M.A. Maqbool
Introduction
Nematology in Pakistan
Nematological problems
Control measures
Infrastructure and training
Support to nematology
Conclusions and recommendations
Bibliography
Pakistan lies between 24° and 36° north and 61° and 76° east with a subtropical climate in the warm temperature zone. The country is generally dry and has low rainfall. Most of the rainfall is brought by the monsoon winds in summer, though the northern and northwestern regions also receive winter rains. The amount of rainfall on the whole decreases southwards from the Himalayas.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 31 percent of gross national product, employing 50 percent of the total labour force and supporting directly or indirectly 70 percent of the population. It contributes 80 percent of foreign exchange earning through export of materials such as cotton textiles and sugar. The country has the largest canal irrigation system in the world and suitable climatic conditions to produce food, feed and fibre in multiple cropping systems; the total cultivable area is around 23.25 million ha (Table 14). The Indus basin is one of the world's greatest natural resources, capable of producing about 100 million tonnes of foodgrain annually.
Pakistan has one of the highest world population growth rates at 3.1 percent. The population of the country has increased almost fourfold over the past 42 years. Since 1947, the population of 72 million has increased to nearly 113 million today.
Production of food crops from 1971 to 1989 increased faster than the population growth rate. Some of the important crop plants in the country are wheat, rice, maize, cotton, sugar cane, soybean, mustard, gram, mung, potatoes, okra, peas, beans, citrus, mango, grapes, peaches and melons. The productivity of crop plants is adversely affected by insect pests and plant diseases, among which nematode problems pose a serious threat.
TABLE 14
Cultivated area and production of important crops1 in Pakistan
|
Crop |
Area mm ha) |
Production ('000 tonnes) | ||
|
|
1975-76 |
1988-89 |
1975-76 |
1988-89 |
|
Food crops |
9726 |
11 737 |
1 283 |
19395 |
|
Cash crops |
2608 |
3551 |
26392 |
38818 |
|
Pulses |
1 476 |
1 395 |
784 |
642 |
|
Oilseeds |
543 |
459 |
1 368 |
3224 |
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (1988-1989), Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperation, Islamabad.1 Food crops: wheat, rice, jowar, maize, bajra, barley.
Cash crops: sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, jute, sugar beet.
Pulses: gram, mung, masoor, beans, peas.
Oilseeds: sesamum, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, safflower.
In spite of the fact that the nematode problem has been recognized by researchers as one of the greatest threats to agriculture production in the country, the subject of nematology has remained neglected for a long time. Consideration has not been given to the study of plant-parasitic nematodes in different crops in different agroclimatic zones of the country. Moreover, the process of developing human resources in the field of nematology is also not satisfactory. Wheat-gall nematode from the province of Punjab was first reported in 1917. After the creation of Pakistan this nematode was reported in Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh and Jhang districts of Pakistan. Akhtar made a valuable contribution to the science of nematology, in which besides reporting a large number of species of plant-parasitic nematodes such as Heterodera schactii in sugar cane, he also described a new species, Metaphelenchus sacchari, from Lahore. Several popular articles in English and Urdu languages were written from time to time to draw the attention of the authorities, growers and researchers of the importance of plant-parasitic nematodes. Since then nematologists, e.g. K.F. Brown (Australia), R.W. Timm (Bangladesh), M.R. Siddiqi (United Kingdom), A. Kafi, Inamullah Khan, S. Ashraf and M. Saeed, reported several plant-parasitic nematodes from crop plants from different parts of Pakistan. Up until 1971 the major portion of applied and basic work in nematology in the country was done in the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) laboratories, Karachi, and at the Agriculture College, Faisalabad. Dr Abdul Ghaffar, Professor of Plant Pathology, in 1980 initiated a course on plant nematology for M.Sc. students of the Department of Botany, University of Karachi, and the facilities of the National Nematological Research Centre (NNRC), University of Karachi have been made available for practical work.
The study of plant-parasitic nematode fauna has received little attention in Pakistan. Only a few surveys of plant-parasitic nematodes have been made by Akhtar (1962), Brown (1962), Kafi (1963), Khan (1970, 1971), Saeed and Ashrafi (1973), Ghauri (1975) and Hussain and Yasmin (1976) and a total of 27 genera and 56 species have been reported. With the establishment of the NNRC at the University of Karachi in 1974, research investigations on plant-parasitic nematodes associated with cereals, vegetables, fruits and other crops in Pakistan were carried out. Maqbool (1986) published a list of nematodes along with their hosts and distribution in Pakistan in which 168 species belonging to 50 genera, 35 subfamilies, 21 families, 9 super-families, 3 suborders and 3 orders were included. Later, Maqbool (1992) presented an up-to-date list of nematode fauna of Pakistan giving a total number of 294 nematode species (Table 15) associated with 187 plants. Based on the research work carried out at the NNRC, 29 genera and 147 species have been recorded and 62 new species have been described (Table 16); these include 27 genera and 104 species reported for the first time in Pakistan.
In Pakistan the nematode problem is more serious and complex than in the developing countries. The reasons for this are many and varied. The country is a tropical region where the climate is suitable for the activity and reproduction of nematodes throughout the year. Sandy and warm soils are very favourable for nematode development especially in irrigated areas which are used continuously for crop production. Perennial crops and crops grown in the same field year after year are often heavily attacked by nematodes.
TABLE 15
List of plant-parasitic nematode species found in Pakistan
|
Aglenchus agricola (de Man, 1884) Meyl, 1961 |
|
A. mardanensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1984 |
|
Amplimerlinius parbati Zarina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Anguina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 |
|
Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942 |
|
A. bicaudatus (lmamura, 1931) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 |
|
A. blastophthorus Franklin, 1952 |
|
A. caprifici (Gasparrini, 1864) Filipjev, 1934 |
|
A dactylocercus Hooper, 1958 |
|
A. goodeyi Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967 |
|
A. parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932 |
|
A. ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner, 1932 |
|
A. sacchari Hooper, 1958 |
|
A. winchesi Paesler, 1957 |
|
Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865 |
|
A. cocophilus Cobb, 1919, now Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus Goodey, 1960 |
|
A. eremitus Thorne, 1961 |
|
A. sacchari (Akhtar, 1962) Goodey & Hooper, 1965 |
|
Atetylenchus amiri (Maqbool & Shahina, 1984) Geraert & Raski, 1987 |
|
Aulophora karachiensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 |
|
A penetrans (Thorne, 1955) Siddiqi, 1980 |
|
Basiria citri (Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. graminophila Siddiqi, 1959 |
|
B. incita Szczygiel, 1970 |
|
B. ritteri (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969) Bernard, 1980 |
|
Belonolaimus gracilis Steiner, 1949 |
|
Bitylenchus brevilineatus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. canalis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. clavicaudatus (Seinhorst, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. goffarti (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. maximus (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. parvus (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
B. vulgaris (Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
Boleodorus acutus Thorne & Malek, 1968 |
|
B. arachis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 |
|
B. azadkashmirensis Maqbool, Shahina & Firoza, 1990 |
|
B. neosimilis Geraert, 1971 |
|
B. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1963 |
|
B. thylactus Thorne, 1941 |
|
B. zaini Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Cephalenchus longicaudatus Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 |
|
C. sacchari Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Coslenchus areolatus (Egunjobi, 1967) Siddiqi, 1978 |
|
C. costatus (de Man, 1921) Siddiqi, 1978 |
|
C. tuberosus (Maqbool, 1983) Mizukubo & Minagawa. 1985 |
|
Criconema (Nothocriconemella) mutabile (Taylor, 1936) Raski & Luc, 1985 |
|
Criconemoides kamaliei Khan, 1971 (sp. inq. by Siddiqi, 1986) |
|
C. parvulus Siddiqi, 1961 |
|
Deladenus imperialis Bedding, 1974 |
|
D. pakistanensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Ditylenchus anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 |
|
D. angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936 |
|
D. clarus Thorne & Malek, 1968 |
|
D. destructor Thorne, 1945 |
|
D. dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 |
|
D. geraerti (Paramonov, 1970) Bello & Geraert, 1972 |
|
D. kheirii Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987 |
|
D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 |
|
Dolichorhynchus tuberosus Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 |
|
Duotylenchus bilineatus Saha & Khan, 1982 |
|
Enchodelus arcuatus Thorne, 1939 |
|
E. macrodorus (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1939 |
|
E. minusculus Loos, 1946, now Eudorilaimus minusculus (Loos, 1946) Siddiqi, 1969 |
