Year of publication 1977

This manual seeks to provide guidelines which will help the forest manager to select the proper forest road standard and density or spacing and the logging system which will help to produce the lowest overall delivered wood cost, whether the operation is conducted in natural or manmade forests in a temperate or a tropical zone. The principles which are applicable in one region or to one logging system will apply normally in another. Maximum attention is given to those logging systems which use skidding or forwarding to move the wood from stump area to roadside since these are the most commonly used methods where grades do not exceed 50-60 %o Harvesting systems employing ground transportation methods to move wood to roadside are almost universally more economical than cable yarding systems where there is a choice between the two. It also deals at some length with the method of estimating the operating cost of logging equipment because such cost values are often distorted by omission of or failure to recognize items which should be included