ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SELECTED AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THAILAND
| Work Plan Implementation (Working Paper) | SCS/81/WP/100 |
|
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SELECTED AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THAILAND |
THAILAND
by
Ricardo G. Hechanova
Consultant (Aquaculture Engineering)
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Programme Leader, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, P.O. Box 1184, M.C.C., Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Manila, Philippines
August 1981
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
2. CONDITIONS OF STATIONS VISITED
2.1 Chachoengsao Macrobrachium Research and Training Centre
2.3 The Songkhla Coastal Aquaculture Development Centre
3. IDENTIFIED ENGINEERING PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 Map of Thailand showing the location of the fishery sites visited
Fig. 2 Manometer at normal (no pressure) position (ANNEX A)
Fig. 3 Manometer at operating position (ANNEX A)
Fig. 4 Pictorial sketch of Manometer (ANNEX A)
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX C Itinerary of consultant
ANNEX D List of officials contacted
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SELECTED AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THAILAND
by
Ricardo G. Hechanova1
This report presents a survey of the aquaculture projects in central and southern Thailand and enumerates simple and economical solutions to the different problems on the engineering aspects of aquaculture in this area. These were identified during the short visits by the writer, to the different fishery stations of the Department of Fisheries during the period from 27 May to 10 June 1980. Suggested improvements to alleviate specific problems of the different stations are given.
Thailand covers an area of about the same size as France and is situated on the land side south of China. The country lies to the west, north and east of the Gulf of Thailand, an arm of the South China Sea.
The country stretches from the north to south from 6–20 degrees latitude, north of the equator. On the southeast, it is bounded by Kampuchea; on the east and northeast by Laos; on the west, north and northwest by Burma; on the southwest by the Andaman Sea, a part of the Indian Ocean; and on the southern extremity by Peninsular Malaysia.
A consultancy was implemented to identify and evaluate the different problems in the fishery sites visited as they pertain to the engineering aspects of the aquaculture industry. Under the consultant's terms of reference, the assignment involved short visits to selected fresh-water and brackishwater fishery stations in the country, such as Chachoengsao, Phuket, Samut Sakhorn, Songkhla and Satul.
The centre is a central giant freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) research centre located in the Bangpakong district of Chachoengsao province, some 75 km from Bangkok.
The hatchery complex consists of:
40 - 10.5 ton concrete larval rearing tanks, 1.0 × 1.5 × 1.0 m on ground
60 - 45 ton concrete mixing/phytoplankton culturing tanks, 5.0 × 10.0 × 1.0 m on ground
54 - 160 ton experimental/research tanks, 10.0 × 20.0 × 1.0 m underground, with hollow-concrete block walls and earth bottoms
14 - 1600 m2 broodstock earth ponds (1 rai), 1.5 m deep
Freshwater and brackishwater earth basins, infrastructures and support facilities all in a 31-acre (12.55 ha) area which is adjacent to the national highway and the Bangpakong river.
Brackishwater supply for the Chachoengsao centre comes from the Bangpakong river, a fairly large river with tidal flow. Limitation in full hatchery production is caused by the periodic fluctuations in the water level of the Bangpakong stretch at the farm site and from annual and seasonal variations in salinity. Water is pumped or is allowed to flow during high tides through a concrete gate and into an earthern sedimentation basin through open canals.
Water use rate for maximum production is 210 tons daily. Possible use of municipal tap water was mentioned to substitute hauling by trucks, water from Chonburi, 17 km away.
A test bore was drilled at the hatchery site to a depth of 53 meters in 1978. Chemical analysis of the water from the test well showed the water to be high in iron and traces of heavy metals as manganese, magnesium, and zinc. When this water was once used as culture water in the larval tanks, larval kills of 100 percent were experienced1.
The station is a marine centre located in the only island province of Thailand off the west coast of peninsular Thailand along the Andaman Sea at about 7 degrees 57 minutes north latitude and 98 degrees 24 minutes east longitude.
The island of Phuket receives about 95 inches (2.4 m) of rainfall annually most of which occurs from April to November. It is about 1 424 km2 for the main island and 37 km2 for the satellites. A causeway links Phuket to Phangnga in the north.
There are two seasons in Phuket; rainy season from May to October and the hot season from November to April. The highest temperature of Phuket is 35.5 degrees Centigrate and the lowest is 21 degrees Centigrade.
The Phuket Marine Biological Research Center, another fishery station in this locality, is located 10 km south of the city.
The hatchery complex which is 4 km south of Phuket city is located by the sea and consists of:
50 - 1 ton experimental concrete tanks
2 - 80 ton broodstock concrete tanks (for seabass, grouper, etc.)
3 - 50 ton broodstock concrete tanks (for P. monodon)
2 - 20 ton and one 40-ton altal tanks for diatom culture
5 - 100 ton tanks for zooplankton culture
6 - 40 ton larval concrete rearing tanks
1 - 150 ton concrete water reservoir
2 sand filter
20 - 1 ton circular fiberglass tanks
25 - ½ ton circular fiberglass tanks
2.5 ton cold storage, infrastructure and support facilities
Current research programmes are the seed production of Penaeus monodon and coastal aquaculture techniques and resources survey.
The centre is a brackishwater and freshwater seed production unit which started operation in 1974. During the visit, large-scale construction of additional tanks, support facilities and infrastructures for a proposed training and research programme has been going on.
The Songkhla Coastal Aquaculture Development Centre is a fishery station of the Department of Fisheries located in Kao Seng in Songkhla province, in southern Thailand. Station physical facilities are an administration building in a 0.8 hectares hatchery buildings in a total area of 8 hectares, consisting of:
8 - 50-ton concrete larval/broodstock indoor tanks for P. monodon
6 - 20-ton outdoor concrete tanks each with a biological filter
2 - Outdoor concrete broodstock tanks
8 - 30-ton outdoor elevated concrete tanks for the culture of plankton
10 - 4-ton concrete fry tanks for Lates calcarifer, 0.5 m deep, with a biological filter for each
4 - circular, 20-ton outdoor concrete tanks for Lates calcarifer broodstock, and
14 - plankton tanks, 2 × 1 × 10 m
Seven kilometers from the Kao Seng station is the 20.5 hectares Tasaun shrimp farm at Songkhla lake, with ponds designed for shrimp grow-out. Fish nets and cages for the rearing of marine fish and for broodstock maturation of the seabass, grouper and the red snapper are located at Ban Boh Keng substation, 1.5 km from the main hatchery complex.
There has been a continuing research and studies on the refinement of mass production techniques of the marine shrimp, P. monodon and of the freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii, and on fish nutrition research. The station has also continuing research and studies on seabass, mullet, oyster and the green mussel.
Training facilities are adequate for the training of shrimp/fish farmers and fisheries officers of the Department of Fisheries.