|
Filenchus afghanicus (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
F. ditissimus (Brzeski, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
F. filiformis (Butschli, 1873) Meyl, 1961 |
|
F. parvissimus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
F. sheri (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 |
|
F. sindhicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1992 |
|
F. vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 |
|
Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975 |
|
G. rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975 |
|
G. tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Behrens, 1975 |
|
Helicotylenchus abunaamai Siddiqi, 1972 |
|
H. arachisi Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 |
|
H. californicus Sher, 1966 |
|
H. canadensis Waseem, 1961 |
|
H. conicephalus Siddiqi, 1972 |
|
H. crenacauda Sher, 1966 |
|
H. digonicus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 |
|
H. dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 |
|
H. egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964 |
|
H. erythrinae (Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956 |
|
H. exallus Sher, 1966 |
|
H. falcatus Eroshenko & Nguen Vu Thanh, 1981 |
|
H. goodi Tikyani, Khera & Bhatnagar, 1969 |
|
H. indicus Siddiqi, 1963 |
|
H. lucernis Khan & Ahmad, 1970 (sp. inq. by Fortuner, 1981 and Siddiqi, 1986) |
|
H. macronatus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 |
|
H. microdorus Prasad, Khan & Chawla, 1965 |
|
H. microlobus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 |
|
H. multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 |
|
H. obliquus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
H. oscephalus Anderson, 1979 |
|
H. platyurus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 |
|
H. pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 |
|
H. seshadrii Singh & Khera, 1980 |
|
H. thornei Roman, 1965 |
|
H. verecundus Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
H. willmottae Siddiqi, 1972 |
|
Hemicriconemoides cocophillus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 |
|
H. gaddi (Loos, 1949) Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 |
|
H. ghaffari Maqbool, 1982 |
|
H. mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961 |
|
H. strictathecatus Esser, 1960 |
|
Hemicycliophora gracilis Thorne, 1955 |
|
H. veechi Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 |
|
Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924 |
|
H. bergeniae Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 |
|
H. cajani Koshy, 1967 |
|
H. cynodontis Shahina & Maqbool, 1989 |
|
H. fici Kirjanova, 1954 |
|
H. mani Mathews, 1971 |
|
H. mothi Khan & Husain, 1965 |
|
H. oryzae Luc & Berdon Brizuela, 1961 |
|
H. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
H. sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 |
|
H. schachtii Schmidt, 1871 |
|
H. zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 |
|
Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964 |
|
H. mexicana (Chitwood, 1951) Sher, 1968 |
|
H. mucronata (Das, 1960) Khan, Siddiqi, Khan, Husain & Saxena, 1964 |
|
H. oryzae (Van Breda de Haan, 1902) Luc & Goodey, 1964 |
|
H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 |
|
Hoplolaimus aegypti Shafiee & Koura, 1969 |
|
H. californicus Sher, 1963 |
|
H. columbus Sher, 1963 |
|
H. dimorphicus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 |
|
H. galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935 |
|
H. indicus Sher, 1963 |
|
H. pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938) Sher in Coomans, 1963 |
|
H. seinhorsti Luc, 1958 |
|
H. seshadrii Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 |
|
H. stephanus Sher, 1963 |
|
H. tabacum Firoza, Nasira & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
H. tylenchiformis Daday, 1905 |
|
Karachinema elongatum Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Longidorella Thorne, 1939 |
|
Longidorella spp. |
|
Longidorus africanus Merny, 1966 |
|
L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 |
|
L. siddiqii Aboul Eid, 1970 |
|
Malenchus andrassyi Merny, 1970 |
|
M. exiguus (Massey, 1969) Andrassy, 1980 |
|
M. fusiformis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 |
|
M. labiatus Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
M. nanellus Siddiqi, 1979 |
|
M. platycephalus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Andrassy, 1981 |
|
M. pyri Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 |
|
M. hapla Chitwood, 1949 |
|
M. incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 |
|
M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 |
|
Merlinius adakensis Bernard, 1984 |
|
M. bavaricus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 |
|
M. brevidens (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 |
|
M. microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 |
|
M. montanus Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
M. nanus (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 |
|
M. niazae Maqbool, Fatima & Hashmi, 1983 |
|
Mesocriconema anastomoides (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. bakeri (Wu, 1965) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. brevistylum (Singh & Khera, 1976) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. curvatum (Raski, 1952) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. onoense (Luc, 1959) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. pruni (Siddiqi, 1961) Andrassy, 1965 |
|
M. sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
M. xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 |
|
Nagelus saifulmulukensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
Neopsilenchus (Acusilenchus) bilineatus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
N. (Neopsilenchus) curvistylus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
N. (N.) minor (Geraert, 1968) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
N. (N.) peshawarensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Neothada mayor Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 |
|
Neotylenchus Steiner, 1931, now Hexatylus Goodey, 1926 |
|
Neotylenchus spp. |
|
Nothotylenchus basiri Khan, 1965 |
|
N. goldeni Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Ogma multiannulata Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
O. qamari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
O. sadabhari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Ottolenchus azadkashmirensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
O. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1970) Brzeski, 1982 |
|
O. longicauda Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Paralongidorus beryllus Siddiqi & Hussain, 1965 |
|
P. citri (Siddiqi, 1959) Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 |
|
P. xiphinemoides Heyns, 1965 |
|
Paraphelenchus (Micoletzky, 1922) Micoletzky, 1935 |
|
Paraphelenchus spp. |
|
Pararotylenchus microstylus Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 |
|
Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 |
|
P. mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974 |
|
Paratrophurus anomalus Kleynhans & Heyns, 1983 |
|
Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne & Alien, 1950 |
|
P. holdemani Raski, 1975 |
|
P. ilaliensis Raski, 1975 |
|
P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 |
|
P. projectus Jenkins, 1956 |
|
P. salubris Raski, 1975 |
|
P. tateae Wu & Townshend, 1973 |
|
Paurodontella sohailai Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Paurodontus similis Siddiqi, 1961 |
|
Pratylenchoides maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 |
|
Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 |
|
P. coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 |
|
P. crenatus Loof, 1960 |
|
P. hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 |
|
P. neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 |
|
P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 |
|
P. pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 |
|
P. pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968 |
|
P. sacchari (Soltwedel, 1888) Filipjev, 1936 (sp. inq. by Siddiqi, 1986, Hando & Golden, 1989, Loof, 1991) |
|
P. scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff & Stanley, 1943 |
|
P. sefaensis Fortuner, 1973 |
|
P. similis Khan & Singh, 1975 |
|
P. thornei Sher & Alien, 1953 |
|
P. vulnus Alien & Jensen, 1951 |
|
P. zeae Graham, 1951 |
|
Psilenchus aestuarius Andrassy, 1962 |
|
P. hilarulus de Man, 1921 |
|
P. hilarus Siddiqi, 1963 |
|
P. iranicus Kheiri, 1970 |
|
Quinisulcius acutoides (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1971 |
|
Q. acutus (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 |
|
Q. capitatus (Alien, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 |
|
Q. curvus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1970 |
|
Q. quaidi Zarina & Maqbool, 1992 |
|
Radopholus simills (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 |
|
Rotylenchulus parvus (Williams, 1960) Sher, 1961 |
|
R. reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 |
|
Rotylenchus alii Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
R. buxophitus Golden, 1956 |
|
R. capsicumi Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
R. cypriensis Antoniou, 1980 |
|
R. dalhousiensis Sultan &Jairajpuri, 1979 |
|
R. fragaricus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
R. himprus (Sultan, 1985) Fortuner, 1987 |
|
R. jagatpurensis Sultan, 1985 |
|
R. karachiensis (Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 |
|
R. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
R. robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 |
|
R. siddiqii Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 |
|
Scutellonema bradys (Steiner & LeiHew, 1933) Andrassy, 1958 |
|
Scutylenchus baluchiensis Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 |
