by
Saldanha Lopes1
National Correspondent
Fishing activities and aquaculture in inland waters were developed in 1984 and 1985 by the following departments: Direcção Geral dos Serviços Florestais (SF), Instituto Nacional de Investigação das Pescas (INIP), Aquário Vasco da Gama (AQV), Faculdade de Ciências do Porto (FCP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas do Porto (ICBP), Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa (FCL) e Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinària (LNIV).
FISHERY BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
In 1985 the ICBP carried out studies of fish stock assessment in the lagoons of the Miranda and Régua Dams, in the north, and in 1986 the collection of data continued. In these dams and in the estuary of the River Douro the growth, spawning periods and physical condition of the species Cyprinus carpio, Barbus barbus, Mugil sp., Chondrostoma polylepes, Leuciscus cephalus and Carassius carassius were studied.
This same institute has studied the ecology of the estuary of the River Minho in the north, mainly during periods when eels and other fish migrate.
A study of salmon world populations was undertaken in 1984 by the Zoology Institute of the FCP and deals with the characterization of these populations in the north. Periodic electrofishing has been made in several places and several hundreds of specimens were marked.
Expected results will contribute to a better knowledge of population dynamics and their implications namely on sport fishing regulations.
In the River Tagus the INIP continued with biological studies of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and special attention was given to its growth, feeding ethology and reproductive cycle in natural environmental conditions. The growth and reproductive cycle of Barbus barbus, Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Alosa alosa and Alosa phalax.
The species Procambarus clarki, found in the River Caia, in the south, was included in the Portuguese fauna. It was identified and described by this institute.
The Sf in turn continued with the biological study of inland water macro--invertebrates and with the conservation and management of hydric masses for sport fishing. This department has delimited and fiscalized spawning and rearing areas of migratory species as the shad (Alosa alosa), the lamprey (Petromyson marinus) and salmonides (Salmo salar and Salmo truta) and proceeded with the restocking of salmonides, cyprinides and black-bass (Micropterus salmoides).
In these two past years the restocking of Astacus pallipes was continued in several water courses and expansion conditions of former restockings were studied.
Finally, the INIP Limnology Group continued with water quality control and with the evaluation of the trophic situation of water masses localized in different geographic zones. These studies were for detecting areas of better primary and secondary productivities so that a more profitable exploitation of inland water fishing potentialities can be attained. The identification of dominant mechanisms in the lagoons of Maranhão and Divor, in the south, was also carried out for developing and applying conservation models which will contribute to a better exploitation of aquatic ecosystems.
FISH CULTURE AND DISEASES
The INIP continued to proceed with experiments and studies on fish cultures in floating net cages in the Maranhão Experimental Station, on a warm water reservoir in the south. In the Winter months, between February and May, restocking of the rainbow trout (Trutta Gardeneri) was attempted with granulated compound food which was distributed manually or by automatic feeders. In Summer, between July and November, and with the same type of food, the cultures of black-bass (Mycropterus salmoides) and sun-perch (lopomis gibbosus) were studied.
Although, on the whole, results were rather encouraging, the trout was faced with irregular development due to automatic feeding deficiencies. The black-bass did not accept artificial food very well and the sun-perch did not grow as fat as expected. Mortality was also verified in some young sun-perches after capture due, possibly, to obstruction of the gills.
The experiments of rainbow trout culture in floating net cages were also pursued in 1984 and 1985 by the FCP at the Caniçada reservoir, in the north. As a result of these studies a private entreprise is now exploring an intensive farm at the Alto Rabagão reservoir, also in the north.
During the same period, studies on rainbow trout nutrition were made at the same reservoir of Caniçada and also at private trout cultures and at the Zoological Marine Stations Dr. Augusto Nobre in Porto, where they are the subject of two PhD studies.
The ICBP has also carried out feeding experiments in trouts with several proteinic sources as a substitute of fish meal. This same institute studied the growth of eels stabled in silos and fed with rations produced locally. It also started the study of an experimental station for eel culture, using the effluents of a thermic station, in the north.
Still referring to eel culture, in 1984 the AQV began to feed glass eels with two types of commercial rations and this experimental culture continued in 1985.
This eel culture, carried out in the silos system did not result specially because ration provided was not very well accepted.
After modifications in the system, the experimental culture proceeded with nutrition changes consisting of two different types of silages and a commercial meal.
The INIP continued to study the reproduction of Cyprinus carpio by inducing final maturation of the oocytes with dry hypophysis extract of the same species. The breeding/preservation of semen in liquid azote was obtained.
This institute also proceeded with the culture of micro-seaweeds of commercial interest by using various types of effluents.
In pathology the LNIV has carried out a sanitary survey of pisciculture farms in the search of pathogens. This laboratory also tries to improve and develop means and methods which will permit drawing up a nozological table and the study of epizootology in aquatic animals.
