Table 6. Binders, attractants and preservatives for shrimp
feeds. |
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Binder |
Amount to use % |
Nutritive value |
Relative cost |
Relative effective�ness |
Cost relative to wheat
gluten3,5 |
Guar
gum |
0.5�16; 1�37 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
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Lignon
sulfonate |
0.5�17; 23,
0.5�1.251, 2�46 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Poor |
0.06 |
Carboxymethylcellulose |
2�66 |
No |
Expensive |
Fair |
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Hemicellulose |
2�36 |
No |
Moderate |
Poor |
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Bentonite |
2�36,5 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Poor |
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Alginate |
2�36 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
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Agar |
2�36 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
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Carrageenan |
0,2�17, 0.53,0.5�16 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
0.62 |
Ethylene/vinyl
acetate copolymer |
246 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
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Wheat
gluten |
3�77; 13, 3�55,43,3�56 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
1 |
High
gluten wheat flour |
206 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
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Collagen |
0.5�36 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Good |
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Processed
milo |
3�56 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Fair |
0.21 |
Cooked
starch |
> 206 |
Yes |
Inexpensive |
Fair |
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Various
starch sources |
> 205 |
Yes |
Inexpensive |
Fair � Good |
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Urea
formaldehyde |
0.3�0.57; 0.5�15, 13 |
No |
Inexpensive |
Very good |
0.28 |
2Gelatin�based Pro�Bind Plus |
0.5�12 |
Yes |
Moderate |
Fair |
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Aquabind:
Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer |
43, 0.3�0.74, 2�45 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
1.93 |
PVA
(polyvinyl alcohol) |
25 |
No |
Expensive |
Good |
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Locust
bean gum |
0.5�17 |
No |
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Attractants |
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Crustacean
meals (e.g. shrimp waste meal) |
3�59 |
Yes |
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Krill |
3�5, 58 |
Yes |
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Fish
hydrolysates |
2�59 |
Yes |
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Fish
solubles |
2�59 |
Yes |
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Squid
liver powder |
1�39 |
Yes |
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Squid
liver meal |
1�39 |
Yes |
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Preservatives |
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Synthetic
antioxidants� |
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No |
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Butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
0.02% of fats12; 0.05%10,15 |
No |
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Ethoxyquin |
150 mg/kg12. 0.02%11 |
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Butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA) |
0.05% (500 mg/kg)15 |
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Mould
inhibitors |
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No |
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Calcium
propionate, propionic acid ("Mycocurb") |
0.0614�0.075%13 |
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1http://www.uniscope�inc.com/product_detail.htm |
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2De Muylder Hage and van
der Velden (2008) |
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3Dominy and Lim (1991) |
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4http://www.aqua�in�tech.com/aquabind.htm |
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5Lim and Cuzon (1994) |
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6Lovell (1989) |
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7Hunter and Chamberlain
(2006) |
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8Smith et al. (2005) |
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9Hunter and Chamberlain
(2006) |
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10Bautista�Teruel and
Subosa (1999) |
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11Smith, Tabrett and
Glencross (2007) |
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12National Research
Council (U.S.), & NetLibrary, Inc. (1993) |
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13FAO (1992) |
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14Amatikulu Prawns diet,
unpublished |
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15Bautista, Subosa and
Lavilla-Pitogo (1992) |
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