|
S. koreanus (Choi & Geraert, 1971) Siddiqi, 1979 |
|
S. quettensis Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 |
|
Tetylenchus Filipjev, 1936, genus dubium |
|
Tetylenchus spp. |
|
Trichodorus obtusus Cobb, 1913 |
|
T. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1962 |
|
Tylenchorhynchus annutatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971 |
|
T. brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 |
|
T. clarus Alien, 1955 |
|
T. claytoni Steiner, 1937 |
|
T. cylindricus Cobb, 1913 |
|
T. madrasensis Gupta & Uma, 1981 |
|
T. manubriatus Litvinova, 1946 |
|
T. mashhoodi Siddiqi & Basir, 1959 |
|
T. nudus Alien, 1955 |
|
T. penniseti Gupta & Uma, 1980 |
|
T. quaidi Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 |
|
T. rosei Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
T. striatus Alien, 1955 |
|
T. swatiensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
T. tritici Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 |
|
T. trilineatus Timm, 1963 |
|
Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 |
|
Tylenchus bhitai Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
T. buttons Thorne & Malek, 1968 |
|
T. hamatus Thorne & Malek, 1968 |
|
T. naranensis Maqbool, Zarina & Ghazala, 1987 |
|
T. pakistanensis Farooqi, Fatima & Khan, 1991 |
|
T. sandneri Wasilewska, 1965 |
|
T. skarduensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
T. uniformis Cobb, 1893 (sp. inq. by Siddiqi, 1986) |
|
Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 |
|
X. basiri Siddiqi, 1959 |
|
X. bergeri Luc, 1973 |
|
X. bolandium Coomans & Heyns, 1985 |
|
X. brevicolle Lordello & Da Costa, 1961 |
|
X. chambersi Thorne, 1939 |
|
X. elongatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 |
|
X. index Thorne & Alien, 1950 |
|
X. insigne Loos, 1949 |
|
X. intermedium Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 |
|
X. karachiense Nasira, Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
X. machoni Hunt, 1980 |
|
X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 |
|
X. pachydermum Sturhan, 1983 |
|
X. radicicola Goodey, 1936 |
|
X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 |
|
X. rotundatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 |
|
Xiphinemella ornata (Loos, 1949) Loos, 1950 |
|
Zygolylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jimenez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966 |
In Pakistan, the major nematode problems that cause great damage to agricultural production include root-knot nematodes in vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants throughout the country; golden-cyst nematode is a limiting factor for potato production in Kaghan and the Kalam valley; citrus nematode diseases are a constant source of slow decline in citrus production in Punjab and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP); and, finally, in Sindh a gradual decline in banana production is the result of severe infestation of known banana-destroying nematodes and perhaps the sudden collapse of the banana crop is due to attack by bunchy top virus.
In this presentation the nematological problems in some of the most important crops of the country are briefly discussed.
Cereals
Wheat, rice, barley, sorghum and maize are important cereal crops, of which wheat has been the most important economic crop in Pakistan. Anguina tritici, the first nematode reported from Pakistan is the most important seed-gall nematode of wheat, whereas Hirschmanniella oryzae, Ditylenchus angustus and Aphelenchus avenae were found to be widespread and abundant in rice. Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Pratylenchus zeae and Heterodera zeae were the predominant plant-parasitic nematodes on maize. Several other species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been found associated with cereal crops.
TABLE 16
New nematode species reported from Pakistan
|
Quinisulcius solani Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Paurodontella sohailai Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Nothotylenchus goldeni Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Hemicriconemoides ghaffari Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Boleodorus zaini Maqbool, 1982 |
|
Paktylenchus tuberosus Maqbool, 1983 |
|
Merlinius niazae Maqbool, Fatima & Hashmi, 1983 |
|
Aglenchus mardanensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1984 |
|
Basiroides sindhicus Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Basiroides citri Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Leipolylenchus amiri Maqbool & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Orientylus karachiensis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984 |
|
Scutylenchus quettensis Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 |
|
Cephalenchus sacchari Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Dolichorhynchus tuberosus Maqbool, Ghazala & Shahina, 1984 |
|
Criconemella anastomoides Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Malenchus labiatus Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Matenchus pyri Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Pararotylgnchus microstytus Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 |
|
Scutylenchus baluchiensis Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 |
|
Karachinema elongatum Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Ottolenchus azadkashmirensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Ottolenchus longicauda Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 |
|
Rotylenchus fragaricus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
Rotylenchus pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
Rotylenchus alii Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
Helichotylenchus obliquus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
Heterodera pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 |
|
Aulophora karachiensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 |
|
Hemicycliophora veechi Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 |
|
Boleodorus arachis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 |
|
Cephalenchus longicaudatus Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 |
|
Tylenchorhynchus quaidi Golden, Maqbool & Handoo. 1987 |
|
Tylenchorhynchus tritici Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 |
|
Nagelus saifulmulukensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
Merlinius montanus Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
Tylennchus naranensis Maqbool, Zarina & Ghazala, 1987 |
|
Tylenchus skarduensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
Tylenchus bhitai Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 |
|
Heterodera bergeniae Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 |
|
Neothada major Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 |
|
Pratylenchoides maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 |
|
Heterodera cynodontis Shahina & Maqbool, 1989 |
|
Hoplolaimus tabacum Firoza, Nasira & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Amptimerlinius parbati Zarina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Ogma sadabhari Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Ogma multiannulata Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Ogma qamari Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Neopsilenchus peshawarensis (Neopsilenchus) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Neopsilenchus bilineatus (Acusilenchus) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Neopsilenchus curvistylus (Neopsilenchus) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 |
|
Boleodorus azadkashmirensis Maqbool, Shahina & Firoza, 1990 |
|
Rotylenchus capsicumi Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Tylenchorhynchus swatensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Helicotylenchus verecundus Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Tylenchorhynchus rose; Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Xiphinema karachiense Nasira, Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 |
|
Quinisulcius quaidi Zarina & Maqbool, 1992 |
|
Deladensus pakistanensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1992 |
|
Filenchus sindihicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 |
Source: National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi.
Vegetables
Many vegetables, including potato, tomato, eggplant, chilies, onion, garlic, gram and cabbage are extensively cultivated in Pakistan. Total vegetable production has increased from 1 397 000 tonnes in 1971 to more than 2 627 000 tonnes in 1989. The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla), the cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida), and Ditylenchus destructor on potato are important and damaging nematodes. Several other species of plant-parasitic nematodes such as Pratylenchus spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis have been found damaging the production of vegetables under Pakistan's growing conditions in susceptible crops.
Fruit-trees
Apple, banana, citrus, mango, papaya and pear constitute the major fruit-tree crops in Pakistan. Although fruit-trees have received very little attention from nematologists, several species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been recorded associated with the different tree crops. The citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Xiphinema spp. are widespread and cause considerable damage in the old established orchards in Punjab. Banana plantations in Sindh have been severely attacked by nematodes, especially Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and Radopholus similis, although a total of 52 nematode species have so far been reported from this crop in Pakistan. A root-knot nematode-free nursery of banana has been raised by Saeed and his associates (1982) at the PCSIR laboratory, Karachi, from where growers can obtain nematode-free corms for planting.
