LESLIE J. VERNELL
Report of the Technical Committee on Forestry and Forest Products
THE Conference of FAO, the governing body of the Organization, comprises representatives of 111 Member end associate Member States. The Twelfth session of the Conference was recently held in Rome to review the status of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the world, and approve a program and budget for FAO for the period 1964-65.
The Technical Committee on Forestry and Forest Products held ten meetings between the period 6 to 15 November 1963. Sixty-eight delegates and representatives participated from 49 Member States, and also from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO).
The following committee officers were elected: Chairman, L. Z. ROUSSEAU (Canada); vice-chairmen, N. ALTUVE GONZALEZ (Venezuela) and A. BERRADA (Morocco); rapporteur, A. POLYCARPOU (Cyprus). A subcommittee was nominated to formulate the Committee's draft report, comprising Lt. Col. MYO MYINT (Burma), Ph. PRUVOST (France), H. ORTEGA CATTANEO (Mexico), G.A.E. OGBE (Nigeria), and Henry E. CLEPPER (United States).
Extracts from the report, as finally approved, are given below.
The background to his proposed Program of Work and Budget for 1964-65 was set out by the Director-General in the following terms:
The work carried out over several years on the evaluation of forestry resources in relation to long-term needs (timber trends studies) has borne valuable fruit and now provides for the first time a thoroughly studied quantitative basis for developing FAO's program of work in this field and guiding its advice and assistance to member countries. The results have implications for planning and general economic development which go well beyond the sphere of forestry itself and indicate the desirability of channeling additional resources into assisting underdeveloped countries to embark on long-term programs for expansion of their forest industries. These timber trends studies show that the years ahead represent a time of opportunity for those underdeveloped countries well endowed with forest resources or enjoying favorable conditions for growing timber. New and significant trends in the world forest and forest products economy promise in due course substantial improvements in the balance of payments of underdeveloped regions, one of the key problems facing nonindustrialized countries that now have insufficient outlets for their products.
The first and most important trend revealed by FAO studies already completed or presently in progress concerns current and prospective changes in regional resource/ requirements balances. It appears, for instance, that Latin America's needs for industrial wood will almost treble by 1975. In Asia and the Pacific, in spite of the radical revision of forest policies undertaken by some governments of the region in recent years (in response to the policy conclusions drawn from the regional timber trends study), there is expected to be a deficit of 12 million cubic meters of industrial wood by 1975, rising to many times that figure in subsequent decades. Preliminary findings in the Africa study point also to a sharply rising need for processed forest products as literacy and educational campaigns, housing programs and industrialization get under way.
Present plans, both for forest development and for forest industry expansion, are quite inadequate to provide for future needs in the developing regions. Unless there i& a substantial upward revision of these plans, the existing anomaly of an adverse trade balance in forest products, alongside undeveloped forest resources will intensify. It i& therefore a matter of urgency to encourage and assist the expansion of forestry development and of forest industries in these regions, aiming first at halting the rise in the adverse trade balance, and later at eliminating it.
An additional incentive lies in the fact that investment in these sectors can in the longer run make a decisive contribution to the general economic growth process through export earnings. FAO studies nearing completion, including a study, supported by industry, of pulp and paper prospects in Europe, &how that by the end of this decade Europe i& likely to face a deficit in wood supplies that will continue to grow in subsequent decades. The indications are that it will not be possible to meet this deficit either from Europe's own resources or from traditional supplying countries. New sources will have to be found. Thus a geographical redistribution of forest industry on a global basis will gradually take shape, with associated changes in the pattern of world trade in forest products. A number of underdeveloped countries will be able to take advantage of this opportunity, provided that they succeed in stepping up their rate of expansion and at the same time producing at competitive costs.
The situation is, however, not without its dangers. At the present time there exists in Europe and North America a sizable surplus of production capacity. The recent wave of expansion in these regions has now slowed down and it may be several years before the trend in demand has caught up with production possibilities. There will inevitably be an intervening period during which international markets will be sensitive and vulnerable. It is therefore imperative that any export-oriented forest industry expansion in the underdeveloped countries during this period should take account of this special situation. Price instability and exaggerated market fluctuations would be fatal to new industries.