The Samut Sakhorn fishery station is a brackishwater shrimp farm in Samut Sakhorn province, southwest Thailand, at latitude 13 degrees 31 minutes north, and longitude 100 degrees 16 minutes east.
It was established in 1974 in a 90-hectare mangrove area bounded by the Chaopaya and the Tha Chin rivers. The station has the following ponds:
6 - 10 rai1 (16 000 m2) earth ponds
6 - 6.37 rai (10 192 m2) earth ponds
8 - 1 rai (1 600 m2) earth ponds
These are all nursery/rearing ponds for shrimps, utilizing about 19 percent of the total site area.
A man-made 800-meter open earth canal was built to connect the two rivers. This canal serves as a channel for water supply and drainage and is also used as a navigable waterway during high tides. The station is reached from the main highway by crossing the Chaopaya river and negotiating a road dike along the main canal.
The reference station for tide prediction in this area is Pak Nam Tha Chin in the west Gulf of Thailand. There are three types of tides in the Gulf: the diurnal, the semidiurnal and the mixed tide. The tide at Samut Sakhorn is a semidiurnal with irregularity.
It was noted that there has not been established a bench mark for tidal elevation.
Samut Sakhorn fishery station was established to provide grow-out facilities for P. monodon fry received from Phuket in addition to meeting the objectives outlined in a training programme such as:
to conduct research in brackishwater culture in the rearing and production of P. monodon
to conduct research on feeding techniques
to provide training to fish farmers on various aquaculture techniques on the culture of P. monodon and P. merguiensis
Current research and training programmes have been going on in the subjects of mangrove environment and ecology and pond improvement with use of new technology. A plan has been slated for the utilization of the mangrove reserve for the culture of crabs, mussels and clams.
1 Rai is the Thai unit of area equivalent to 1 600 m2.
The Satul brackishwater fishery station at La Ngu district in Satul province is at the east of southern Thailand facing the Andaman Sea and sheltered by an island group in an area by the shore of about 250 acres (101 ha).
The hatchery complex consists of the following:
5 - 100-ton outdoor concrete tanks for finfish broodstock
10 - 50-ton outdoor concrete broodstock/larval tanks for shrimp
20 - 15-ton concrete algal tanks, and
6 - 3-rai (4 800 m2) earth ponds for grow-out
A wide area has been reserved nearby for the construction of 50 rearing pond units.
Some earth ponds have been abandoned. These are the grow-out ponds which were built on permeable soil.
There is a reduction in production during the dry season months due to lack of freshwater to control river water salinity during the rainy season.
Ground water quality and quantity are not suitable and adequate.
Aeration by diffuser aerators are hardly acceptable as there was observed oil carry-over from the blowers to the culture tanks.
The present pump performs at low efficiency as the discharge pipe flows only ⅓ full.
The diesel electric generator should have a better constructed base. It was noted that the generator was without a governor. The floor slab of the engine room has settled appreciably.
Except for sedimentation, pretreatment of culture water by filtering through the existing “sand filter” is not done.
The biological filter which was tried experimentally did not work as it should.
The Artemia hatching tanks are rectangular fiber glass containers and are improperly located.
There is no engineering staff that takes care of the physical plant maintenance and repair.
(a) For the grow-out earth ponds which were built on permeable soil, a means shall be provided to retain water or to reduce seepage losses. The methods that may be used for sealing the ponds include soil compaction, use of clay blankets and use of waterproof linings. Ponds built on permeable, coarse-grained soils lack the proper amount of clay to form a seal. A 0.30 m thick clay blanket containing at least 20 percent clay shall cover the pond bottom and bottom and pond sides. Before the blanket material is laid, all rocks, tree roots and vegetation are removed. Remove 0.30 m of depth of the old pond bottom before the blanket material is laid. Compaction is necessary to attain maximum density. Wetting and drying will cause cracking of the clay blanket due to the expansion and contraction of the clay with changes in moisture content. This problem is eliminated by spreading a layer of fine gravel over the clay blanket. Mechanical protection is thus provided.
A deep trench can be cut around the perimeter of the pond at the base of the dike and this trench is sealed with the clayey material. Water-proofing material such as polyethylene film joined by heat sealing or with special adhesives is laid over the inside dike slopes and a layer of fine soil of at least 0.15 m thick is laid over the sheets. The pond side slopes are made flatter not to exceed 3:1 ratio of horizontal to vertical if the film is to be covered with a protective soil layer. The edges of the liner extend above the high waterline and the lower edge anchored into the perimeter trench built along the entire pond.
Ponds with sandy soil can often be sealed with time by spreading manure or cowdung cover evenly over the entire pond bottom.
Trenches cut for drain lines or for gates are common sources of leaks. Concrete collars are poured around the drain pipes and anti-seep walls are provided at the gate wall sides. Backfill is carefully placed by tamping.
A short visit to the Sa Ha Marine ponds in Klong Dan, Samut Prakarn, revealed to the writer a large excess of clayey soil material from the ponds which were being excavated. This material would make good clay blankets for the Chachoengsao earth ponds.
(b) Fujimura (1975) states that the limitations in production is caused by the seasonal salinity variations of the Bangpakong river which can be overcome by making use of the 54 to 160-ton research/experimental tanks as storage reservoirs, holding 8 640 (54 × 160) tons of water at a time. Through proper mixing at higher or lower salinity levels depending on the salinity of the stored river water and, with proper water management, a maximum of 8.4 runs (cycles) are possible annually.
The earth bottoms of the 54 160-ton tanks were observed to be of soil with potential acid sulphate characteristics. These tanks if used as storage for high (or for low) salinity water shall be bottom-sealed by pouring a reinforced concrete (base) slab, 0.15 m thick.
(c) A test bore at the Bangpakong hatchery site was drilled to a depth of 53 m in 1978. Chemical analysis of the water from the Bangpakong artesian well showed the water to be in heavy metal content, and when used as culture water in the larval tanks, larval kills of up to 100 percent were experienced.
No information was available on well drawdown and should the quantity be adequate, pretreatment methods for well water may be resorted to in the planning effort, like aeration for the removal of ferrites, softening, degassing, etc. Not much information was received to substantiate the reported problem of fish kills using deep well water and a programme to identify this problem may be needed before measures to pretreat water can be recommended.
(d) To prevent oil carry-over to the tanks, it may be necessary to change the old, worn out blowers as they are the cause for all carry-over. The lip seals should be checked and if necessary, replace them if a change to a new blower is not possible.
A check on air blower impeller internal clearance for “slip” prediction is a must for high air handling efficiency. Dealer-certified repair shops or factory trained personnel may be requested to do the repair job.
The air intake filter should be relocated so it shall be outside the blower shed and away from the exhaust gases. It shall be at the shady side of the building and protected from rain by a hood.