Other crops
Sugar-cane crops have been found heavily attacked by Trichodorus spp., along with the other ectoparasitic nematodes Helicotylenchus spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp., especially in the ratoon crop. Heavy infestation of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica have been found in tobacco plantations throughout the country. In cotton, as well as ectoparasitic nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and M. incognita have been found as a limiting factor for crop production in certain areas of the country. Similarly ornamental plants, forest trees and turf grasses are often infested with various types of phytonematodes.
Legislative
Plant quarantine is an essential component of plant protection by which the spread of pests and diseases is controlled through legislation. Pakistan, soon after independence, adopted the Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1941 which was finally replaced by the Pakistan Quarantine Act, 1976. Rapid progress in the fields of science and agriculture and the development of fast means of transport by air, road and sea have increased the international trade in agricultural commodities and, with an exchange of material by scientists for research, have caused a redistribution of the fauna and flora of the world. New pests and diseases have already been introduced in Pakistan and the chances of further introductions are increasing unless suitable measures are adopted by the control authorities. There is therefore a need to revise and update the plant quarantine rules of 1976 in the light of the latest pest situation in the world and of the region in particular.
Cultural controls
These include various manipulative practices to reduce nematode populations without the use of nematicides. Leaving the soil fallow greatly reduces most nematode populations, especially during hot, dry weather, but is not economical. Time of planting can be effective if the crop is such that it can be planted early or late when the nematodes are inactive due to temperature or other conditions. Growing of non-host crops for one or more years, depending on the degree of infestation, also has promise for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes (Maqbool and Hashmi, 1986). There are certain oilcakes and other organic materials available that not only reduce nematode infestation but also improve plant growth and increase yield significantly when these are added into the soil before sowing. There is need to adopt more effective cultural control methods for plant-parasitic nematodes.
Chemical control
The use of nematicides for the control of nematode diseases is a very common practice. Chemical control has been proved to be a generally effective and reliable means of checking a wide variety of plant-parasitic nematodes (Brown, 1962; Maqbool et al., 1984, 1985; Maqbool and Hashmi, 1987). Currently only two nematicides, Furadan and Tenekil, are available on the local market. Indiscriminate use of these nematicides causes soil and environmental pollution and farmers are not careful in the use of these nematicides and other toxic chemicals.
Biological control
Chemical control is becoming more and more expensive because of increased costs in the synthesis of new compounds and their use is increasingly undesirable because of environmental hazards associated with their application. Now some attention has been given to biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes with the use of natural enemies as a safe and cheap alternative method to chemical control (Maqbool and Zaki, 1990; Gowen and Ahmad, 1990). Encouraging results were obtained with the use of Pasteuria penetrans and Paecilomyces lilacinus as biological control agents of nematodes on different crops (Zaki and Maqbool, 1991a, b; Saifullah and Gul, 1991). There is a need to survey throughout the country and isolate more potential biological control organisms and use them in farmers' fields.
Botanical pesticides
More than 100 plant species have been screened for their nematicidal properties, some of which have shown promising kills of root-knot nematodes. Of these Calotropis procera, Euphorbia caducifolia, Nerium oleander and Azadirachta indica have exhibited inhibitory effects against root-knot juveniles (Maqbool, Hashmi and Ghaffar, 1987; Qamar et al., 1989; Zureen and Khan, 1984). There is a need to test these and other plant species in the field.
The Government of Pakistan has been fully aware of the role of agricultural research in national development. From a very fragile infrastructure comprising the Agriculture College, Faisalabad and research institutes at Faisalabad, Tarnab and Tandojam, Pakistan now has three agriculture universities, four agriculture colleges, six agriculture training institutes, 65 research institutes and 162 field stations. For research coordination, the Federal Agriculture Research Committee was upgraded to the Agriculture Research Council. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), the Pakistan Science Foundation, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and the National Development Board for Science and Technology are the main responsible bodies for agricultural research in Pakistan.
Over the past few years nematological research has also been developing in Pakistan. Several research groups have been established in different parts of the country. These groups are engaged in both basic and applied research. Research groups have been established in laboratories of the PCSIR, Karachi; the NNRC, University of Karachi; the Crop Diseases Research Institute (CDRI), PARC, Islamabad and Karachi; the agriculture universities at Faisalabad and Peshawar; the Federal Seed Certification Department, Islamabad; and the Barani Agriculture College, Rawalpindi. At least 30 scientists are actively engaged in research on nematological problems and their control in Pakistan. In all these the NNRC, University of Karachi, is the most developed and internationally recognized research centre on plant nematology (Table 17).
The NNRC has well-equipped research laboratories, a seminar room, a processing room and a large greenhouse designed for microplot and pot experiments. The NNRC has the modem facilities to carry out research on fundamental and applied nematology. The centre has acquired basic equipment for research, teaching and training including high resolution microscopes, compound microscopes, stereoscopic microscopes, a flame photometer, electrical balances, incubators, pH meters, centrifuge, glass distillation unit, laminar flow, deep freezer, plant growth chambers, computers with dot matrix and laser printers. The NNRC has over 8 000 permanent slides of identified nematode specimens, collected from different parts of the country. The centre has developed its own library which has a fairly good collection of books, nearly up-to-date international journals and literature on nematology. This centre also regularly receives most of the nematology journals of international repute as well as nematological abstracts. The research staff of this centre are highly qualified, trained and experienced. The office of the Pakistan Society of Nematologists is based at the NNRC which has been publishing the biannual Pakistan Journal of Nematology since 1983. This journal has a large circulation all over the world and has gained international recognition.
The following seminars, training courses and workshops on nematology have been organized in Pakistan:
· First National Seminar-cum-Workshop on Nematode Problems in Agricultural Crops in Pakistan (10 to 12 August 1977);· First National Training Course on Plant Nematology (2 to 21 February 1980);
· Intensive Training Course in Applied Nematology (19 to 28 December 1982);
· Second National Training Course on Plant Nematology (20 November to 2 December 1984);
· United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology (6 to 8 April 1986).
TABLE 17A
Scientists engaged in research centres and laboratories on plant nematology in Pakistan
|
SINDH |
|||
|
NATIONAL NEMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI |
|||
|
Research staff: |
|||
|
|
· Dr M.A. Maqbool |
Director |
Ph.D. |
|
· Dr Shahina Fayyaz |
Scientific Officer |
Ph.D. |
|
|
· Dr M. Javed Zaki |
Scientific Officer |
Ph.D. |
|
|
Ph.D. Students: |
|||
|
|
· Ms Zarina Begum |
|
M.Sc. |
|
· Ms Nasira Kazi |
|
M.Sc. |
|
|
· Ms Firoza Kazi |
|
M.Sc. |
|
|
· Mr Mohammad Abid |
|
M.Sc. |
|
|
CROP DISEASES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PARC, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI |
|||
|
|
· Dr Aly Khan |
Senior Scientific Officer |
Ph.D. |
|
PCSIR, APPLIED BIOLOGY DIVISION, NEMATOLOGY LABORATORY, KARACHI |
|||
|
|
· Mr Hanif A. Khan |
Senior Scientific Officer |
M. Phil. |
|
· Ms Viqar A. Saeed |
Senior Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
|
· Ms Qamar Fatima |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
|
· Mr Saeed Khan |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
|
· Ms Nighat Seema |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
Research funds have been provided by the government through different funding agencies and channels such as the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Pakistan Science Foundation and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, for the improvement and development of science and technology in the country. Foreign financial aid has also been provided at different times by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), International Foundation for Science (IFS) and Third World Academy of Sciences. All these funds provided a strong research motivation and support in agriculture but still there is need for more effort to obtain research data for the direct benefit of farmers.
