine |
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12 |
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Cellulose |
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3.25 |
3.25 |
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BHA |
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0.01 |
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Proximate composition (%) |
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Crude protein |
38�42 |
41.22 |
40 |
49.3 |
48.5 |
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38.6 |
34.87 |
35 |
Crude lipid |
40 063 |
5.95 |
4.5 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
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8.8 |
11.55 |
6 |
Carbohydrate |
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36.4 |
44.43 |
20 |
Ash |
12 |
6.45 |
12.5 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
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8.2 |
9.2 |
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Crude fibre |
3 |
4.12 |
2.2 |
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3.5 |
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Moisture |
11 |
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12 |
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8.4 |
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Calcium |
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1.8 |
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Phosphorus |
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Gross energy (MJ/kg feed) |
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17.75 |
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15 |
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ME |
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12.11 |
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EPA+DHA (min) |
1.2�1.4 |
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Phospholipid |
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>1.3 |
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>1.14 |
>1.14 |
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>0.65 |
>0.33 |
>0.65 |
Cost (US$/kg) |
0.9 |
0.57 |
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FCR (harvest grams) |
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2.2 (22) |
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Amino acid composition |
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Lysine |
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3.03 |
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2.42 |
2.42 |
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2.1 |
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Arginine |
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2.59 |
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2.5 |
2.5 |
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2.2 |
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Leucine |
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3.11 |
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3.28 |
3.29 |
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Isoleucine |
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1.95 |
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1.72 |
1.74 |
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Valine |
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2.38 |
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2.11 |
2.11 |
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Threonine |
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1.51 |
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1.62 |
1.64 |
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Phenylalanine |
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1.51 |
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1.79 |
1.8 |
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Histidine |
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0.88 |
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1.01 |
1.01 |
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Methionine |
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1.77 |
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Met + Cys |
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1.1 |
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Tyrosine |
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0.92 |
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Source |
King- Seahorse4 |
Sara, Gous and Bureau (2009) |
Salama (2000) |
Cruz- Ricque et al.
(1987) |
Cruz- Ricque et al. (1987) |
Amar, Philip & Bright
Singh (2006) |
Potential low FM diet, Su�rez et al. (2009)5 |
Potential low FM diet, Biswas
et al. (2007)5 |
CIBA (1994) |
Reported
stocking density (per m2) |
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60 |
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17 & 44 |
17 & 44 |
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13% cholesterol purity. |
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2There was no clearly
evident benefit from the addition of these amino acids and their use was stopped in commercial
operations. |
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3Abbreviations: %, percentage; CaCO3, calcium
carbonate; NaH2PO4, sodium
phosphate;MJ Megajoule; FCR, feed conversion rate/ratio; Met + Cys,
methionine and cystine; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic; DHA, Docosahexaenoic; ME,
metabolisable energy; BHA, Butylated hydroxyanisole (antioxidant); F. indicus, Fenneropenaeus indicus; L. vannamei,
Litopenaeus vannamei. |
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4�King-seahorse� Brand Prawn Feeds, Sanfeng and Sanfapulin
Feedstuffs Co.,
Ltd. , 1-601,9#, Rongtai Street, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China. Zip Code:
300457; Tel: (0086-22)66283205, 66283201 66221030 Fax:(0086-22)
66283223 66221081; |
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E-mail:
[email protected], hanharryca@hotmail.com |
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5See also Davis et al. (2004) and Davis, Samocha and Bullis (2005) |
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