食用牡蛎解剖图 |
有贻贝壳的管状网用于收集卵 |
用于悬浮牡蛎卵收集器的架子 |
使用铁架的牡蛎驳船用于收集卵和袋养 |
用于清洁租赁场所和清除敌害(海星)的拖把 |
牡蛎水压耙船 |
疾病 | 致病因子 | 类型 | 综合病症 | 措施 |
疱疹状感染 | 类疱疹病毒 (OHSV-1) | 病毒 | 未观察到对群体有直接影响 | 无治疗措施;保证良好选择场地和管理操作来限制影响和牡蛎运送的强制监测;分区系统 |
贝壳病 | 绞扭伤壳菌 | 真菌 | 有限影响但壳内侧黑色畸形可能阻止发育并最终致命 | |
包那米虫病 | 包那米虫 | 原生动物 | 多数感染的牡蛎不显示明显症状;但有时感染伴随黄色污点和大范围鳃和外套膜损坏;在牡蛎2-3龄时成为系统和通常致命疾病 | |
马尔太病 | 折光马尔太虫 | 原生动物 | 消化腺上皮变色;停止生长;失去组织条件;肝糖储量减少;可能复发致命 | |
登曼岛病 | 闭合孢子虫 | 原生动物 | 绿色到黄色脓包或脓肿状损坏(小于5毫米),由血细胞渗透和坏疽产生,出现在体内壁、唇瓣或外套膜或内收肌表面;常在邻近外套膜表面导致褐色疤痕;寄生虫可导致再次发病,年长的牡蛎死亡率异常 |
Barnabe, G. (ed.). 1994. Aquaculture: biology and ecology of cultured species. Ellis Horwood Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries Support, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. 403 pp. |
Bartley, D.M. 1994. Towards increased implementation of the ICES [International Council for the Exploration of the Sea]/EIFAC [European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission] codes of practice and manual of procedures for consideration of introduction and transfers of marine and freshwater organisms. 18th Session European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), Rome, Italy, 17-25 May. Document N° EIFAC/XVIII/94/inf. 18. FAO, Rome, Italy. 3 pp. |
Bower, S.M., Hervio, D. & Meyer, G.R. 1997. Infectivity of Microcytos mackini, the causative agent of Denman Island disease in Pacific oysters C. gigas to various species of oysters. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 29:111-116. |
Carlton, J.T. 1999. Molluscan invasions in marine and estuarine communities. Malacologia, 41(2):439-454. |
Goulletquer, P. & Héral, M. 1997. Marine molluscan production trends in France: from fisheries to aquaculture. In C.L. MacKenzie, Jr. V.G. Burnell, Jr., A. Rosenfield, & W.L. Hobart (eds.), the history, present condition, and future of molluscan fisheries of North and Central America and Europe. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report. NMFS, 3:137-164. |
ICES. 1995. ICES Code of practice on the introductions and transfers of marine organisms. ICES Copenhagen, Denmark. 5 pp. |
ICES. 2004. Trends in important diseases affecting the culture of fish and molluscs in the ICES area, 1998-2002. Cooperative Research Report, No 265. ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark. 33 pp. |
Launey, S., Ledu, C., Boudry, P., Bonhomme, F. & Naciri-Craven, Y. 2002. Geographic structure in the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) as revealed by microsatellite polymorphism. The Journal of Heredity, 93(5):40-46. |
Launey, S., Barre, M., Gerard, A. & Naciri-Craven, Y. 2001. Population bottleneck and effective size in Bonamia ostreae resistant populations of Ostrea edulis as inferred by microsatellite markers. Genetic Research, 78:259-270. |
Le Roux, F., Lorenzo, G., Peyret, P., Audemard, C., Figueras, A., Vivarès, C., Gouy, M. & Berthe, F. 2001. Molecular evidence for the existence of two species of Marteilia in Europe. Journal of Eukayotic Microbiology, 48(4):449-454. |
Hidu, H. & Lavoie, R. 1991. The European oyster, Ostrea edulis L., in Maine and Eastern Canada. In W. Menzel (ed.), Estuarine and Marine Bivalve Mollusk Culture, pp. 36-46 . Menzel Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. |
MacKenzie, C.L. Jr., Burnell, V.G. Jr., Rosenfield, A. & Hobart, W.L. (eds.). 1997. The history, present condition, and future of molluscan fisheries of North and Central America and Europe. US Dept of Commerce, NOAA Technical Reports 127(1):234 pp; 128(2):217 pp; 129(3):240 pp. NMFS, Washington DC, USA. |
Menzel W. (ed.). 1991. Estuarine and Marine Bivalve Mollusk Culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 362 pp. |
Turner G.E. (ed.). 1988. Codes of practice and manual of procedures for consideration of introductions and transfers of marine and freshwater organisms. EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 23. European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), FAO, Rome, Italy, 46 pp. |