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Aquaculture Feed and Fertilizer Resources Information System
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Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
1. What is a typical, suitable proximate analysis for the diet for Atlantic salmon? | Proximate composition | Life stage/size class | | (% dry feed basis) | Fry | Fingerling | Juvenile | Grower | Marine grower | Broodstock | | Crude protein, % min | 50 | 45-50 | 45 | 42-45 | 40-45 | 45 | | Crude lipid, % min | 16-18 | 20 | 20 | 20-24 | 24-30 | 24 | | Carbohydrate, % max | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | | Crude fibre, % max | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | Digestible energy, min kJ/g | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 19 | | Protein to energy ratio, mg/kJ | 23–24 | 22–23 | 21–22 | 20–21 | 17–18 | 18 | | Phosphorous, % min | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2. What is a typical feed formulation for Atlantic salmon diets?
| Ingredient composition (%) | Life stages | | | Fry | Fingerling | Grower | Marine grower | Broodstock |
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| Fishmeal, herring | 60.05 | 40.01 | 32.04 | 28.08 | 35.07 | | Corn gluten meal | 0 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 0 | | Poultry byproduct meal | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | | Fish soluble protein concentrate | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Krill meal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | | Poultry feather meal | 0 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 5 | | Soybean meal, dehulled | 0 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 10 | | Brewer’s yeast | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | Blood meal | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | Ground wheat | 14.01 | 13.01 | 8.02 | 7.04 | 14.01 | | Fish oil | 10.04 | 14.08 | 19.04 | 25.08 | 19.02 | | Vitamin premix | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Mineral premix | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Ingredient composition (%)
| Life stages | | Fry
| Fingerling
| Grower
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Marine grower
| Broodstock
| | Fishmeal, herring | | 60.5 | 40.1 | 32.4 | 28.8 | 35.7 | | Corn gluten meal | | 0.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 | | Poultry byproduct meal | 0.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | | Fish soluble protein concentrate | 5.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | Krill meal | | | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | | Poultry feather meal | | 0.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | | Soybean meal, dehulled | 0.0 | 5.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | | Brewer’s yeast | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | | Blood meal | | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | Ground wheat | | 14.1 | 13.1 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 14.1 | | Fish oil | | | 10.4 | 14.8 | 19.4 | 25.8 | 19.2 | | Vitamin premix | | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | | Mineral premix | | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
3. What protein and key amino acid levels should be considered in Atlantic salmon diets?
Dietary protein requirement of Atlantic salmon varies at different stages of its life and they require 10 essential amino acids like any other fish species for normal growth. | Nutrients
| Life stage/size class | | Fry | Fingerling | Juvenile | Grower | Marine grower | Broodstock | | Crude protein, % min | 50 | 45–50 | 45 | 42–45 | 40–45 | 45 | | Amino acids (% minimum of dietary protein) | | Arginine | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | | Histidine | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | | Isoleucine | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | | Leucine | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | | Lysine | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | | Methionine | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | | Phenylalanine | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | | Threonine | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | | Tryptophan | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | Valine | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
4. What protein sources can be used in Atlantic salmon feeds?
Several protein supplements such as high-quality fishmeal, plant protein products (soybean meal, corn gluten meal, canola meal and pea meal), animal by-product meal (poultry by product meal, meat meal, blood meal, and hydrolyzed feather meal) and crustacean meal (krill, shrimp, crab) are used in salmon feed formulation depending upon economics and availability. | Ingredients
| Protein content %
| | Fishmeal, Norse-LT94 | 77.5 | | Fishmeal, anchovy | 66.5 | | Fishmeal, herring | 72.3 | | Meat meal | 55.6 | | Poultry by product meal | 59.7 | | Blood meal | 89.2 | | Corn gluten meal | 60.7 | | Soybean meal, dehulled | 50.0 | | Soybean protein concentrate | 65.5 | | Canola meal | 38.0 | | Wheat gluten meal | 81.0 | | Brewer's yeast, dehydrated | 42.6 |
5. Some commonly used animal and plant oil sources and their fatty acid profiles (%)| Fatty acid | Anchovy | Herring | Capelin | Menhaden | Redfish | Poultry fat | Canola | Soybean | | 20:5n-3* | 17.0 | 8.4 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 8.0 | | | | | 22:6n-3** | 8.8 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 9.1 | 8.9 | | | | | Σ n-6 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 19.6 | 20.2 | 51.0 | | Σ n-3 | 31.2 | 17.8 | 12.2 | 25.1 | 19.1 | 1.0 | 12.0 | 6.8 |
6. What is the most appropriate feeding schedule for Atlantic salmon at different stages of the life cycle?
The most appropriate time to start feeding small-size particles in the form of granules or crumbles is when the yolk reserve is completely absorbed. At this stage, they are switched to starter feeds and fed frequently by automatic feeders or belt type clockwork feeders throughout daylight hours.
The frequency of feeding is dependent on the water temperature and body size. Generally, feeding is reduced from 8–12 times or more daily to 3–4 times a day for fingerlings and parr. Modern demands feeders and feeding schedules developed by feed manufacturers based on fish size, water temperature and energy content of feed provide appropriate directions to achieve maximum growth and feed utilization under diverse environmental and culture conditions, as shown in the table below: | BW (g) | 4 °C | 8 °C | 12 °C | 16 °C | 18 °C | | Freshwater | | <0.3 | Ad libitum | | 0.3–0.8 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | | 0.8 - 5.0 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.9 | | 5.0–10.0 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | | 10.0–25.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.0 | | 25.0–40.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.6 | | 40.0–60.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | | Seawater | | 80–200 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.8 | | | 200–300 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | | | 300–500 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | | | 500–775 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.0 | | | 775–1 000 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.8 | | | 1 000–1 250 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | | | 1 250–1 500 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.4 | | | 1 500–2 000 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | | | 2 000–3 000 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | | | 3 000 + | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
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