In the past two years the LNIV isolated and identified these baterias
Aeromonas hydrophila
Citrobacter freundii
Diplococcus a-hemolitico
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter aerogenes; Ent. agglomerans
Flavobacterium spp.
Hafnia alvei
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonas acidovorans; and other Pseudomonas spp.
Salmonella arizonae
Vibrio alginolyticus; V. parahaemolyticus
and these parasites
Apiosama sp.
Bucephalus sp.
Ceratomyxa sp.
Chilodenella hexastichia; C. uncinata; Chilodenella sp.
Crytocaryon irritans
Dactylogyrus sp.
Dermocystidium branchialis
Eimeria sp.
Cyrodactylus sp.
Hexamita sp.
Ichthiobodo sp.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Kuoda sp.
Leptotheca sp.
Lernea cyprinacea
Pyxidium giardi; Myxidium sp.
Myxobolus sp.
Oodinium limneticum
Scyphidia sp.
Tetrahymena sp.
Trichodina anguillae; T. reticulata; T. trutae
The fungi Saprolegnia spp. were detected.
The LNIV maintains research projects on: pathology of eels; feeding problems of the eel under intensive culture; pathology of Truta gaidneri, therapeutic experiments; pathology of the cyprinides and Myxidium giardi in the European eel.
The Instituto de Zoologia Dr. Augusto Nobre of the FCL in turn also carried out several studies in fish pathology.
The aim of these studies is to contribute to a better knowledge of pathology of farmed rainbow trout in Portugal as well as to study feral populations. Sanitary assistance to trout farms is included in the project. Periodic actions in order to detect pathogens have been made in trout farms and an extensive survey of pathogenic bateria is under study.
FISH AND POLLUTED WATER
The INIP has tried to characterize stress situations especially when the piscicultural fauna is affected, as by cultured eutrofication, organic and metal pollutions. The following projects were undertaken: chemical characterizations of sediments and their influence in planctonic productivity; effects of pollution in the dynamic of planctonic biomass nutrients and in the piscicultural community in the Maranhão Lagoon, in the south; algal bloom occurrences, contamination by heavy metals and by periods of strong turbidity and their influence on phito and zooplancton in various lagoons.
As already referred, the INIP is studying the treatment of agri-industrial effluents through micro-seaweed production of commercial interest. On the other hand and for this special purpose a pilot station was implanted in an industrial pig farm.
In 1985 the ICBP also started collecting samples for the study of Cs and Sr levels in fish in the Miranda and Régua lagoons in the north. The transferences of these same elements between sediments and the water have also been studied. Physico-chemical and biological determinations of these lagoons were also effected for avaluation of the respective biogenic capacity and for the possibilities of restock.
The FCP has also proceeded w/ studies on biological water-quality in rivers in the north. These studies which are the subject of an undergoing PhD research were undertaken in 1984. The water quality is assessed by the macro-inverterbrate fauna and the results already allowed the characterization of biological water quality of the River Lima.
Apart from monitoring carried out in rivers where trouts are found, the SF always proceeded to physico-chemical determinations of the water in places of future pisciulture farms or when restocking of various species are to take place.
PRODUCTION STATISTICS
The SF has eight aquicolous stations specially meant for fish restocking. Six of these are situated in the north and are mainly for salmonide production. The remaining two, in zones of warmer water, produced cyprimides and black-bass.
Annual productions averaged 2 600 000 embryonic eggs of Truta fario and 3 200 000 eggs of Salmo Irideus. The latter were supplied to private trout farmers who bought them in the form of embryonic eggs or already as frys.
The annual production of cyprimides were around 600 000 frys of Cyprinus carpio Speculans and 100 000 frys of Trinca trinca.
About 2 500 frys of Micropterus Salmoides were also annually produced in water-lines and lagoons of dams for restock.
In 1984 there were five private trout farms and the total production, for internal consumption, reached 900 tons. In 1984 the SF also sold 70 tons of trout for consumption.
In the same year the two trout farms in the south produced 70 tons, nearly all of which were for export.
In 1985 the SF maintained a production of 70 tons of trout for consumption. With the operation of another industrial unit, private trout farms increased to six and total production to about 1 000 tons which were totally absorved by the internal market.
The number of eel farms also increased with another small unit still in the experimental stage and total production reached approximately 90 tons. The entire production is exported to the north of Europe.
Finally, and in terms of production, as no valid statistics exist for inland water fishing, either sport or professional, a reference is made to the average of fishing licences given, about 83 000 per year, of which 3 000 are for professionals.
It is curious to point out that a yearly average of 160 contests of sport fishing are held at both national and international levels.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
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GUERRA, I. e CANÁRIO, A., 1984 - Captura de enguia de vidro. Algumas considerações - Seminário sobre Aquacultura (INIP/APRH).
LUPI, A. F. e VILELA, M.H. , 1984 - Algumas considerações sobre a produção massiva do rotífero Brachionus plicatilis Muller em tanques ao ar livre - Seminário sobre Aquacultura (INIP/APRH).
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