It is also necessary to avoid the risk of misinvestment arising from uncoordinated expansion. In particular, there are &bong arguments in favor of harmonizing national plans at the regional and subregional level since many national markets are small, and since in many respects the resources of neighboring countries are complementary. Furthermore, in forest industry "economies of scale" are almost decisive, requiring large-scale plants if production is to be economic and therefore competitive.
A major problem now confronting the underdeveloped countries therefore, i& how to plan the development of their forest resources and expansion of their forest industries &0 that they are (a) properly integrated with the development of other sectors of the economy, and (b) take full account of both immediate and longer term regional and world trends. So that FAO will be in a position to help countries to take advantage of these opportunities while avoiding the dangers, I consider it necessary to place more emphasis on encouraging expansion of plantation forestry and forest industries in underdeveloped countries. This will largely be done by readjustments within the divisional structure but will entail some strengthening of staff and provision of additional ancillary expenditure.
On being informed of the factors that had shaped the formulation of the Division's proposed regular program of work for 1964-65, the Committee approved this program and concurred with the object of the program which is the expansion of forestry and forest industries in those developing countries where, from FAO'S studies on trends in the forest and forest products economy, special opportunities become evident.
Delegates commended the paper "The role of forest industries in the attack on economic underdevelopment" which gives orientation for the future work of FAO in forestry and forest products. 2 The Committee considered that the expansion of effort - that is, greater expenditure - proposed consequentially under the regular program for 1964-65 was modest for a Division of such wide responsibilities.
2Unasylva, Volume 16 (4), Number 67.
A consensus of opinion emerged that, owing to rapidly changing technical, economic and social circumstances, fresh attention must be paid to forest policy as one aspect of the rational use and conservation of all renewable natural resources, including wildlife and water. A new look at forest management was also called for. Special stress was laid by delegates on the need for the simultaneous planning of forest management and industries, including transportation planning. With the possibilities afforded by the use of quick-growing species and short rotations, forestry development can no longer be regarded as a slow process. Moreover, as many delegates pointed out, governments are more ready to accord priority to forestry in their investment policies if there is promise of revenue and income from the development of forest industries.
It was also the consensus of the Committee that more attention should be given to cost-benefit studies and investigation of the patterns of the cost structure, especially of marginal costs. The importance of cost-benefit analyses in shaping forest management decisions and forest industry expansion plans was emphasized, and it was considered that the Division could provide a valuable service to Member States by investigating in co-operation with IUFRO suitable methodology and criteria for assessing direct and indirect forest benefits.
During discussions on the program of divisional publications, unanimous support emerged for the continued publication by the Organization of Unasylva, regarded as the outstanding international periodical devoted to forestry; it was widely read all over the world by practicing foresters and forest utilization specialists.
The Committee welcomed the FAO Council's choice of Spain as the host country for the Sixth World Forestry Congress, and expressed great appreciation to the Spanish Government for assuming the heavy obligations entailed. Delegates heard with interest from the delegate of Spain the preliminary proposals of the Organizing Committee in regard to study tours and discussion themes. Since forest policy is now approaching a turning point, it would be timely for the main theme of the Congress to be the role of forestry in the changing world economy. A variety of individual topics was suggested for inclusion in the program but the consensus of the Committee was that the Congress discussions should be confined to a limited number of subjects, one of which should be the human factor in forestry, especially the health and safety of forest workers.
Of the work undertaken during 1962 and 1963 in forest economics, the Committee singled out for special mention the national and regional studies of wood resources and requirements which are of value to all bodies, government and private, concerned with the planning and development of forestry and forest industries. Delegates cited many examples of the application of the findings of these studies to policy and investment decisions. In connection with preparing these studies, satisfaction was expressed at the widening scope of the Division's collaboration with the regional economic commissions of the United Nations. The Committee endorsed the proposal to give first priority during the coming biennium to completing the present cycle of regional studies, and to combining these into an integrated analysis of the present situation and future prospects for the world forest and forest products economy, for presentation to the Sixth World Forestry Congress.
The Committee recommended that studies of the trends of forest products consumption, supply and trade should remain a continuing feature of the long-term program of the Division. The studies gave justification for and direction not only to the work of the Division, but also to the policies and plans of Member States. Accordingly, a reassessment of the present. regional studies should be started in the 1966-67 biennium. The studies have so far provided new information on the demand side of the situation; they have focused attention on the need for further work on the economics of supply.