The installation of individual oil filters and traps near each culture tank is a very good solution to the oil presence problem. Periodic cleaning of these traps have to be done and this activity is recorded in a logbook for blower operation and maintenance to be kept by the physical plant personnel.
(e) Where the suction pipe is larger than the pump's intake, the use of an eccentric reducer prevents the formation of air pockets that reduce the pump's capacity.
The suction line, being a very long one, should be checked for slope. When the suction is long and the water level in the river is below the pump's centreline, the suction line must slope up to the pump. It may be a good idea to relocate the pump nearer the suction well.
It was observed that the pump was not installed properly inasmuch as there was no mounting base and the electric motor prime mover was exposed to the elements. It is suggested that the pump be relocated so as to be nearer the suction well and a pump shed be constructed.
An elbow should never be placed in a horizontal position near the suction nozzle. Use an eccentric reducer, two pipe diameters long between a long radius elbow and the intake.
(f) The diesel engine was installed on a very weak base which settled and thus put the directly coupled electric generator out of alignment. Provide a heavy and rigid concrete foundation for the engine.
Install a governor as this is necessary to compensate for loading effects on the diesel engines. Diesel engines are usually built for a certain load and it does perform efficiently when run at full load or at not less than two-thirds load. Engine wears fast at overload.
Most modern engines operate well with little attention. Consequently, the operators become lax and they forget to do the necessary work as keeping a logbook for operation and preventive maintenance. It is advisable to use one.
(g) The production of abundant and suitable water for storage in reservoirs can be achieved by the use of a gravity sand filter. Though simple in its configuration, it can make a number of changes in the character of the river water, if properly designed. The existing filter does not have the capacity to meet the demand for water quantity and quality. A new filter should be designed and constructed.
Water should be pumped from the Bangpakong river or is allowed to flow into the settling basin through concrete gates and concrete-lined canals. The settling basin should be properly designed for rate and efficiency of sedimentation and ease of cleaning. The sand filter should be constructed near the settling basin, elevated, and water is pumped from the settling basin into the filter. Filtered water flows by gravity into the storage underground tanks through the existing open channels or concrete flumes on the dikes. An elevated water tank will be used to provide water for backwashing of the filter. Wash water is wasted through open drains to the river. Water post treatment will not be necessary.
(h) The present cultural practice common in fish culture is the flow-through system for improving water quality but when suitable supply is used to capacity, the need of biological filter should be considered. Some considerable work is yet to be done in this kind of filter design as certain parameters have to be known as ammonia load, total water flow, retention time, filter medium. The depth is usually not less than a meter in order to provide the head when there is clogging of the filter medium. This medium is usually not less than 2 cm in diameter to avoid clogging. Back-washing is therefore avoided when there is no clogging.
(i) Mass production of the brine shrimp larvae can be fully achieved if cylindrical tanks with sloping bottom are used and are located in a separate, roofed shed.
(j) The biologists and hatchery personnel have some familiarity with the electrical, piping and the rest of the physical plant and they may be able to do repair and maintenance work, but hatchery management requires that there should be a complement of engineering personnel to take care of plant maintenance and repair.
It is suggested that a shed should be constructed to house all the larval and fry tanks located outdoors so that there will be no work interruption during times of bad weather and during a hot day.
Blower installation and operation for aeration need to be improved.
Improvements in the electrical installation are necessary for operator's safety.
(a) Intake location inside a machinery room is a common installation practice in all centres. Intakes should be located outside the machinery room, usually at the north or south side of the shed or below the building overhang.
Considerable noise observed at the inlet air opening which is objectionable, is reduced by the use of silencers provided there is no pressure drop across.
(b) Hatchery personnel and technicians can aid in keeping the electrical system in the work area in a safe operating condition by constant visual inspection of all electrical equipment and devices.
A potential hazard to the operator exists when electrical equipment is not grounded. A ground system may be made of gauge six bare copper wire connecting the equipment and a copper clad steel rod driven into soil at a depth of at least 2.5 m. Water pipes or well casings serve as grounds just as well.
All switches and convenience outlets are of the waterproof type if these are installed in a wet work area, otherwise if plain switches and outlets are used, these shall be installed in the dry area and within a convenient distance from the hatchery tanks.
(a) Pollution from a fish meal plant which is located near the Kao Seng station continues to be a hazard especially that which results from liquid effluents that stem from regular washing of fish pits, etc. and from the water used in fish unloading system. Reports received by the writer stated a continuing discharge of acidified and organic effluent to the harbour, although this has been kept to a minimum.
Odour emissions from this fish meal factory are never controlled and reports stated this pollution from fish vapour emissions is in larger amounts during the day seasons.
(b) Reports indicate that the underground water is not suitable for culture use. Freshwater for domestic and hatchery use is taken from the municipal water supply.
(c) The low tidal range at the shrimp farm at nearby Songkhla lake necessitated the installation of two propeller pumps, in 0.40 m diameter pipes. Bypass gates were installed for tidal flow, which is hardly half a meter in range during the dry season.
(d) There is no supply of freshwater in the shrimp farms and control of water salinity is not achieved.
(a) Air pollution from vapour emissions from the nearby fish meal factory although disagreeable is not considered hazardous to health. Efforts to eliminate the disagreeable odour are generally unnecessary and expensive in any case.
Much can be done in the area of minimizing or totally preventing organic effluents from being dumped into the harbour. There should be developed strict, tight national regulations for the control of industrial wastes. In a properly managed factory, the liquid pollution is kept to a minimum by thickeners and settling tanks that provide the method for recovery of solids. Definitely, the discharge of industrial acidic effluentsinto the harbour should be prohibited by government authorities.
(b) A consultation, if possible, be established between the water supply authorities and the office of fisheries in order to improve the quantity of water for the fish farms.
(c) The use of propeller pumps is warranted by the situation of low head and high discharge. The pumps are quite small and small propellers need to run faster but will require larger power. If the pump diameter is made larger, the propeller tip velocity increases with increase in propeller diameter and cavitation results. Bigger propellers must therefore turn slower.
The pump diameter may be increased and the speed of rotation decreased. The power requirement for this case is appreciably reduced and the operation becomes more economical.
(d) It is necessary that water salinity must be controlled with suitable and adequate freshwater supply that must be provided.
(a) Observation and study of the tidal conditions near the site is necessary to make the most of tidal flow in future designs of the ponds.
(b) A deep well, 200 m deep and using a 6-in (0.15 m) casing provides freshwater for domestic and farm use. The ground water, however, contains iron in solution.
(c) A two-bladed propeller pump runs at 3 400 rpm and this pump delivers water from the brackishwater source to the ponds. Water from the Tha Chin and Chaopaya rivers appears turbid. Secchi disk readings are at an average of from 43 to 59 cm during the dry season months and from 21 to 35 cm during the rainy season for both rivers. Salinity readings are at values of from 16 to 33 ppt.
