Table 7. List of feed
ingredients that are used or have the potential to be used as protein and/or
energy supplement in mullet feed (nutrient content in % dry matter). Adapted
from Nile tilapia
species profile. Values for maximum inclusion (%) have been modified. |
Inclusion
levels in bold are M. cephalus specific. |
Inclusion
levels not in bold are for general omnivorous/herbivorous species (Tacon,
1987). |
Feed ingredients |
Primary use (please tick) |
Moisture |
Crude� |
Digestible� |
Inclusion |
Main nutritional |
Main nutritional� |
Processing� |
|
|
Protein |
Energy |
Both� |
DM (%) |
protein (% ) |
energy (kJ/g) |
(% max) |
interest |
deficiencies |
restrictions |
|
|
supplement |
supplement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plant origin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cereal grain/by-product |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corn |
Grain, ground |
|
x |
|
87.8 |
9.6 |
16.3 |
35 |
|
|
|
|
Gluten meal |
x |
|
|
93 |
63 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
Millet |
Grain |
|
x |
|
89.3 |
11.2 |
16.4 |
|
|
|
|
Rice |
Bran |
|
x |
|
90 |
12.2 |
16.6 |
|
|
|
Poor water stability |
|
Bran (solvent extracted) |
|
x |
|
89.5 |
12.3 |
14.5 |
35 |
Vitamins |
|
Poor water stability |
Sorghum |
Grain |
|
x |
|
88.8 |
10.6 |
16.3 |
35 |
|
|
|
|
Distillers dried grains with solubles |
|
|
x |
95 |
33.2 |
19.8 |
|
|
|
|
Wheat |
Grain |
|
x |
|
87.9 |
12 |
16 |
35 |
|
|
|
|
Bran |
|
|
|
87.9 |
14.7 |
16 |
30 |
|
|
Poor water stability |
|
Flour |
|
x |
|
89 |
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Midlings |
|
|
|
89 |
17 |
|
40 |
|
|
|
Corn gluten |
Meal |
x |
|
|
93 |
63 |
|
|
|
|
|
Oilseed/by-product |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coconut |
Oilcake, mechanically extracted |
|
|
x |
91.5 |
20.8 |
17.3 |
25 |
|
Lys |
High fibre |
|
Meal, solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
89 |
21 |
|
|
Some EAA |
High fibre |
Cottonseed |
Oilcake, with hulls (undec,), mechan, extr, |
|
|
x |
89.3 |
21.9 |
16.9 |
|
|
Lys, met |
Gossypol |
|
Oilcake, without hulls (dec,), mechan, extr, |
x |
x |
x |
92.2 |
41.2 |
18.7 |
|
|
Lys |
Gossypol |
|
Oilmeal, dec., solvent extr., 41% protein |
x |
x |
x |
90.2 |
41.7 |
17.3 |
20 |
|
|
Gossypol |
|
Oilmeal, dec., solvent extr., 50% protein |
|
|
x |
92.5 |
50 |
18.3 |
|
|
Gossypol |
Groundnut/peanut |
Oilcake, undec., mechanically extracted |
|
|
x |
90 |
30.2 |
18.5 |
|
|
Met |
Aflatoxin risk |
|
Oilmeal, undec., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
92.2 |
31.7 |
17.6 |
25 |
|
|
Aflatoxin risk |
|
Oilcake, dec., mechanically extracted |
|
|
x |
90.4 |
46.2 |
19.1 |
|
|
|
Aflatoxin risk |
|
Oilmeal, dec., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
91.3 |
48.7 |
18 |
25 |
|
|
Aflatoxin risk |
Rapeseed |
Oilcake, mechanically extracted |
|
|
x |
91.9 |
34.1 |
18.6 |
|
|
Cys |
ANF |
|
Oilmeal, solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
91 |
37.3 |
17.2 |
25 |
|
|
ANF |
Sesame |
Oilcake, mechanically extracted |
|
|
|
92 |
40.4 |
19 |
|
|
Lys, Zn |
|
Soybean |
Soybean meal, full fat |
x |
x |
x |
94 |
38 |
|
7.5 |
|
S amino acids |
High fat, ANF |
|
Oilcake, undecor., mechanically extracted |