Members of the Committee attached great significance to the improvement of forestry and forest products statistics at the national level, and expressed disappointment that so few member countries were taking advantage of the opportunities for obtaining help in these problems under FAO'S field programs. The Committee drew the attention of governments to the fact that efforts to plan resource development could be misdirected unless the plans rested on a reasonably reliable statistical. Several delegates pointed out how desirable it was to have better statistical information on the extent and location of man-made forests.
The Committee noted with satisfaction the assistance rendered to member countries, through the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance (EPTA) and United Nations Special Fund projects, in the inventorying of forest resources for development programs. Modern techniques of aerial forest inventory have made it possible to acquire more quickly and cheaply the resource data necessary for development. The help given in training staff in the application of modern techniques for applying aerial photography and up-to-date sampling methods to forest inventory, an example of which was the training center in the U.S.S.R. in 1963, was appreciated. This aspect of the Division's work could be expected to grow, and the Committee urged the Director-General to give high priority to training seminars in forest inventory in FAO'S field programs.
The Committee considered that there was a growing need within member countries for integrating resource surveys, cost-benefit appraisals, feasibility studies, requirements estimates and market outlook surveys, into comprehensive development plans for forestry and forest industries. As a consequence there were likely to be an increasing number of requests to FAO for the training of personnel capable of undertaking those tasks, and for the provision of suitable manuals and guides, as well as for additional assistance within field programs. The Committee therefore welcomed the establishment of a new section on forestry development planning within the Forest Economics Branch. This would strengthen the Division's capacity to promote the optimum contribution of forest resources in the overall development and growth of national and regional economies.
The creation of "man-made forests" with selected fast-yielding species often constitutes, especially in timber-deficit countries, the most rapid and efficient way of providing the raw material needed by expanding economies. For this reason the Committee fully supported the work of the Division on plantation forestry and on quick-growing species, and welcomed the establishment of a new afforestation section.
Many delegates stressed that the emphasis on manmade forests in the Division's program was a matter of priorities determined by limitations of staff and funds. It must on no account be interpreted as a widespread advocacy of artificial forests as a panacea for the forestry development of the future. The bulk of forest production still comes from natural forests, and vast areas of these forests continue to present complex management problems. Many of these forests are economically inaccessible and others, because of their heterogeneous composition, pose stubborn problems for development, but the Committee considered that governments should still encourage the study of techniques and the application of measures to raise the production of natural forests to the maximum extent possible.
Many delegates emphasized the relevance of quick-growing species and man-made forests to FAO's Freedom from Hunger Campaign. The Committee was firmly of the belief that forestry had an important and often vital part to play in the Campaign, and delegates were asked to stress this to their governments.
The Committee welcomed the probability of a formal invitation from Australia to be host to a symposium on man-made forests in 1966 or 1967; a proper scheduling of dates with the Sixth World Forestry Congress, the next Commonwealth Forestry Conference and the next Congress of IUFRO, should be kept in mind.
The FAO/IUFRO World Consultation on Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement held in Sweden in 1963 had been a worthwhile undertaking. The proceedings should be published. In connection with the use of the most suitable provenances, strains and clones in man-made forests, several delegates drew attention to the necessity of designed provenance trials, proper siting, soil preparation, and nursery and tending techniques. The high investment required in modern plantation forestry, sometimes involving the use of agricultural or other highly productive soils, demanded that no phase of planning and establishment be neglected.
Delegates also stressed the importance of establishing more easily accessible sources of certified seed and seed banks. The Committee heard with appreciation of the work being undertaken in this direction in countries like Australia and Mexico. It considered further that the efforts being made with regard to genetically suitable planting stock and to evaluation of climatic data must be complemented by soil and fertilization studies.
The importance of the Division's work relating to savanna forestry was stressed by many speakers who noted with satisfaction the training center on afforestation techniques being held in Sudan late in 1963. The Committee urged the organization of other similar centers and the convening of the Working Party on Savanna Forestry of the African Forestry Commission in the coming biennium. The prospect of a savanna forestry research institute in Nigeria being approved as a Special Fund project was welcomed.
After hearing that Spain, because of its obligations for the next World Forestry Congress, would forego acting as host to the first session of the joint working party on techniques of forest extension and restoration if an alternative venue were possible, the Committee expressed the wish that the meeting might take place in France. Silvicultural study tours, for which a continuing program is in- operation in Europe and for which the delegates were pleased to hear a new invitation extended by Switzerland, should also be arranged in other regions. Several delegates voiced regret that a study tour on the silviculture and management of lowland tropical rain forests for the Asia-Pacific region, as recommended by the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, had not yet qualified for regional EPTA funds. The Committee noted that the Teak Subcommission, now a joint body of the Asia-Pacific and the African forestry commissions, would hold a session in the coming biennium.