(d) The width of the peripheral canal in relation to pond side dimension is small. The central pond platform does not contain water at all times as it should for culture of natural food.
(a) Bench marks for tidal elevation must be established by running a closed-level loop. These will serve as base reference for future vertical surveys and pond bottom elevations determined from these bench marks. The observed difference in time of about 120 minutes between the occurrence of the high (and low) tides at the port of reference and at the farm site may also indicate an appreciable tidal ratio and so efforts should be done to determine this ratio. Its use rectifies actual tidal conditions for heights at the farm site.
Visual estimates by the staff give a rough value of 3 m difference between the low tide and the average ground elevation. Assuming that soil conditions and funds permit, excavations may be carried to such depth to make full use of tidal flow.
(b) Many ground waters contain iron in solution in such quantities that may make such water unsuitable for use. In water relatively free from organic matter, iron is precipitated by aeration, and the precipitated iron removed by filtering through a sand filter. Conditions that are necessary for successful water treatment may be determined by experiment. The elevated water tank can adequately provided the head necessary to operate the spray nozzles or tricklers and the sand filter.
(c) In the case of Samut Sakhorn or for most farms, the use of axial flow propeller pumps is warranted by the situation of low head and high discharge. The pumps are small in diameter and so in order to obtain a high discharge, the pumps are run at high speed using high power. Cavitation does not necessarily result with small pumps as that used in Samut Sakhorn. If the pumps are made larger in diameter, the slower it must turn and so power requirement would be small, and the discharge is large. This would result in an economical pumping operation. The slower the propeller must turn the lesser would the fry mortality be as they pass through the pump.
(d) The peripheral canals should be made wider so that the canal width ratio to pond side dimension is about 1/7. The central pond platform should be excavated to a desired depth that there shall always be about 0.30 to 0.40 m depth of water for growth of the natural food.
Fouling of the 6-in (0.15 m) suction pipe is an ever present problem.
There was observed vibration of the engine foundation. The engine cooling fan was not provided with a protective cover.
A plan to install another pump was mentioned to possibly supplement the existing one and at the same time provide backup.
Leaks through the sides of the concrete gates were seen.
Pond maintenance and inspection of the cultured species are quite difficult to do regularly inasmuch as the embankments are very high.
Tidal range is in the order of 3 to 4 m. There may be difficulty in the manipulation of the gate slabs during times of high water.
It is recommended that the diameter of the suction pipe be larger than the suction flange diameter of the pump. This is of advantage when high suction lift exists. Suction head loss due to fouling will be minimized.
The foundation should be made heavier to reduce vibrations. It should also be rigid enough to avoid any wear on the bearings due to misalignment. Safety measures require that a protective screen cover should be provided over the cooling fan.
For efficient handling of large volumes of water, a mixed flow volute pump is recommended.
Provisions made to prevent undermining or washing around a concrete gate structure are important considerations in gate design and construction. Care must be taken in backfilling the side walls. To obtain the required length of creep for water under or around the structure, and to obtain this length, cut-off toe walls and wing walls must extend well into the bed. The depth of the cut-off toe walls at the inlet to the structure is equal to 1/2 the depth of water on the floor when in clay soils. The path of water percolating below and around the sides is made equal to 4 to 5 times the full depth of water on the floor of the gate. Anti-seep collars may be provided at the sides.
Berms are provided at the pond side of a high dike or embankment to serve as a walkway to facilitate maintenance and inspection by the pond operator. Berms are made equal to about a meter in width and shall be a little above the pond water level.
A simple gate mechanism of the windlass type may be provided especially at the main gate in order to facilitate easy control of inflow and outflow of pond water in and out of the ponds.
Church, A.H. 1972 Centrifugal pumps and blowers. Krieger Publishing Co., New York: 308 pp.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 22. 1966 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.
Fuller Company, Bulletin S-59X, Sutorbilt, California Series B Rotary Positive Blowers and Vacuum Pumps. Fuller Company, California, U.S.A.
King, H.W., et al. 1948 Hydraulics, Wiley and Sons, 5th ed.: 381 pp.
Urquhart, L.C. 1950 Civil Engineering Handbook. McGraw Hill, New York: 1002 pp.
Wheaton, F.W. 1977 Aquaculture Engineering. Willey and Sons, New York: 708 pp.
Fig. 1 Map of Thailand showing the location of the fishery sites visited as discussed in text
It seems clear that the problems of aeration existing in one particular centre visited are in many respects similar and so one particular solution to a problem that exists in one site may apply to a similar problem that is encountered in another.
The following guidelines give some standard and accepted practice with regards to air supply for diffuser aerators:
Existing installations for all stations may have to be modified to that which could result in cleaner air and improved blower efficiency. Generally, the air intake should be located outside and at the coolest part of the building. Outside intake is usually best because the cooler air takes up less volume and the machine compresses a greater weight of air on each stroke. Efficiency is increased and the machine stays cooler. The outside intake filter should be protected from rain by a hood and from solids by a screen cage. The north side of the shed under an overhang or the shady side of the building is generally the best location of the air intake.
Intake filters should be provided and these should be inspected and cleaned periodically. Air intake filters remove the dust and grit and the removal of these substances is important to protect the blower from wear on parts. Clean air is also provided. A logbook of maintenance and operation should be kept and this must show when the filter was cleaned last.
Blowers are used in preference to a compressor as blowers deliver air at high volume and at low pressure.
The usual source of oil is the blower. This is due to blower temperature and, at high pressure, oil is vaporized. This oil must be removed before it goes to the culture water.
At least two blowers are required to assure continuous service and each with a separate power source. The blowers are connected so that only one operates at a time. When its output falls below the specified amount, the second blower cuts into service. A pressure actuated device shall be installed to trigger a relay-type alarm should there be an interruption of air supply. A secondary shaft may be fitted to each blower for an on-line gas or diesel engine in case of electrical failure.
Figures 2 and 3 show a home-brew design of a manometer pressure-measuring device which may be used to trigger an alarm when the pressure drops at a certain extent or when there is a loss in air pressure.
The inverted bell is cut from a short piece of PVC pipe, 4 inches (0.10 m) in diameter. This bell dips into a reservoir made out from a 6-inch (0.15 m) or bigger PVC pipe and contains water which acts as a seal. To the bell is attached a brass rod that holds it in position. A calibrated spring is connected to the rod to balance the bell, and a pair of contacts attached for the alarm mechanism.
