This is a comprehensive study of how to transition to a net zero energy system by 2050 while ensuring stable and affordable energy supplies, providing universal energy access, and enabling robust economic growth. It sets out a cost-effective and economically productive pathway, resulting in a clean, dynamic and resilient energy economy dominated by renewables like solar and wind instead of fossil fuels. The report also examines key uncertainties, such as the roles of bioenergy, carbon capture and behavioral changes in reaching net zero. Bioenergy is listed as one of the key pillars of decarbonization and key uncertainties are foreseen with bioenergy and land-use change.  

This report sets out more than 400 milestones, spanning all sectors and technologies, for what needs to happen, and when, to transform the global economy from one dominated by fossil fuels into one powered predominantly by renewable energy. The pathway requires vast amounts of investment, innovation, skillful policy design and implementation, technology deployment, infrastructure building, international cooperation, and efforts across many other areas.