Members of the Committee emphasized that research is one of the fundamentals for development. There was clear need for forest research programs to be adapted to national development policies. The Committee expressed its appreciation of the increasing co-operation developed between FAO and IUFRO. This co-operation should be further extended. Co-ordination of forest research on a regional basis was desirable, and the activities of the Research Committee of the Mediterranean Forestry Subcommission through which research was pursued by FAO in collaboration with IUFRO were cited as an excellent example of international co-operation. The opinion was expressed that the work of the Latin-American Advisory Group on education and research (GACIFAL) might perhaps best be extended as an adjunct to the activities of the Latin-American forest research and training institute (IFLA) at Mérida, Venezuela.
The Committee heard with satisfaction that the FAO/IUFRO symposium on internationally dangerous forest insects and diseases, approved by the Eleventh Session of the Conference, would be held in July 1964. The Committee was also glad to be informed that preparations were well in hand for a forest fire control study tour and seminar to be held in the United States of America and Canada in 1964.
The Committee welcomed the information that collaboration between FAO and ILO would be strengthened by the appointment of a forestry adviser by mot It was hoped that this would enable periodic studies to be undertaken on the effect on forestry of the exodus of rural populations, and more attention could be given to workers' living and working conditions, vocational training and accident prevention. Such subjects were considered by the Committee to fall within the field of ILO, while the technical and economic problems should continue to be covered by FAO. The Committee expressed satisfaction with the activities of the FAO/ECE Committee on Forest Working Techniques and Training of Forest Workers, in which ILO collaborated. Delegates also commended the FAO/ILO training centers for supervisors of forest workers held in Africa and the Far East in 1962 and 1963 and noted that further such centers were planned. The Committee recognized that transportation constitutes an important technical and economic aspect of forestry and forest industry development, and was of the opinion that projects such as the symposium on forest road networks held in Europe in 1963 should be repeated in other regions, as well as other training projects aiming at the extension of improved techniques and increased efficiency in all phases of forest operations.
The Committee was of the opinion that primary responsibility for furthering the sound development of industries based on renewable natural resources rested with FAO, and therefore welcomed the understanding reached by the Director-General with the United Nations Commissioner for Industrial Development in regard to FAO's responsibility for forest industries and the arrangements made for collaboration with the United Nations Industrial Development Center.
Fundamental changes are now taking place in the world forest and timber economy which will give rise to increasing deficits of forest products in some of the advanced countries of the world. These trends will provide important opportunities for many developing countries to expand their forest industries and diversify their exports, so stimulating their economic development and helping to solve their pressing trade problems.
The trend in the forest products economy is toward a reversal of the present relative volumes of forest production going to fuelwood for which the ratio is falling and wood for industrial use which is rising. At the same time, the relative portion of industrial round-wood which is used for the manufacture of sawnwood is declining while that used for pulp production and the manufacture of wood based panels is increasing.
In view of this trend the Committee appreciated the establishment of a new pulp and paper section in the Division and acknowledged the assistance rendered to the Organization by its Advisory Committee on Pulp and Paper. The Committee learned with interest of the completion of a special study, about to be published, on pulp and paper prospects in western Europe, financed by industry as the result of the initiative of this advisory committee, and considered that the possibilities should now be explored for similar studies covering other regions of the world, as recommended by the World Pulp and Paper Consultation held in 1959. It noted that, at its last session, the advisory committee had also reviewed the first results of a study carried out by the Stockholm Institute for International Economic Studies, in co-operation with FAO and Unesco, on the place of paper in development and foreign aid, and that the investigation would be continued in relation to paper requirements for mass communication; also that a seminar on pulp and paper research and technology for north African and Near East countries had been conducted in Beirut in 1962 under the joint auspices of FAO and Unesco.