The pressure is indicated by the difference in height of the liquid in the bell and reservoir. With the atmospheric pressure in the reservoir and tube at level 0, both surfaces of the gage liquid stand at that level (normal position). With the increase in pressure, the gauge liquid in the bell drops a distance dy and rises a distance h in the reservoir. If A and a are the cross-sectional areas of the reservoir and the tube respectively, and specific gravity S for water equals unity,
| A × dy = a × h | (1) |
By the principle of variation of pressure with depth and starting at 1, in terms of feet of water,
| O + hx(s) + dy = p/w | (2) |
The value p/w is the operating (maximum) pressure inside the bell, expressed in feet (m) of water. Simultaneous solution of the above equations gives h and dy. Areas A and a are the cross-sectional areas of the 6" (0.15 m) and 4" (0.10 m), reservoir and bell, respectively.
The values h and dy determines the length of the bell (and reservoir). As an example, for the Chachoengsao station, which uses a medium pressure Sutorbilt blower, Type 4M8, 78 cmf capacity at 1500 rpm, the operating pressure is 7 psi (0.492 kg/cm2), the following computations for the determination of the length of the bell is,
| 0.7854 × 62 × dy | = | 0.7854 × 42 × h (1) |
| 36 × dy | = | 16 × h |
 | ||
| Starting at 1, in terms of feet of water, | ||
| 0 + h × 1 + dy = p/w | = | 7/0.434 = 16.12 (2) |
| 0 + 36 × dy/16 + dy | = | 16.12 |
| dy | = | 16.12 × 16/52 |
| dy | = | 4.96 in. (12.95 cm) |
| h = 36 × 4.96/16 | = | 1.96 in. (27.94 cm) |
| h + dy = 11.96 + 4.96 | = | 16.92 in. (40.53 cm) |
A practical length for the inverted bell would be 24 in (0.60 m) and that of the reservoir, 30 in (0.76 m).
Figure 4 shows a sketch of the manometer-automatic alarm for the Chachoengsao fishery station. The positioning of the electrical contacts and the related wiring for the alarm is shown. A no-pressure situation triggers a battery-operated alarm
Fig. 2 Manometer at normal (no pressure) position
Fig. 3 Manometer at operating position
Fig. 4 Pictorial sketch of Manometer
Centrifugal pumps account for the majority of pumps used in all the fishery stations visited. Where conditions of low head and high discharge exist, the propeller type pump is used.
There were some sub-standard installations observed and it appears that no station keeps a log of operation, maintenance and inspection activities.
Pump foundations should be heavy enough to minimize vibrations and be rigid to avoid any misalignment. Proper alignment of the shaft reduces wear on the bearings, packing and wearing rings.
Generally, for pumps which operate with suction lifts, the suction line diameter is made one or two sizes larger than the pump flange size to insure the maximum suction head. An eccentric reducer is placed between the line and the pump flange.
It is desirable to place a length of straight piping between the long-radius and the suction flange.
Where in all installations, the discharge pipe empties above water level, no backflow is experienced but a gate valve should be used to regulate the flow.
Since all the centrifugal pumps are not submerged in all of the installations, provisions should be made to prime it, for pumps which are not self-priming. Water from the elevated reservoir or from the municipal water supply may be admitted to the pump and suction line.
Inspection requires that the pump should be dismantled periodically and examined for excessive wear or corrosion. The foot valve should be inspected regularly as it may become jammed or its strainer may become clogged with fouling. The suction lines get clogged with barnacles and when this happens the pump operates with insufficient available suction head. Under these conditions the flow and the discharge pressure may be reduced.
Air leakage into the suction line or pump casing may be present. The joints should be checked for all leakage which may occur at the joints or at the packing boxes.
Pump performance is best determined by the measurement of its capacity and the most practical method is to discharge water into a tank and the change in volume may be found for a given time interval.
A test for speed is important since all other measurements are based upon it. Instruction books from the manufacturers give practically all the data for maximum pump performance and also the directions for the maintenance and operation of such pump.
The operation of propeller pumps at the Songkhla station were observed and they were found to be best pumps for situations of low head and high discharge. Since power requirement increases with a small discharge, the propeller and pipe must be made so that the pump will turn at slower rate. It appears that the 100 hp diesel prime mover is too big a power for a small discharge through a 16-inch pipe.
| Arrival | Departure | |
| Iloilo City, Philippines | 31/3/80 | |
| Manila | 31/3/80 | 27/4/80 |
| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (enroute to Bangkok) | 27/5/80 | 29/4/80 |
| Bangkok, Thailand | 27/5/80 | 4/6/80 |
| Phuket | 4/6/80 | 5/6/80 |
| Haadyai | 6/6/80 | 8/6/80 |
| Bangkok | 8/6/80 | 10/6/80 |
| Jakarta, Indonesia (en route to Manila) | 10/6/80 | 13/6/80 |
| Manila | 28/6/80 |
| 1. | Mr. Ariya Sidthimunka | Deputy Director General of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries (DOF) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok |
| 2. | Mr. Umpol Pongsuwana | Director of Brackishwater Fisheries, National Inland Fisheries Institute (NIFI) Bangkhen, Bangkok |
| 3. | Dr. Oopatham Pawaputanon | Freshwater Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries (DOF) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok |
| 4. | Mr. Kasemsant Chalayondeja | Senior Fisheries Biologist, Brackishwater Fisheries Division Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok |
| 5. | Mr. Boonsong Sirikul | Fishery Biologist Songkhla Fisheries Station, Songkhla |
| 6. | Mr. Pairoj Bhromanonda | Chief, Songkhla Fisheries Station Songkhla |
| 7. | Mr. Somsuk Singholka | Chief, Macrobrachium Research Center Chachoengsao |
| 8. | Mr. Sombhat Intarapichate | Fisheries Biologist, Chachoengsao Fisheries Station, Bangpakong, Chachoengsao |
| 9. | Mr. Anuwat Ratanachote | Chief, Phuket Brackishwater Fisheries Station, Phuket |
| 10. | Mr. Sin Thi Daengsakul | Fishery Biologist, Phuket Brackishwater Fisheries Station, Phuket |
| 11. | Dr. Plodrasop Surawasadi | Head, Aquatic Environment Subdivision, National Inland Fisheries Institute (NIFI) Bangkhen, Bangkok |
| 12. | Mr. Punsakdi Koenwkul | Chief, Samut Sakhorn Fisheries Station Samut Sakhorn Province |
| 13. | Mr. Sa-nga Vatanachai | Fishery Biologist, Samut Sakhorn Fisheries Station, Samut Sakhorn Province |
| 14. | Mr. Niphond Haemapoasit | Brackishwater Fisheries Division Department of Fisheries (DOF) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok |
| 15. | Mr. Siri Tookwinas | Fishery Biologist, Satun Fisheries Station La-Ngu, Satun |
| 16. | Mr. Kovit Suwanarat | Fishery Biologist, Satun Fisheries Station, La-Ngu, Satun |
| 17. | Mr. Thanit Chaiyakorn | Fishery Biologist, Songkhla Fisheries Station, Songkhla |
| 18. | Mr. Juan Mercado | FAO Regional Office, Bangkok |
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
WORKING PAPERS
SCS/74/WP/1 RABANAL., H.R. The potentials of aquaculture development in the Indo-Pacific Region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 34p.
