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维尔京群岛大学的尼罗罗非鱼,美国维尔京群岛圣克鲁瓦 |
美国路易斯安那生物过滤系统养殖尼罗罗非鱼 |
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美国路易斯安那生物过滤系统养殖尼罗罗非鱼 |
泰国南赛养殖场卵黄囊吸收盘(左)和孵化缸(右) |
疾病 | 致病因子 | 类型 | 综合病症 | 措施 |
气单胞菌败血病(MAS) | 嗜水性气单胞菌和相关种类 | 细菌 | 失去平衡;昏昏游动;在水面喘气;鳍和皮肤出血或发炎;眼鼓胀;角膜不透明;腹肿胀,有絮状或带血液体;每天慢性低死亡率 | 2-4毫克/升KMnO4浸泡或4-10 毫克/升1小时:抗生素(需要美国的“特殊标签使用许可)。例如饲料中土霉素®50毫克/千克鱼/天,12-14天,21天停药 |
弧菌病 | 鳗弧菌和其他种类 | 细菌 | 同MAS;压力和差的水质导致 | 饲料加抗生素 |
柱状菌病 | 柱状黄杆菌 | 细菌 | 鳍损坏和/或皮肤和或/鳍上有不规则的发白到灰色斑点;鳃发白,有坏疽 | KMnO4 与MAS同;0.5-3毫克/升CuSO4浸泡,取决于碱度 |
爱德华菌病 | 迟缓爱德华菌 | 细菌 | 外部症状不多;体腔有血色粘液;肝发白,有杂色;脾肿胀、暗红;肾肿胀,软 | 饲料加抗生素 |
链球菌病 | 链球菌和肠球菌 | 细菌 | 混睡、不稳定游动;皮肤黑色;突眼,眼不透明、出血;腹膨胀;鳃盖、嘴周围、肛门和鳍基散布淤血;脾扩大、近黑色;高死亡率 | 饲料加抗生素,例如红霉素,50毫克/千克鱼/天,12天(需要美国的“特殊标签使用许可) |
水霉病 | 水霉 | 霉菌 | 昏昏游动;有类似棉絮的白、灰或褐色群落;肌肉损伤 | KMnO4或CuSO4处理;每100毫克/升碱度用1毫克/升CuSO4,到3.0毫克/升CuSO4;25毫克/升福尔马林浸泡或150毫克/升1小时 |
纤毛虫病 | 多子小瓜虫;车轮虫等 | 原生动物寄生 | 发生在鳃和皮肤上 | KMnO4、CuSO4或福尔马林处理 |
单殖吸虫 | 指环虫;单殖吸虫 | 原生动物寄生 | 发生在体表、鳍或鳃上 | 同治疗纤毛虫病 |
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Fitzsimmons, K. (ed.). 1997. Tilapia Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Orlando, Florida, USA.Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service-106, Ithaca, New York, USA. 808 pp. |
Pullin, R.S.V. & Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (eds.). 1982. The biology and culture of tilapias. International Centre for Living Aquatic Resource Management, Manila, Philippines. 432 pp. |
Pullin, R.S.V., Bhukaswan, T., Tonguthai, K. & Maclean, J.L. (eds.). 1988. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, ICLARM Conference Proceedings 15, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines, 623 pp. |
Watanabe, W.O., Losordo, T.M., Fitzsimmons, K. & Hanley, F. 2002. Tilapia production systems in the Americas: technical advances, trends, and challenges.Reviews in Fisheries Sciences 10(3-4):465-498. |