The Committee approved the scheduled Latin-American pulp and paper review consultation in 1964 as a follow-up to the 1954 Buenos Aires consultation, and supported the first conference on pulp and paper development for Africa and the Near East, due to be organized in 1965 in collaboration with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. The Committee also supported the expansion under EPTA of the Latin-American pulp and paper advisory group (FAO/ECLA) to cover all forest industries, and requested the Director-General to establish on funds from the same source further forest industries advisory groups for Africa and the Near East, and for Asia and the Far East. This expansion would clearly be in keeping with the objectives of the 1964-65 program in forestry and forest products.
The Committee expressed satisfaction with the success of the International Consultation on Plywood and other Wood-Based Panel Products which took place in Rome in July 1963, and with the forthcoming publication of the report. The consultation had recommended the establishment by FAO of an advisory group on wood-based panels. Some delegates strongly supported this idea, others expressed equally strong reservations. The Committee appreciated the growing importance of the wood-based panel industries and their potential contribution toward raising living standards in the developing countries, and agreed that the Director-General should be able to call on expert advice. But, after hearing the arguments advanced on both sides, the Committee reached no firm conclusion as to whether a new advisory committee was the most appropriate means for securing this expert advice, and referred the matter to the FAO Council.
Delegates were informed of the outcome of discussions at the Fifth FAO Conference on Wood Technology held at the United States Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, in 1963. The Committee concurred with the Conference's proposal that certain sectors of work formerly carried out by FAO and by working parties of the Technical Panel on Wood Technology could now be taken over by the strengthened International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. It further approved the proposition that joint FAO/IUFRO meetings might be organized in the future, on an ad hoc basis, on matters where the interests of the two organizations complement each other, and requested the Division to explore this possibility further with IUFRO. On this basis, the Committee agreed that the FAO panels on wood chemistry and mechanical wood technology could be dissolved. The Committee also was pleased to learn that the International Wood Research Society, established under the auspices of FAO, was now emerging as a society for fundamental science in wood technology, and that FAO would not for the future be requested to provide secretariat services.
The Committee stressed the importance of FAO becoming more active in the field of low-cost housing. The need for improvement in housing standards, particularly in developing countries, provides a logical integration with the Division's activities in sawmilling, seasoning, wood preservation as well as the production of wood-based panels. The development of wood-based packaging materials, despite the expansion of packaging derived from pulp products, was another field of activity which deserved increased attention.
Clearly the Division's program for 1964-65 did not permit expansion in these fields, and so the Committee requested the divisional Director, in formulating his program and budget for the next biennium, to give due weight to the contributions that forest products can make toward improving substandard housing conditions, and to the way in which domestically manufactured products can stimulate trade export of agricultural produce, particularly fruit and vegetables. In the meantime, the Committee urged closer collaboration with the United Nations secretariat and its housing centers in furthering the use of forest products in the construction of low-cost housing.
Other areas of activity which might well be given greater attention in 1966/67 were the improvement of small-scale sawmills, wood preservation and charcoal manufacture.
National forest policy is determined from time to time after reviewing a wide range of relevant factors, including political considerations. Establishing a forest policy is of course a function of government - undertaken on the advice of the forest authority, but also of other authorities. The Committee earlier expressed the view that a new look needs to be taken at forest policy, and also at forest management. Forest management covers the plans and action taken by the forest service or competent authority to implement policy. Just as policy is determined in the light of many factors, so management is undertaken after weighing up and balancing many differing and even perhaps contradictory views, forecasts and experiences. For instance, silviculture - its possibilities and its latest techniques; forecasts of wood requirements, import and export possibilities; status of wood-based industries and future development; indirect benefits of forests - shelter, erosion control, wildlife, recreation; social considerations, provision of work, labor conditions; education and research; land-use planning and co-operation with other government organizations and with farming developments in particular; forest taxation and co-operatives. This list is not comprehensive but enough to show how wide are the considerations that must be brought to bear.
The Committee was pleased to note that the Division was continuing to participate in activities undertaken as a follow-up of the FAO Mediterranean Development Report and of the FAO Africa Survey. The Division already has operational responsibility for two Special Fund projects resulting from the Mediterranean report and participates in another five projects; it will be assisting in a second meeting on Mediterranean regional development planned to take place in 1964. The Committee noted that, although Mediterranean development activities stemmed from an initiative of the Forestry and Forest Products Division, the main responsibility now lay with the Economic Analysis Division.