SCS/74/WP/2 CRUTCHFIELD. J.A., D.A. LAWSON and G.K. MOORE. Malaysia-Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 27p.
SCS/74/WP/3 MARR. J.C. Republic of Vietnam - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 20p.
SCS/74/WP/4 LARSSON, S.O.R., G.C.A. VAN NOORT and E.O. OSWALD. Malaysia-A report on artisanal fisheries of Peninsular Malaysia with particular reference to Kuala Besut. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 58p.
SCS/75/WP/5 RABANAL, H.R. Irian Jaya, Indonesia — Survey of possibilities and recommendations for development of brackishwater fish production. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 27p.
SCS/75/WP/6 TUSSING, A.R. Fishery development perspectives. Sub-Region V: South China Sea. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1975. (IPFC 74 Sym 7). 23p.
SCS/75/WP/7 MURDOCH. W.R. and M.A. MYERS. Republic of Singapore - An assessment of the Jurong Fishing Harbour complex and expansion site on the east bank of the Jurong River. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 46p.
SCS/75/WP/8 PETERSON, C.L., K.J. ROSENBERG and A.C. SIMPSON. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering Voyages 1 and 2. December 1–13, 1974 and January 5 - February 3, 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 37p.
SCS/75/WP/9 OSWALD. E.O. and R.E.K.D. LEE. Regional - A proposal for a live bait pole-and-line tuna fishing survey in the South China Sea and adjacent waters. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 38p.
SCS/75/WP/10 ROSENBERG, K.J. and A.C. SIMPSON. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering Voyage 3. 9 February to 26 March 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 28p.
SCS/75/WP/11 PETERSON. C.L. Regional - Resource survey of larger pelagic fish. Manila. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 32p.
SCS/75/WP/12 ROSENBERG, K.J., A.C. SIMPSON and C.M. RENWICK. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering Voyage 4. 9 April to 24 May 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 36p.
SCS/75/WP/13 BAUM, G.A. Kuala Besut 11 - A supplementary report on selected socio-economic aspects and problems in a fishermen's community on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 43p.
SCS/75/WP/14 CUERDEN. C. Library services for the South China Sea Fisheries Programme and its participating countries. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975, 48p.
SCS/75/WP/15 LAWSON. R.M. Malaysia - An interim report on socio-economic aspects of the development of artisanal fisheries on the East Coast of Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975, 29p.
SCS/75/WP/16 JAMANDRE, T.J. and H.R. RABANAL. Engineering aspects of brackishwater aquaculture in the South China Sea region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975, 96p.
SCS/75/WP/17 MURDOCH. W.R. Malaysia - Assessment of the viability and potential of the joint venture. Majuikan Mid-east Sdn Bhd. Kuching. Sarawak as requested by Lembaga Majuikan. Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975, 16p. (Restricted)
SCS/75/WP/18 CLEAVER. W.D. Malaysia - A preliminary design and general arrangement for an offshore purse seine vessel for the East Coast of West Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975 35p.
SCS/75/WP/19 PISCHEDDA. J.L. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects in the development of the fishing industry. Preliminary observations and identification of the main obstacles. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975, 35p.
SCS/75/WP/20 SIMPSON. A.C. Regional - Acoustic surveys of pelagic resources. Report No. 1. Gulf of Thailand, July 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1975. 28p.
SCS/75/WP/21 CINTAS. D. and C.M. RENWICK. Regional - Report of aerial survey for schooling pelagic fish. 1. Philippine waters, 12–29 June 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 28p.
SCS/76/WP/22 BAUM. G.A. and J.A. MAYNARD. Tobuan Sual, Pangasinan Province, Central Luzon - A socio-economic study on a rural fishing population in Central Luzon in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. 1976. 44p.
SCS/76/WP/23 BAUM. G.A. and J.A. MAYNARD. Pamgayan, Lampinigan., Baluk-Baluk and Manangal. Basilan Province. A socio-economic study on four fishermen's communities affiliated to the Basilan Fishing Association (BFA Isabela in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1976. 62p.
SCS/76/WP/24 BARICA. J. Nutrient-dynamics in eutophic inland waters and for aquaculture in some countries bordering the South China Sea with particular reference to mass fish mortalities Proposal for monitoring programmes, Philippines. Thailand and Hong Kong Manila. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 43p.
SCS/76/WP/25 ROSENBERG. K.J.A.C. SIMPSON and J.A. MAYNARD. Regional Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering Voyages 5 and 6 13 June to 10 September 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 52p.
SCS/76/WP/26 MOORE. G.K. Malaysia - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. (2nd working paper). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 38p.
SCS/76/WP/27 WHEELAND. H.A. Malaysia - Preliminary observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 22p.
SCS/76/WP/28 MAYNARD. J.A. Regional Report of aerial survey for schooling pelagic fish. II. Thailand - 20 November to 1 December 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 20p.
SCS/76/WP/29 BAUM. G.A. and J.A. MAYNARD. Salay, Misamis Oriental Province. A socio-economic study on the fishing population of the seven coastal barrios of Salay Municipality in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1976. 47p.
SCS/76/WP/30 MURDOCH. W.R. Hong Kong - A preliminary feasibility study to prosecute offshore pelagic stocks from Hong Kong. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1976. 27p.
SCS/76/WP/31 JOHNSON. R.F. Preliminary report on aquatic pollution in the South China Sea Region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 34p.
SCS/76/WP/32 WHEELAND. H.A. Preliminary observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Singapore. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 21p.
SCS/76/WP/33 BAUM. G.A. and J.A. MAYNARD. Coron Tagumpay - Buswanga Island Calamianes Group (Palawan Province). A socio-economic study of two rural fishing populations in northern Palawan in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 112p.
SCS/76/WP/34 JONES. R. Mesh regulations in the demersal fisheries of the South China Sea area. Regional. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 79p.
SCS/76/WP/35 SIMPSON. A.C. and S. CHIKUNI. Progress report on fishing for tuna in Philippine waters by FAO chartered purse seiners. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 38p.
SCS/76/WP/36 BONGA. O.B. Vessel specifications and drawings for two 10 m multipurpose fishing vessels for the small-scale fisheries project - Kuala Besut. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 36p.
SCS/76/WP/37 SHANG. Y.C. Economics of various management techniques for pond culture of finfish. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 36p.
SCS/76/WP/38 JOHNSON. H. N. Malaysia - A preliminary study of investment opportunities for the development of small-scale fisheries on East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1976. 21p.