TABLE 17B
Scientists engaged in research centres and laboratories on plant nematology in Pakistan
|
PUNJAB | ||
|
CROP DISEASES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PARC, ISLAMABAD | ||
|
· Dr Manzoor H. Soomro |
Senior Scientific Officer |
Ph.D. |
|
· Mr Anjum Munir |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
BARANI AGRICULTURE COLLEGE, RAWALPINDI | ||
|
· Dr Safdar Anwar |
Professor |
Ph.D. |
|
· Dr Zahid Hussain |
Professor |
Ph.D. |
|
AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD | ||
|
· Dr Riaz Ahmad Chohan |
Assistant Professor |
Ph.D. |
|
· Mr Nazir Javed |
Lecturer |
M.Sc. |
|
FEDERAL SEED CERTIFICATION DEPARTMENT, ISLAMABAD | ||
|
· Mr M. Qasim Khan |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
|
NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE | ||
|
AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAR | ||
|
· Dr Ahmad Gul |
Professor |
Ph.D. |
|
· Mr Abdul Rehman Saljoqi |
Lecturer |
M.Sc. |
|
· Mr Saifullah |
Lecturer |
M.Sc. |
|
AGRICULTURE RESEARCH STATION, SWAT | ||
|
· Mr Mumtaz Khan |
Scientific Officer |
M.Sc. |
Whereas 50 genera and 294 species of important nematodes associated with agricultural crops of Pakistan have been isolated and identified, there is need to continue this study since new nematodes may appear which have not been encountered and may pose a serious threat to crop production. The identification of nematodes using morphological and anatomical characters should be continued. The collection and characterization of populations of nematodes from different host plants for identification of species and races and their distribution should be examined. Although nematodes have been considered as serious pests, reports on the estimation of the yield losses of crop plants caused by nematodes have not received due attention. Estimation of crop losses at different population levels under field conditions and the determination of damage thresholds for important crops need investigation. Host-parasite relationships associated with physiological changes in plants infected with nematodes should be studied.
Our knowledge of the natural enemies of plant-parasitic nematodes is inadequate and there are few nematologists involved in research on the biological control of nematodes. Nematophthora gynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium attack females and eggs of cereal-cyst nematodes. Indigenous Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium chlamydosporium and Pasteuria penetrans are effective parasites of Meloidogyne spp., which reduce its population to non-damaging levels. Since these micro-organisms have considerable potential as biological control agents, there is a need for the use of nematode-trapping, parasitic and predacious fungi and other beneficial organisms which may interact to reduce the efficiency and activity of plant-parasitic nematodes. The use of crop rotation, burning disease-infested crop residues, fertilizing with indigenous organic manures such as oilcakes and plant extracts for the destruction of disease organisms, holds promise for nematode control and should be further investigated. Pesticides are necessary but are not a long-term solution to crop protection. There is therefore a need for testing varieties for resistance or breeding varieties for transfer of genetic resistance from wild cultivars to domestic cultivars and to test their performance under field conditions for recommendation to farmers.
There is a need for strengthening the nematode diagnostic service and to create increasing awareness of nematode problems among farmers. Training programmes for extension workers should be developed and nematological laboratories strengthened.
There is an immediate need to pool the country's human and other resources and expertise to make a concerted effort to handle this growing nematode problem and minimize crop losses, and to encourage the establishment of training courses or workshops in national centres so as to increase the supply of trained staff in plant nematology. Regional research centres in the universities or research organizations should be established to conduct research work on problems pertaining particularly to each region.
National quarantine services should be improved so as to prevent the introduction and further spread of nematodes that present special threats to food and other economic crops.
Abid, M. & Maqbool, M.A. 1991. Effect of bare-root dip treatment in oilcakes and neem leaf extract on the root-knot development and growth of tomato and eggplant. Pak. J. Nematol., 9: 13-16.
Abid, M., Ehteshamul-Haque, S., Maqbool, M.A. & Ghaffar, A. 1992. Effect of oilcakes, Bradyrhizobium sp., Paecilomyces lilacinus and Furadan on root nodulation and root-knot nematode in mungbean. Pak. J. Nematol., 10: 145-150.
Abid, M., Qasim, M., Sattar, A. & Ghaffar, A. 1988. New host records of root-knot nematode in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 6: 53.
Ahmad, M. 1973. Importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in agricultural production. Proc. Ent. Soc. Kar., 3: 21-22.
Ahmad, R. & Khan, I.U. 1973a. Root-knot on potato in West Pakistan. Plant Dis. Reptr., 57: 505-506.
Ahmad, R. & Khan, I.U. 1973b. A survey on the occurrence of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in the Punjab. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 10: 161-166.
Ahmad, R. & Nadeem, A. 1983. Varietal susceptibility to rice plant nematodes. Proc. 4th National Seminar on Rice Research and Production, p. 294-302. NARC, Islamabad.
Ahmad, M., Khan, HA. & Ashrafi, S.H. 1974. Preliminary studies on nematicidal action of Petkolin against plant-parasitic and soil-inhabiting nematodes-I. Proc. Ent. Soc. Kar., 4-5: 25-31.
Ahmad, M., Saeed, M. & Khan, H.A. 1973. Plant-parasitic nematode fauna of Sindh. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 16: 249-250.
Ahmed, S. & Jehan, N. 1992. Effect of Meloidogyne javanica infection on certain metabolites of Lycopersicon esculentum. Pak. J. Nematol., 10: 57-67.
Akhtar, C.M. & Aqil, T. 1986. Biological control of earcockle of wheat J. Agric. Res., 24: 327.
Akhtar, S.A. 1961. On the occurrence of Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 (Nematoda:Heteroderidae) in West Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci., 13:176.
Akhtar, S.A. 1962a. Free-living nematodes inhabiting Lahore soils. Agric. Pak., 13: 64-80.
Akhtar, S.A. 1962b. Density of nematode population in Lahore soils. Agric. Pak., 13: 81-84.
Akhtar, S.A. 1962c. Metaphelenchus saccharin, sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea Fuchs, 1937) associated with the roots of sugar cane. Nematologica, 1: 53- 56.
Akhtar, S.A. & Hussain, B. 1968. On nematodes associated with the citrus roots from Lyallpur. Pak. J. For., 18: 229-231.
Anwar, S.A. 1977. Nematodes and their host ranges in the Punjab. J. Agric. Res., 15: 223-226.
Anwar, S.A. 1982. Nematode vectors of plant viruses. J. Agric. Res., 20: 57-62.
Anwar, S.A., Azad, M.I. & Kallu, M.A. 1985. Nematode disease epidemiology - influence of biotic and abiotic environment. Parasitol., 1: 145-151.
Anwar, S.A. & Azad, M.I. 1988. Influence of nematodes on root-shoot interactions. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 265-269. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Anwar, S.A. & Chaudhary, G.Q. 1973. Nematodes associated with egg plant (Solanum melongena) roots. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11:93.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, G.Q. & Chaudhary, N.A. 1973a. Nematodes of sugar cane. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11: 99-100.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, G.Q. & Chaudhary, N.A. 1973b. Nematodes associated with corn and sorghum. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11: 101-102.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, G.Q. & Chaudhary, N.A. 1973c. Nematodes associated with banana in the Punjab. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11:103-104.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, N.A. & Chaudhary, G.Q. 1973. A preliminary report on nematodes found on red pepper (Capsicum annuum) in the Punjab. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11: 119.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, N.A. & Chaudhary, G.Q. 1975a. Nematode diseases of tomato. Pak. J. Zool., 7:216 and J. Agric. Res., 13:521-522.
