Author Phil Franks, Rob Small and Francesca Booker

Year of publication 2018

This manual provides detailed guidance for assessing the social impacts — positive and negative — of protected areas (PAs) and other conserved areas (CAs) and any related conservation and development activities. The manual describes the relatively simple and low-cost Social Assessment for Protected and Conserved Areas (SAPA) methodology, which is intended for use at site level. SAPA can be used with PAs and CAs of any kind. This includes PAs governed and managed by government agencies, communities and the private sector.