SCS/76/WP/39 SHANG. Y.C. Follow-up programmes on economics of aquaculture in the South China Sea Region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 19p.
SCS/76/WP/40 COOK. J.L. Problems in shrimp culture in the South China Sea Region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 50p.
SCS/76/WP/41 JOHNSON. H.J. DIBBS and R. NASOETION. Indonesia A preliminary assessment for small-scale fisheries development in Riau North Sumatra and West Kalimantan Provinces. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 51p.
SCS/76/WP/42 BAUM. G.A. and J.A. MAYNARD. Bayawan Municipality, Negros Oriental Province/Negros. A socio-economic study on the rural fishing population of Bayawan municipality in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 33p.
SCS/76/WP/43 MAYNARD. J.A. Philippines - Report on aerial survey for schooling pelagic fish in waters of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea adjacent to Palawan Island. 9–12 March 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 17p.
SCS/76/WP/44 CHAKRABORTY. D. Fisheries statistics in the Philippines. A plan for a new and expanded data collection programme. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 70p.
SCS/76/WP/45 MARR. J.C., G. CAMPLEMAN and W.R. MURDOCH. Thailand - An analysis of the present and recommendations for future fishery development and management policies, programmes and institutional arrangements. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 185p. (Restricted)
SCS/76/WP/46 CLEAVER. W. and O.B. BONGA. Thailand Preliminary design, general arrangement and lines plans for two pelagic pure seine midwater trawl research vessel 27.5 m and 24 m lengths. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976 (not issued)
SCS/76/WP/47 CLEAVER. W. Hong Kong A preliminary design, general arrangement and specifications for a combination pelagic demersal research vessel. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976 (not issued)
SCS/76/WP/48 SIMPSON. A.C. and W.R. MURDOCH. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Royal Venture - Trips Nos. 7 & 8. 1 October to February 1976 Area Moro Gulf. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 17p.
SCS/76/WP/49 SIMPSON. A.C. Regional Trip reports of chartered vessel Southward Ho Trips 7 & 8. 11 September 1975 to March 1976. Areas. Malaysia and Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 33p.
SCS/76/WP/50 SIMPSON. A.C. Regional Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Royal Venture and Southward Ho Trip No. 9. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 22p.
SCS/76/WP/51 SIMPSON. A.C. Regional Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho. Trips 10 and 11. 15 April to 8 August 1976. Area East, North and West Coasts Luzon Island. Bohol Sea. Sulu Sea, and Mero Gulf Manila South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 20p.
SCS/76/WP/52 WHEELAND, H.A. Statistics for fisheries development. Regional. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 11p.
SCS/76/WP/53 CHRISTY, L.C. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 65p. (Restricted)
SCS/76/WP/54 MAYNARD, J.A. Philippines - Province of Tawi-Tawi project identification and semi-detailed feasibility study relative to improving the status of small-scale fishermen and creating an integrated fishing industry in the Province of Tawi-Tawi. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 110p.
SCS/77/WP/55 OSWALD, E.O. and J.A. MAYNARD. Thailand - Proposed small-scale fisheries pilot project for Ban Ao Nakam Pom, Rayong Province. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 38p.
SCS/77/WP/56 MURDOCH, W.R. and P.S. WALCZAK. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel. Southward Ho covering Voyage 12. Area - waters of the Sulu Sea. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 11p.
SCS/77/WP/57 MURDOCH, W.R. and P.S. WALCZAK. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Southward Ho and Royal Venture covering Voyage 13. Area - mainly Moro Gulf, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 18p.
SCS/77/WP/58 SIMPSON, A.C., W.R. MURDOCH. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho covering Voyages Nos. 14 and 15. Area - Moro Gulf. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries, Programme, 1977. 15p.
SCS/77/WP/59 MURDOCH, W.R. and P.S. WALCZAK. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho covering Voyages Nos. 16 and 17. Area - waters of the Moro Gulf. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 23p.
SCS/77/WP/60 DOTY, M.S. Seaweed resource and their culture in the countries of the South China Sea region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 19p.
SCS/77/WP/61 RABANAL. H.R. et al. Shellfisheries of Thailand: Background and proposal for development. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 14p.
SCS/77/WP/62 CHAKRABORTY, D. Observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Hong Kong. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 14p.
SCS/77/WP/63 CHAKRABORTY, D. Observations and recommendations concerning the inland fisheries statistics programme of Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 15p.
SCS/77/WP/64 HANSEN, K.A., P. LOVSETH and A.C. SIMPSON. Acoustic surveys of pelagic resources. Report No. 2. Hong Kong, November 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 24p.
SCS/77/WP/65 CHRISTY, L.C. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 55p.
SCS/77/WP/66 MURDOCH, W.R. et al. A proposal for a small-scale fisheries pilot project in the Pulau Tujuh (Seven Islands) area, Riau Archipelago District, Riau Province, Indonesia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 69p.
SCS/77/WP/67 MOORE, G. Malaysia - A new fisheries bill. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 56p.
SCS/77/WP/68 GEDNEY, R.H. Water supply of the fishery development centre in the freshwater aquaculture at Sukabumi. West Java, Indonesia.
SCS/77/WP/69 CHAN, W.L. et al. Cage culture of marine fish in East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 66p.
SCS/78/WP/70 LEE, R.E.K.D. Results of small-scale live bait pole-and-line fishing explorations for tuna in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 41p.
SCS/78/WP/71 MOORE, G. Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries management and development - a new licensing system, Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 23p. (Restricted)
SCS/78/WP/72 ANGELES, H.G. Preliminary fish and resources survey along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978.
SCS/78/WP/73 DE LA CRUZ, Y.T. Malaysia - Small-scale fishermen credit and subsidy programmes - Implementing guideline recommendations (with particular reference to the Kuala Besut Fishermen's Association). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 50p.
SCS/78/WP/74 CHIKUNI, S. Report on fishing for tuna in Philippine waters by FAO chartered purse seiners. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. (Published as SCS DEV 78/18)
SCS/78/WP/75 FYSON, J.E. Fishing vessel design proposals for small-scale artisanal fisheries in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 23p.
SCS/78/WP/76 LAU, F. and CHENG CHOR LUK. Recent innovations in the cage culture activity at Kuala Besut small-scale fisheries pilot project, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 16p.
SCS/78/WP/77 WHEELAND, H.A. Proposal for further development of fishery statistics programmes in developing countries with particular reference to the South China Sea region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 6p.
SCS/78/WP/78 MOORE, G. Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries management and development - A second Interim Report (Thailand) Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 37p. (Restricted)
SCS/79/WP/79 JONASSON, G. and PAISAL KATANYUWONG. Review of fishing activities of the small-scale fisheries project in Kuala Besut, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 23p.
