The focus of the report is on making GVCs more “inclusive” by overcoming participation constraints for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and facilitating access for Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs). Two key facts emerge from this report: participation in GVCs is heterogeneous and uneven, across and within countries; and, available data and survey-based evidence suggest that SME participation in GVCs is mostly taking place through indirect contribution to exports, rather than through exporting directly.