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From relatively limited and narrow uses two decades ago, the concept of vulnerability has emerged as a key dimension of the development debate. The many interpretations of vulnerability and its many scales (e.g. individual, community, ecosystem, countries, continents) and fields of application have led to a wide array of propositions regarding ways and means by which vulnerability could be studied, characterised, understood, and acted upon. This multiplication of approaches and methodologies of assessment has enabled new insights into the causes and consequences of vulnerability, but has also caused some confusion amongst practitioners and has led to the voicing of a need for clarification and guidance on how to best approach the study of vulnerability. This document provides an overview of vulnerability assessment concepts and methodologies. It sheds light on the different vulnerability assessment methodologies that have been developed, and on how these are conditioned by the discipli nary traditions from which they have emerged. It also analyses how these methodologies have been applied in the context of fisheries and aquaculture, with illustrative examples of their application. A series of practical steps to assess vulnerability in the fisheries and aquaculture sector is proposed to support climate change specialists working with fisheries and aquaculture dependent communities, as well as fisheries and aquaculture practitioners wishing to incorporate adaptation planning int o the sector’s management and development.