x |
|
x |
89 |
41.6 |
18.1 |
|
Lys |
S amino acids |
ANF |
|
Oilmeal, undecor., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
88.4 |
44.4 |
17.3 |
35 |
Lys |
S amino acids |
ANF |
|
Oilmeal, decor., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
89.6 |
49 |
17.7 |
Lys |
|
ANF |
Sunflower seed |
Oilcake, undecor., mechanically extracted |
|
x |
x |
92.7 |
31.6 |
18.9 |
|
Met |
Lys |
|
|
Oilmeal, undecor., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
90.3 |
30.8 |
16.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Oilcake, decor., mechanically extracted |
|
|
x |
92.2 |
37.1 |
19.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Oilmeal, decor., solvent extracted |
|
|
x |
92.3 |
43.4 |
18 |
|
|
|
|
Canola |
Meal |
x |
|
|
93 |
38 |
|
|
|
Some EAA |
|
Grain legume/by-product |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lead tree/lpil-ipil |
Seed, mature, dry |
|
|
x |
91 |
32.6 |
18.6 |
|
|
|
Mimosine |
Lupin |
Kernel meal |
|
|
x |
88 |
41 |
|
|
|
Met |
|
Velvet bean |
Seed (bean), mature, dry |
|
|
x |
91.3 |
24.1 |
17.4 |
|
|
|
|
Sesbania |
Seed (bean), mature, dry |
|
|
x |
90.6 |
32.5 |
18.8 |
|
|
|
|
Mung
bean/Green gram/Golden gram |
Seed (bean), mature, dry |
|
|
x |
89.2 |
22.1 |
16.3 |
|
|
Cys |
|
White yam |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
34.5 |
1.5 |
5.8 |
|
|
|
|
Sweet potato/Spanish
potato |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
29.1 |
1.5 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Dried tuber meal |
|
x |
|
87.4 |
4.2 |
14.9 |
|
|
|
|
Cassava/Tapioca/Manioc |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
34.1 |
0.9 |
5.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tuber, dehydrated |
|
x |
|
86.5 |
2.1 |
14.7 |
|
|
|
|
Yam bean/Potato bean |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
17.6 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
|
|
|
|
Potato/Irish potato |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
23.3 |
2.3 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
African Yam bean |
Fresh tuber |
|
x |
|
35.3 |
3.7 |
6.2 |
|
|
|
|
Grass/green crop |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cassava flour |
|
x |
x |
96 |
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cassava leaf meal |
x |
|
|
96 |
28 |
|
|
|
some EAA |
supply |
|
Leuceana leaf meal |
x |
|
|
88 |
31 |
|
|
|
some EAA |
supply |
|
Leadtree/lpil-ipil - Leaves |
|
|
x |
31.6 |
8.8 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Cassava - Leaves |
|
|
x |
25.6 |
7.7 |
4.9 |
|
|
Met |
|
|
Sesbania - Leaves |
|
|
x |
23 |
6.6 |
4.1 |
|
|
|
ANF |
Aquatic macrophyte |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Water hyacinth |
Whole plant, fresh |
|
|
x |
8.5 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
Kangkong/water bind-weed |
Leaves and stem, fresh |
|
|
x |
7.5 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
|
|
|
|
Duckweed |
Whole plant, fresh |
|
|
x |
8.1 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
|
|
|
|
Najas |
Whole plant, fresh |
|
|
x |
9.6 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
SCP |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fungal SCP |
Brewers yeast, dried |
x |
|
|