Anwar, S.A., Chaudhary, N.A. & Chaudhary, G.Q. 1975b. Burrowing nematode associated with citrus. Agric Res., 13: 523.
Anwar, S.A. & Chaudhary, N.A. 1976. Nematodes associated with the mango in the Punjab. Pak. J. Zool., 8: 230-231.
Anwar, S.A., Idrees, M., Akhtar, M.S., Rauf, A. & Yousuf, P. 1990. Phytopathogenic nematodes of peanut in the Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol., 10: 225-230.
Anwar, S.A., Kallu, M.A., Javid, M.A. & Khan, S.H. 1986. Nematode parasites of sugar cane. J. Agric. Res. Pakistan, 24: 123-127.
Anwar, S.A. & Khan, I.U. 1973a. Some studies on cotton wilt complex. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11: 94-98.
Anwar, S.A. & Khan, I.U. 1973b. Association of nematodes with rice in Punjab. J. Agric. Res. Punjab, 11: 111-113.
Anwar, S.A., Khan, M.S.A. & Khan, S.H. 1992. Host status of thirteen wheat cultivars to Anguina tritici and its influence on plant growth of chakwal-86 wheat cultivar. Sarhad J. Agric., 8: 107-111.
Anwar, S.A. & Mohyuddin, G. 1987. Nematodes: biotic constraints to plant health. Parasitol., 3: 48-53.
Anwar, S.A., Saeed, M., Gorsi, S., Khan, H.A. & Tahir, M. 1991. Occurrence of citrus-root nematode with declining citrus plants and its control. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 12: 197-201.
Anwar, S.A. & Sarwar, M. 1981. Nematodes associated with citrus roots and rhizosphere in the Punjab. J. Agric. Res., 19: 141-146.
Anwar, S.A. & Van Gundy, S.D. 1989. Influence of four nematodes on root and shoot growth parameters in grapes. J. Nematology, 21: 276-283.
Anwar, S.A., Gorsi, S., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Tahir-ur-Rehman & Yousuf, P. 1991. Plant-parasitic nematodes of some field vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. J. Agric. Res., 29.
Ashrafi, S.H., Saeed, M. & Ahmad, M. 1970. Nematicidal properties of different aromatic fractions of petroleum. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 13: 401-402.
Bedding, R.A. 1974. Five new species of Deladenus (Neotylenchidae), entomophagous-mycetophagous nematodes parasitic in sircid woodwasps. Nematologica, 20: 204-225.
Bhatti, M.A.R. & Ilyas, M.B. 1988. Problems and progress of plant nematology in the Punjab region of Pakistan. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 241-246. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Bilqees, F.M. & Khan, A. 1982. Nematodes associated with coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) plantation in Baluchistan. Pak. J. Zool., 14: 239-241.
Bilqees, F.M., Khan, A. & Khanzada, A.K. 1988. Stylet-bearing nematodes associated with custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool., 20: 309-311.
Brown, K.F. 1962. A survey of some plant-parasitic nematode problems in Pakistan. Report. Shell International Chemical Co. Ltd.
Burney, K. & Estey, R.H. 1985. A note on the non-diffusibility of a substance produced by nematodes that induced Arthrobotrys oligospora to form nematode traps. Phytoprotection, 66: 163-164.
Daudi, A.T., Channer, A.G., Ahmad, R. & Gowen, S.R. 1990. Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of Meloidogyne javanica in the field in Malawi and in microplots in Pakistan. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pest and Diseases (3C-12): 253-257.
Farooq, M., Fatima, N. & Khan, H.A. 1991. Tylenchus pakistanensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchinae), a parasite of bird cherry (Prunus cornuta) in Murree hills, Pakistan. Parasitol, 11: 16-21.
Fatima, N. & Saeed, M. 1989. A review of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Dolichodoridea) Chitwood in Chitwood and Chitwood, 1950 (Skarbilovich, 1959) from Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric., 5: 167-170.
Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M.A. 1991. Description of Rotylenchus capsicumi n. sp., and morphometric data on five known species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) recorded from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 9: 71-78.
Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M.A. 1992. Observations on five known species of spiral nematodes from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 10.
Firoza, K., Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M.A. 1990. Description of Hoplolaimus tabacum n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) with morphometric data on H. aegypti. Pak. J. Nematol., 8: 1-5.
Ghauri, A.S.K. 1975. Pest management studies and research for the development of integrated pest control program for major field paddy, maize, cotton and sugarcane crops. First annual report. 176 pp.
Golden, A.M., Maqbool, M.A. & Handoo. Z.A. 1987. Description of two new species of Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with details on morphology and variation of T. claytoni. J. Nematol., 19: 58-68.
Golden, A.M., Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1988. Redescription of Heterodera fid (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) with SEM observations. J. Nematol., 20: 381-391.
Gowen, S.R. & Ahmad, R. 1990. Pasteuria penetrans for control of pathogenic nematodes. Aspects of Applied Biology, 24: 25-32.
Gul, A. & Saeed, M. 1990. A survey of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric., 6:495-502.
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Khan, A. & Bilqees, F.M. 1985. Stylet-bearing nematodes associated with date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera Linn.) in Thatta district. Pak. J. Zool., 17:299-300.
Khan, A. & Khanzada, A.K. 1986. Influence of soil depth and sampling date on population levels of Helicotylenchus indicus. Parasitol., 2: 154-155.
Khan, A. & Rajput, T. 1984. Efficacy of nematicides for controlling Hemicriconemoides mangifera Siddiqi, 1961 associated with coconut palm. Bull. Zool., 2: 45-49.
Khan, A., Saeed, M. & Rajput, T. 1985. Pathogenic effect of various population levels of Helicotylenchus indicus on tomato and onion seedlings. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 194-195.
Khan, A., Rajput, T. & Fatima, H. 1985. Influence of moisture and depth on Quinisulcius curvus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1971 associated with maize. Pak. J. Zool., 17: 101-103.
Khan, A., Rajput, T. & Bilqees, F.M. 1986. Influence of some fertilizers on plant-parasitic nematodes. Pak. J. Zool., 18: 311-316.
Khan, A., Khanzada, A.K., Rajput, T, Fatima, M.B. & Aslam, M. 1986. Vertical distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in relation to soil moisture in okra fields. J. Agric. Res. Pakistan, 24: 215-221.
Khan, A., Khanzada, A.K. & Aslam, M. 1987. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with date-palm in Baluchistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 5: 15-17.
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Khan, A., Khanzada, A.K., Bilqees, F.M. & Aslam, M. 1987. Influence of crop rotation on the population of some plant-parasitic nematodes. Pak. J. Zool., 19: 447-450.
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Khan, A., Shaukat, S. & Aslam, M. 1990. Effect of three nematicides on population density of two plant-parasitic nematodes and yield of okra. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 32: 115-116.
Khan, A., Ali, T. & Aslam, M. 1991. Comparative efficacy of Tenekil against plant-parasitic nematodes attacking chilli in Pakistan. Afro-Asian J. Nematol., 1: 64-66.
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Khan, B.A., Munir, A., Haq, I. & Aslam, M. 1985. New host record of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp., in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 111.
Khan, B.A., Munir, A., Haq, I. & Aslam, M. 1986. Occurrence and distribution of potato-cyst nematodes in northern areas of Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 4: 41-42.
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Khan, H.A. 1975. A new species of the genus Mylonchulus (Mylenchulus) Cobb, 1916, Alther, 1953 (Enopolida: Mononchidae) from Karachi. Pak J. Zool., 7: 143-144.
Khan, H.A. 1977. Timminema pakistanicum n. gen. and n. sp. (Nematoda:Dorylaimidae) from Sindh, Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool., 9: 157-159.
