The participatory research methods below offer various tools to obtain diverse ideas, perceptions and values (use and non-use) of ecosystem services under current conditions, scenarios of change and the cost of protection.

Multiple-stakeholder involvement (practitioners, government officials, community members, etc.) encourages the development of context specific management plans.

• Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)
• Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
• Focus groups
• Reverse auctions (multiple sellers compete to provide services for environmental outcomes)
• Choice modelling experiments