The Committee expressed appreciation of the emphasis given to regular program and technical assistance activities designed to help developing countries in improving educational and training facilities in forestry, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Appreciating that the FAO Technical Panel on Education in Forestry had proved valuable to Member States by assisting in the programing, establishment and strengthening of facilities for new forestry faculties and schools, and in view of the expected development of further projects under the Special Fund and EPTA, the Committee concurred with a proposal to convert the present panel into an Advisory Committee on Forestry Education. The Committee approved holding a meeting of the panel (or advisory committee as it should become) on forestry education in Latin America in February 1964; it welcomed an invitation extended by the delegate of Venezuela for the meeting to be held in his country. It agreed that a further meeting in 1965 in the Far East was advisable since there would be no opportunity, as had at one time been expected, to hold another meeting in that year in connection with the Sixth World Forestry Congress which would not take place until 1966.
Several delegates claimed that more attention should be paid to the strengthening of forestry education at the intermediate level, as had been done in the case of the Near East forest rangers school in Syria. But governments must take adequate measures for the full employment of trained manpower in forestry at both the professional and subprofessional levels.
The Committee considered that co-ordination and cooperation must be strengthened between the Forestry and Forest Products Division and the Land and Water Development Division on matters connected with land use, and with Unesco and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on matters connected with the conservation and utilization of natural resources generally. The idea of organizing a world conference on watershed management in the 1966-67 biennium was welcomed. The Committee hoped it would also prove possible with regional EPTA funds to organize a training center on watershed management in Latin America in 1965. It noted with interest that a Far East seminar on land-use planning is to be organized in 1964 in collaboration with other Divisions of FAO.
As regards wildlife surveys, conservation and management, the Committee supported the proposed program to be carried out in collaboration with the Animal Production and Health Division. This program provides for an extension under EPTA of the work already carried out in Africa to Latin America and the Far East. In southeast Asia the work should be co-ordinated with investigations to be carried out by IUCN and agencies of the United States of America under the World Wildlife Fund.
The Committee noted with appreciation the comparative studies on forest legislation conducted by the Division in co-operation with the Legislation Research Branch, notably the proposed analyses of legislation related to the conservation and use of renewable natural resource.
The Committee commended the reports of sessions of the region forestry commissions held in 1962-63 to the attention of Member States. It concurred with the decision of the Latin-America Forestry Commission to establish three subsiditary committees, on the understanding that these bodies would meet concurrently with the Commission itself and involve no additional expenditure to the Organization. Delegates welcomed the New Zealand Government's agreement to invite representatives from interested countries outside its region to the 1964 session of the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission to be held in New Zealand. The Committee regretted that a session of the African Forestry Commission had not been held in 1962-63 and urged that means be found to convene a session in the 1964-65 period.
Algeria
A. KAOUAN Ingénieur des eaux et forêts, Ambassade d'Algérie, Rome
A. MONJAUZE Ingénieur général des eaux et forêts, Bois-de-Boulogne, Algers
Australia
D.A.N. CROMER Director, Forest Research Institute, Canberra
Austria
R. ENDER Chief, Forestry Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vienna
Belgium
A. CASIN Ingénieur en Chef, Directeur à l'Administration des eaux et forêts , Ministère de l 'agriculture, Brussels
Brazil
J. F. RANGEL Agricultural engineer, Ministry of Agriculture, Rio de Janeiro
Mrs. Y. M. PANTOJA Second Secretary, Embassy of Brazil, Rome
Burma
Lt. Col. MYO MYINT Additional Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Rangoon
Cambodia
CHUON SAODI Inspecteur général, Ministère de l'agriculture, Phnom-Penh
Canada
L. Z. ROUSSEAU Deputy Minister of Forestry, Ottawa
A. L. BEST Director, International Forestry Relations, Department of Forestry, Ottawa
Cyprus
A. POLYCARPOU Director, Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nicosia
Denmark
H. FRØLUND Director of State Forests, Copenhagen
Ethiopia
W. M. KELECHA Director-General, Forestry and Wildlife Department, Addis Ababa
Finland
E. SAARI Chairman, National FAO Committee, Helsinki
L. K. KIRVES Managing Director, Central Association of Finnish Woodworking Industries, Helsinki
France
J. DE VAISSIÈRE Inspecteur général de l'agriculture, Ministère de l'agriculture, Paris
Ph. PRUVOST Chef de la Division du plan à la Direction générale des eaux et forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture, Paris
Germany, Federal Republic
D. VON HEGEL Senior Forester, Department of Forestry and Forest Products, Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn
Ghana
E. A. QUIST-ARCTON Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Accra
Iran
A. A. AGAH Director, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Teheran
A. BINA Chief, International Relationship Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Teheran
Israel
M. KOLAR Deputy Director, Forest Department, Haifa
Italy
V. PIZZIGALLO Directeur général pour l'économie montagnarde et les forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture, Rome
Y. BENVENUTI Chef de la Division des relations internationales, Direction générale pour l'économie montagnarde et les forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture, Rome
A. FRONCILLO Directeur de Division en matière d'agriculture, - Ministère de l'agriculture, Rome
D. CAMANDONA Chef de la Sectien des forêts, Institut central de la statistique, Rome
F. SARCHIAPONE Chef du Bureau des statistiques forestières, Rome
Ivory Coast
E. T. OKA Ingénieur des eaux et forêts
Jordan
Salah JUMA Director, Department of Forests, Amman
Korea
SHIM CHONG SUPP Director, Bureau of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Seoul
Libya
F. GIBRIL Director of Forests Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Benghazi, Cyrenaica
Mali
H. DIALLO Député, Assemblée rationale, Ségou
Mexico
H. ORTEGA CATTANEO Director General de Supervisión y Vigilancia Técnica Forestal de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería, Mexico, D.F.