Khan, H.A. 1978. A note on Hemicriconemoides mangiferae (Siddiqi, 1961) and Hoplolaimus columbus (syn. Hoplolaimus chumbus) from Sindh region. Pak. J. Zool., 10: 117-118.
Khan, H.A. 1989. Eudorylaimus andersoni and Aporcelaimellus sacchari n. sp. from Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 32: 684-687.
Khan, H.A. 1991. A new species of the genus Trichromadorita Timm, 1963 (Nematoda: Hypodontolaimidae) with amended diagnosis of Megalolimus and Panduri pharynx Timm, 1961. Sarhad J. Agric., 7: 603-606.
Khan, H.A. &Ahmad, M. 1970a. Axonchium oostenbrinki sp. nov. Belondiridae (Nematoda) from West Pakistan with its revised key. Agriculture Pakistan, 21: 201-204.
Khan, H.A. & Ahmad, M. 1970b. New species of Helicotylenchus (Steiner, 1945) with the description of Helicotylenchus buxophilus from West Pakistan. Agriculture Pakistan, 21: 215-221.
Khan, H.A. & Fatima, I. 1980. Aporcelaimellus goldeni n. sp., and Aporcelaimellus obscurus (Thorne and Swanger. 1936) Heyns, 1965 (Aporcelaimidae: Nematoda) from Sindh with comments on Thonus saccatus (Eudorylaiminae, new subfamily), Discolaimus Cobb, 1913 and Discolaimium Thorne, 1939. Proc. 1st Pakistan Congr. Zool., p. 383-389.
Khan, H.A. & Naqvi, S.N.H. 1978. Suppression of Helicotylenchus multicinctus population by oxamyl nematicide in banana. Proc. Ent. Soc. Kar., 7-8: 72-75.
Khan, H.A. & Naqvi, S.N.H. 1980. Comparision of nematicidal properties of oxamyl with carbofuran and DBCP in Pakistan. Proc. Ent. Soc. Kar., 9-10:91-96.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1985. Redescription of Criconemella kamali (De Grisse and Loof, 1965) Khan, 1971 with the proposal of a new subfamily Criconemellineae. Parasitol., 1: 20-23.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1986a. Studies on Dorylaimid nematodes from the Indus delta.l. Mesodorylaimus mehraniensis. Bangladesh J. Zool., 14: 117-122.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1986b. Thornenemea shahi n. sp. (Thornenematidae:Dorylaimida) and a key to species of Thornema Andrassy, 1959 with comments on the genus Sclerolabia Carbonell and Coomans, 1985. Parasitol., 2: 66-70.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1987a. Description of Anatonchus valitangiensis n. sp. and a note on nematodes of restricted mountainous passes of Baluchistan. Parasitol., 3: 42-47.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1987b. Pakmylonchulus n. gen. (Mononchida:Mylonchulidae) with notes on Mylonchulus nainitalensis Jairajpuri, 1970 M. sigmaturus (Cobb, 1917) Altherr, 1953 from Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool., 19:313-320.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1988. Studies on some members of the family Tylenchorhynchidae, with comments on Tylenchorhynchus obscurisulcatus Andrassy, 1959 T. paranudus Phukan and Sanwal, 1982 and Merlinius varians Thorne & Malek, 1968, Siddiqi, 1970. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 23: 74-79.
Khan, H.A. & Saeed, M. 1989. Studies on the members of the sub-family Axonchiinae Thorne, 1964 (Nematoda: Belondiridae) with emendation of their sub-generic diagnosis. Bangladesh J. Zool., 17: 107-116.
Khan, H.A., Seema, N. & Khan, S.A. 1990. Preliminary studies on free-living nematodes from Indus Delta. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 33: 439-443.
Khan, H.A., Qamar, E, Saeed, M. & Khan, S.A. 1990. The nematicidal properties of compounds of plant origin with emphasis on polyphenols - a review. Parasitol., 9: 87-92.
Khan, M. 1988. Biological control of golden cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis in potato with the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 291-294. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Khan, M.I. & Iftikharuddin, M. 1985. Changes in growth inhibitors of tomato roots after infection by Meloidogyne javanica. Nematol. Medit., 13:253-255.
Khan, S.A., Anwar, S.A. & Bhutta, A.R. 1990. Studies on seed-borne fungi, bacteria and nematodes of rice in the Punjab. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 33: 489-492.
Khan, S.A., Khan, H.A., Saeed, M. & Qamar, F. 1986. Efficacy of Tenekil against nematodes parasitizing banana. Sarhad J. Agric., 2: 193-199.
Khan, S.A., Khan, H.A., Saeed, M. & Shakir, M.A. 1989. Nematodes associated with nurseries in Karachi. Part II Croton (Codiaeum variegatum L.) A.H.L. Juss Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 32: 603-607.
Khan, S.A., Qamar, R, Saeed, M. & Khan, H.A. 1984. Dressing of banana rhizomes for protection during critical growth period. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 27: 352-354.
Khan, T.M.A., Khan, A. & Ali, T. 1987. Effect of six different cropping sequences on the soil population of Tylenchulus filiformis Butschli, 1873. Parasitol., 3: 12-18.
Lamberti, F., Maqbool, M.A., Shahina, F. & Agostinelli, A. 1987. Occurrence of Xiphinema species in Pakistan (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Nematol. Medit., 15: 145-148.
Maqbool, M.A. 1980. Occurrence of eight cyst nematodes on some agricultural crops in Pakistan. J. Sci., 8: 103-108.
Maqbool, M.A. 1981. Occurrence of root-knot and cyst nematodes in Pakistan. Nematol. Medit., 9: 211-212.
Maqbool, M.A. 1982a. Studies on some Criconematoidea (Nematoda) from Pakistan with a description of Hemicriconemoides ghaffari n. sp. Rev. Nematol., 5: 257-260.
Maqbool, M.A. 1982b. Three new species of the super family Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. J. Nematol., 14: 317-323.
Maqbool, M.A. 1982c. Description of Quinisulcius solani n. sp (Nematoda:Tylenchorhynchidae) with a key to the species and data on Scutylenchus koreanus from Pakistan. J. Nematol., 14: 221-225.
Maqbool, M.A. 1983. Description of Paktylenchus tuberosus gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchinae) from Pakistan. J. Nematol., 15: 76-79.
Maqbool, M.A. 1986. Classification and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in Pakistan. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A. 1987. Present status of research on plant-parasitic nematodes in cereals, food and forage legumes in Pakistan. Proc. Workshop on Nematodes Parasitic to Cereals and Legumes in Temperate Semi-arid Regions, p. 173-180. Cyprus.
Maqbool, M.A. 1988. An overview of nematode problem and research in Pakistan. In M.A. Maqbool et al. eds. Advances in plant nematology, Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 23-46. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A. 1992. Distribution and host association of plant parasitic nematodes in Pakistan. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A. & Fatima, N. 1986. Occurrence of Paratrophurus anomalus Kleynhans and Heyns, 1983 and Merlinius bavaricus Sturhan, 1966 from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 4: 9-10.
Maqbool, M.A. & Ghazala, P. 1984. Studies on Orientylus karachiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) and observations on Orientylus siddiqii from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 2: 15-18.
Maqbool, M.A. & Ghazala, P. 1985. Study on the pathogenicity and life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita on two cultivars of tomato in vitro. Proc. 2nd National Meeting on Plant Tissue Culture, p. 15-19.
Maqbool, M.A. & Ghazala, P. 1986. Description of Boleodorus arachis n.sp. and Cephalenchus longicaudatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with observations on some new records from northern areas of Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 4: 51-58.