91.4 |
45 |
17.7 |
40 |
|
|
|
Algal SCP - Freshwater |
Spirulina maxima |
x |
|
|
93.3 |
58.6 |
19.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Animal origin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Invertebrate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rotifers,
Brachionus plicatilis,
wet basis |
Cultured on bakers yeast |
x |
|
|
9.3 |
6.2 |
2.3 |
|
|
|
|
Brine shrimp, Artemia salina |
Larvae (nauplii), just after hatching, wet basis |
x |
|
|
11 |
6.7 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Brine shrimp meal (adults), dried |
x |
|
|
81.3 |
44.3 |
15 |
|
|
|
|
Freshwater cladocera , Moina |
Cultured on bakers yeast |
x |
|
|
12.8 |
8.8 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Cultured on bakers yeast + poultry manure |
x |
|
|
11 |
8.6 |
2.7 |
|
|
|
|
Freshwater invertebrate |
Chironomid larvae |
x |
|
|
16.1 |
9.1 |
7.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Blood worm |
x |
|
|
12.9 |
8.1 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Riversnail, snail meat |
x |
|
|
21.6 |
12.2 |
4.2 |
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous marine
invertebrates |
Squid, meal, dried |
x |
|
|
91.9 |
74.8 |
22 |
25 |
|
|
|
|
Shrimp meal (process residue), dehydrated |
x |
|
|
90 |
40.6 |
13.5 |
|
|
|
|
Shrimp heads, dried |
x |
|
|
94 |
58.2 |
19 |
|
Carotenoids |
|
Chitin |
|
Shrimp shells (exoskeleton/hull), dried |
x |
|
x |
100 |
45.9 |
14.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Shrimp head silage, fresh |
x |
|
|
19 |
14.1 |
3.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
Shrimp head silage, dried |
x |
|
|
93 |
69 |
19 |
|
|
|
|
Terrestrial
invertebrates |
African giant snail - Snail meat meal, dried |
x |
|
|
88.9 |
45.6 |
17.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Snail meat, fresh |
x |
|
|
19.7 |
12.9 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Silkworm - pupae, fresh |
x |
|
|
25.1 |
13.7 |
6.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
Pupae, dry |
x |
|
|
90 |
55.9 |
24.2 |
|
some EAA |
|
High fat |
Animal by-product |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chicken |
Whole egg (excluding shell), fresh |
x |
|
|
25.6 |
12.4 |
7.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Poultry by-product meal |
x |
|
|
93.5 |
57.5 |
20.4 |
20 |
|
Tyr |
High fat |
|
Hydrolysed feather meal |
x |
|
|
91.9 |
84.2 |
21.2 |
10 |
|
Lys |
|
|
Poultry viscera, raw |
x |
|
|
26.3 |
13.9 |
7.7 |
|
|
|
High fat |
Slaughterhouse |
Meat meal with blood (tankage) |
x |
|
|
92.7 |
60 |
18.1 |
25 |
|
Met, EAA |
|
|
Meat meal |
x |
|
|
93.1 |
53 |
16.8 |
|
|
|
Meat and bone meal, solvent extracted |
x |
|
|
91.9 |
50 |
14 |
Ca, P |
|
|
Blood meal |
x |
|
|
89.6 |
81.5 |
20 |
10 |
Lys |
Met, Iso |
|
Fishmeal |
Anchovy |
x |
|
|
91.8 |
65.3 |
19 |
|
E.A.A. |
|
|
|
Herring |
x |
|
|
92.1 |
72.7 |
20.7 |
|
|
|
Sardine/pilchard |
x |
|
|
91.5 |
65 |
18.8 |
|
|
|
Tuna, mixed |
x |
|
|
93 |
59 |
17.5 |
|
|
|
Menhaden |
x |
|
|
92.2 |
61.3 |
18.6 |
|
|
|
Red fish |
x |
|
|
92 |
57 |
16.8 |
|
|
|
White fish |
x |
|
|
90.9 |
63.2 |
16.9 |
|
|
|
Freshwater (various species) |
x |
|
|
91 |
66.7 |
19.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|