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Food distribution systems (FDS) in developing countries have undergone profound changes in recent years. The objective of this study commissioned by the AFD is to identify priority areas to improve the capacity of FDS to meet the challenges of food and health security for urban populations. The data for this study are derived from qualitative and quantitative surveys of consumers and actors in different food chains in the Rabat metropolitan area in Morocco. This study shows that the supply basins for fresh products have become more distant and reorganized over the last few years; however, the problems of access to food by precarious populations are more worrying than the problems of competitiveness. Moreover, problems of sanitary quality remain a major challenge.