Maqbool, M.A. & Ghazala, P. 1988. Observation on some known species of Hoplolaimus von Daday, 1905 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 6: 1-7.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1984a. New host records of cyst nematodes Heterodera zeae and H. mothi from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 2: 99-100.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1984b. Studies on differential host test for identification of root-knot nematode species and determination of physiological races in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 2: 39-41.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1985. Studies on horizontal and vertical distribution of Quinisulcius solani in a potato field. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 95-98.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1986. Effect of soil type on the population of Quinisulcius solani on potato. Nematropica, 16: 93-98.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1987a. Reduction of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb in citrus plantation with aldicarb and carbofuran. Nematol. Medit., 15: 395-397.
Maqbool, M.A. & Hashmi, S. 1987b. Effect of granular nematicides on nematode population and sugar cane yield. Rev. Nematol., 10: 111-113.
Maqbool, M.A. & Kishwar, S. 1981. Studies on the chemical control of root-knot nematodes. Proc. 3rd Research Planning Conference on Root-knot Nematodes (IMP) Region-VI, p. 130-141. 20-24 July, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Maqbool, M.A. & Qasim, M. 1988. Control of plant parasitic nematodes associated with apple and pistachio trees in Baluchistan. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, NNRC, p. 271-274. University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A. & Saeed, M. 1981. Studies on root-knot nematodes in Pakistan. Proc. 3rd Research Planning Conference on Root-knot Nematodes (IMP), Region-VI, p. 115-121. 20-24 July, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1984. Description of Leipotylenchus amiri n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Rev. Nematol., 7: 363-365.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1985a. Criconemella anastomoides n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematina) from Pakistan. J. Nematol., 17: 236-239.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1985b. Two new and two known species of the genus Malenchus Andrassy, 1968 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 1-7.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1985c. Epicharinematinae n. sub-family and Karachinema elongatum n. gen., n. sp. (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 53-60.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1985d. Some new records of Criconematoidea from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 69-71.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1985e. Two new species of the genus Ottolenchus Husain and Khan, 1967 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) with a key to the species and observation on O. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1969) Brzeski, 1982 from Pakistan. Rev. Nematol., 8: 329-333.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1986a. Four new species of the family Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda) with notes on Rotylenchus cypriensis Antoniou, 1980 from Pakistan. Nematol. Medit., 14: 117-128.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1986b. Four new species of the family Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda) with notes on Rotylenchus cypriensis Antoniou, 1980 from Pakistan. Nematol. Medit., 14: 117-128.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1986c. New species of cyst nematode Heterodera pakistanensis (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) attacking wheat in Pakistan. J. Nematol., 18: 541-548.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1987a. Description of two new species and data on three known species of the genus Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda:Tylenchidae) from Pakistan with a key to the species of Tylenchus. Pak. J. Nematol., 5: 53-67.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1987b. Nematodes of northern areas in Pakistan. Description of Nagelus saifulmulukensis n. sp. and Merlinius montanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniinae) with notes on three species of Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913. Rev. Nematol., 10: 289-294.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1988a. Nematode of northern areas in Pakistan Heterodera bergeniae sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a parasite of Bergenia ciliata. Rev. Nematol., 11: 121-127.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1988b. Taxonomic studies on some plant-parasitic nematodes associated with important crops in Pakistan. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 137-156. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1989a. Occurrence of potato-cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) in Bata Kundi areas. Pak. J. Nematol., 7: 67.
Maqbool, M.A. & Shahina, F. 1989b. Nematodes of northern areas in Pakistan. Description of Neothada major n.sp. and Pratylenchoides maqsoodi n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchina). Revue Nematol., 12: 211-216.
Maqbool, M.A. & Zaki, M.J. 1990. Occurrence of Pasteuria penetrans on mature females of Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita, root-knot nematodes in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 8: 13-15.
Maqbool, M.A., Fatima, N. & Hashmi, S. 1983. Merlinius niazae n. sp.(Nematoda: Merliniinae) and the occurrence of some members of Merliniinae and Tylenchorhynchinae in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 1: 111-121.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Qasim, M. 1983. Some new hosts of Meloidogyne spp. from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 1: 147-148.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Zarina, B. 1983. Onion a new host of Heterodera mothi from Pakistan. Nematol. Medit., 11: 213-214.
Maqbool, M.A., Shahina, F. & Zarina, B. 1984. Aglenchus mardanensis n. sp. a new nematode species (Tylenchinae) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 2:19-22.
Maqbool, M.A., Fatima, N. & Shahina, F. 1984. Three new species of the family Tylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan with comments on the genus Basiroides. Pak. J. Nematol., 2: 49-59.
Maqbool, M.A., Ghazala, P. & Fatima, N. 1984. Two new species of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 2: 61-67.
Maqbool, M.A., Ghazala, P. & Qasim, M. 1985. Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jimenez, 1963) Braun and Loof, 1966. A new record from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 15-16.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Ghaffar, A. 1985a. New host record of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in Pakistan and identification of physiological races. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 49-52.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Ghaffar, A. 1985b. Effect of aldicarb and carbofuran on the control of root-knot nematodes in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea). Int. Nematol. Network News, 2(3): 24-95.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Qasim, M. 1985. Identification of species and races of Meloidogyne spp., and some new host records from Sindh and Baluchistan. Nematol. Medit., 13: 119-121.
Maqbool, M.A., Ghazala, P., Fatima, N. & Qasim, M. 1985. Pararotylenchus microstylus n. sp. and Scutylenchus baluchiensis n. sp. with observations on some new records from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 61-68.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Ghaffar, A. 1986. Eleven new hosts of root-knot nematodes and identification of physiological races in Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 4: 11-14.
Maqbool, M.A., Shahina, F. & Zarina, B. 1986. Two new species of Hemicycliophorinae Skarbilovich, 1959 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 4: 43-49.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Ghaffar, A. 1987. Effect of latex extracts from Euphorbia caducifolia and Calotropis procera on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infesting tomato and egg plant. Pak. J. Nematol., 5:43-47.
Maqbool, M.A., Qasim, M. & Zarina, B. 1987. New record of Heterodera fici Kirjanova, 1954 and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 on Ficus carica L. Pak. J. Nematol., 5: 49-50.
Maqbool, M.A., Zarina, B. & Ghazala, P. 1987. Description of Tylenchus naranensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchinae). Pak. J. Nematol., 5: 1-4.
Maqbool, M.A., Ghazala, P. & Shahina, B. 1987. Influence of salts on the hatchability and infectivity of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles on tomato. Pak. J. Nematol., 5: 99-102.
Maqbool, M.A. & Zarina, B. 1988. Distribution and host association of some members of the family Pratylenchidae (Thorne, 1949). In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 165-167. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A., Fatima, N. & Ghazala, P. 1988. Some species of stylet bearing nematodes from Pakistan. In M.A. Maqbool et al., eds. Advances in plant nematology, Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, NNRC, p. 154-164. University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A., Hashmi, S. & Ghaffar, A. 1988. Problem of root-knot nematodes in Pakistan and strategy for their control. In M.A. Maqbool et al eds. Advances in plant nematology. Proc. United States-Pakistan International Workshop on Plant Nematology, p. 229-240. NNRC, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Maqbool, M.A., Shahina, F. & Firoza, K. 1990. Description of Boleodorus azadkashmirensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) and observation on Filenchus vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery and Lownsbery, 1985 from Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 8: 43-48.
Mirza, J. & Saeed, M. 1985. Morphometric study of earcockles and response of cryptobiotic larvae of Anguina tritici to some stimuli. Pak. J. Nematol., 3: 43-47.
Mohibullah, Aslam, M. & Aurangzeb. 1976. Studies on the efficacy of different nematicides on the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) of tomato crop. Agric. Pak., 27: 47-52.
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