Morocco
A. BERRADA Ingénieur des eaux et forêts, Chef de la circonscription forestière de Meknès
Netherlands
P. J. D. VERSTEEGH Director, State Forest Service, Paramaribo, Surinam
A. J. GRANDJEAN Inspector, State Forest Service, Utrecht
Nigeria
A. E. OGBE Chief Conservator of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Benin City
Norway
A. E. LANGSAETER Director-General of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Oslo
Pakistan
T. HUSSAIN Inspector-General of Forests, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Rawalpindi
Philippines
M. R. MONSALUD Director, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna
J. UTLEG Assistant Director of Forestry, Bureau of Forestry, Manila
Poland
Z. KULCZYCKI Director, Wood Economics and Wood Utilization Planning Department, Ministry of Forestry and Woodworking Industries, Warsaw
S. KOZAKIEWICZ Deputy Director, Central Office, Ministry of Forestry and Wood-working Industries, Warsaw
Romania
I. MILESCU Chef de la section forestière auprès du Conseil des Ministres, Bucarest
Saudi Arabia
A. M. TUJOMAN Director-General, Plant Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh
South Africa
P. C. de VILLIERS Chief, Forest Management, Department of Forestry, Pretoria
Spain
F. ORTUNO Subdirector, Patrimonio Forestal, Madrid
C. PERAZA Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, Madrid
Sudan
K. E. K. OMER Deputy Director, Forests Department, Khartoum
Sweden
F. JOHANSSON Director-General, Board of Woods and Forests, Stockholm
L. SJUNNESON Director, Swedish Cellulose Association, Stockholm
Switzerland
J. KELLER Inspecteur fédéral des forêts, Berne
Thailand
P. UNHANAND Chief, Division of Silviculture, Royal Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok
Togo
V. DAGADOU Chef du Service des eaux et forêts, Lomé
Trinidad and Tobago
C. H. MURRAY Acting Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, St. James
Tunisia
H. HAFSIA Ingénieur principal des forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture, Tunis
Turkey
C. AKALIN Assistant Director-General of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ankara
E. SOYSAL Assistant Director of Research and Foreign Relations Division, Department of Forestry, Ankara
Uganda
E. E. SERWANGA Assistant Conservator of Forests, Forest Office, Entebbe
United Kingdom
Sir Henry
BERESFORD-PEIRSE Director-General, Forestry Commission, London
United States
Edward P. CLIFF Chief, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Robert K. WINTERS Director, Foreign Forestry Services, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Henry E. CLEPPER Executive Secretary, Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C.
Upper Volta
S. SIE Directeur du paysannat, Ministère de l'économie nationale, Ouagadougou,
G. SANAGOH Directeur de la statistique et des études économiques, Ministère de l'économie nationale. Ouagadougou
Venezuela
N. ALTUVE GONZALES Director de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría, Caracas
Yugoslavia
D. KLEPAC Professor of Forestry, Zagreb University (Maksimir)
International Labour Organisation
P. SARTORIUS Forestry adviser
International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
A. de PHILIPPIS Member of the Permanent Committee.
