This study reviews the current state of agricultural input production, marketing and consumption in Africa, with the goal to identify primary business opportunities and constraints, risks and challenges from the private sector perspective. The study also summarizes the major existing partnerships and initiatives in the agricultural input business sector in Africa, especially Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and other joint ventures in order to address the factors that impede agricultural input use in Africa and document best practices, lessons and challenges in fostering agricultural input business development in the region. Furthermore, the study sheds more light on prospective and potential successful business alliances and partnerships in the agricultural input sector in order to tap the under-exploited market opportunities in Africa.