SCS/79/WP/80 CANSDALE, G.S. Low-cost water filtration system. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 73p.
SCS/79/WP/81 LISAC, H. Some technical aspects of small-scale fish landing facilities. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 32p.
SCS/79/WP/82 CHAKRABORTY, D. Catch and analysis of fishermen in Kuala Besut. Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 59p.
SCS/79/WP/83 THOMPSON, B.G. Thailand - Management of fisheries data - feasibility of computerization. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 24p.
SCS/79/WP/84 CANSDALE, G.S. Report on second regional consultancy low-cost water filtration. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 48p.
SCS/79/WP/85 NEW, M. Report of consultancy on the fish nutrition programme at Changi Marine Fisheries Research Centre, Primary Production Department, Singapore. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 8p.
SCS/79/WP/86 WOYNAROVICH, E. and W.W. KUHNHOLD. Report of consultancy to Penang, Malaysia, regarding animal waste management problem. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 59p.
SCS/79/WP/87 THOMSON, D.B. Intermediate technology and alternative energy systems for small-scale fisheries. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 69p.
SCS/80/WP/88 HECHANOVA, R.G. and B. TIENSONGRUSMEE. Report of assistance on selection of site, design, construction and management of the Ban Merbok. Kedah, Malaysia Brackishwater Aquaculture Demonstration Project. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 154p.
SCS/80/WP/89 TIENSONGRUSMEE, B. and R.G. HECHANOVA. Malaysia - Evaluation of the site selected, design of project and proposed construction and operations of the MAJUIKAN Tanjong Tualang Freshwater Aquaculture Centre. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 52p.
SCS/80/WP/90 SKILLMAN, R.A. Tuna statistics Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 45p.
SCS/80/WP/91 TRONO, G.C., JR., H.R. RABANAL and I. SANTIKA. Report of technical assistance on sea weed farming in Indonesia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 56p.
SCS/80/WP/92 BILAL, J. and W.W. KUHNHOLD. Marine oil pollution in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 85p.
SCS/80/WP/93 EVANS, E.D. Legal and policy consideration for use of the chartered fishing vessels in Philippine waters. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 35p.
SCS/80/WP/94 GOMEZ. E.D. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Regional. Revised. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 102p.
SCS/80/WP/94a SOEGIARTO, A. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Indonesia. Revised. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 65p.
SCS/80/WP/94b SASEKUMAR, A. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 80p.
SCS/80/WP/94c GOMEZ, E.D. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Philippines. Revised. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 88p.
SCS/80/WP/94d ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Singapore. Revised. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 76p.
SCS/80/WP/94e TWESUKDI, P. The present state of mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the impact of pollution - Thailand. Revised. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 108p.
SCS/80/WP/95 WHEELAND, H.A. and P.J. HOOKER. Organizational implications of a fisheries information system for the Philippines; specific recommendations regarding BFAR's statistics program; and a plan for implementation. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 33p.
SCS/80/WP/96 HECHANOVA, R.G. Technical assistance on the design of government coastal aquaculture projects in Peninsular Malaysia. (A pattern for planning and design of aquaculture facility). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 78p.
SCS/80/WP/97 LISAC, H. Some aspects of fish utilization in small-scale fisheries. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 32p.
SCS/80/WP/98 HECHANOVA, R.G. Indonesia - The engineering aspects of selected aquaculture projects. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 79p.
SCS/80/WP/99 HOOKER, P.J. and E.J. SAVARIRAJ. A fisheries information system for Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981. 40p.
SCS/80/WP/100 HECHANOVA, R.G. Engineering aspects of selected aquaculture projects in Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981. 15p. (Annexes A to D)
SCS/81/WP/101 (FL/WPSCS/82/1) Malaysia - A new fisheries bill - 1982. Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981. 15p. (Confidential and restricted)
SCS/81/WP/102 Fishpen and cage culture development project in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981.
SCS/82/WP/103 The feasibility of oyster and mussel farming by municipal fishermen in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982.
SCS/82/WP/104 (FL/WPSCS/82/1) Regional compendium of fisheries legislation. Vol. 1. (Regional Fisheries Law Advisory Programme Western Pacific and South China Sea region). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 42p.
SCS/82/WP/105 (FL/WPSCS/82/1) Regional compendium of fisheries legislation. Vol. II (Legislation) (Regional Fisheries Law Advisory Programme Western Pacific and South China Sea region). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 585p.
SCS/82/WP/106 (FL/WPSCS/82/3) Draft fisheries regulation Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 9p.
3SCS/82/WP/107 (FL/WPSCS/82/4) Draft bilateral access agreement. Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 8p.
SCS/82/WP/108 (FL/WPSCS/82/5) Law of the sea and Fiji. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982.
SCS/82/WP/109 (FL/WPSCS/82/6) FFZ. Malaysia legislation. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 5p.
NOTE : Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme in Manila. Philippines
WORKSHOP REPORTS
SCS/GEN/74/1 Report on the workshop on planning and coordinating of resources survey and evaluation in the South China Sea. 28 August to 4 September 1974. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries, Programme, 1974. 197p.
SCS/GEN/76/2 Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the Malacca Strait. Part I. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 89p.
SCS/GEN/76/3 Report of workshop on legal and institutional aspects of fishery resources management and development. 5–8 April 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 95p.
SCS/GEN/76/4 Report on the training workshop for field enumerators of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - Philippines. 22–31 March 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 32p.
SCS/GEN/76/5 UNDP FAO Training course on the management of small-scale fishery enterprises. Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia. 25 August to 26 September 1975. Rome, FAO. 1976. 14p.
SCS/GEN/77/6 Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the Malacca Strait Part II. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April 1976. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 85p.
SCS/GEN/76/7 Report of the BFAR SCSP workshop on the fishery resources of the Visayan and Sibuyan Area. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 18–22 October 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 26p.
SCS/GEN/76/8 Philippines - Report seminar on the fisheries statistics survey of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 23 July 1976. DNR BFAR SCSP. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 17p.
SCS/GEN/76/9 Report of the consultative group meeting on small-scale fisheries development in the South China Sea Region. 13–15 December 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 140p.
SCS/GEN/77/10 Report on the training workshop on fisheries statistics. Malaysia, 12–21 October 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 27p.
SCS/GEN/77/11 Report on the BFAR SCSP workshop on fishery resources of the Sulu Sea and Moro Gulf areas, 25–29 April 1977. Cagayan de Oro. Manila, 1977. 58p.
SCS/GEN/77/12 Report of the workshop on the demersal resources, Sunda Shelf. Part I. November 7–11, 1977. Penang, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 1978. 58p.
SCS/GEN/77/13 Report of the workshop on the demersal resources. Sunda Shelf. Part II. November 7–11, 1977. Penang, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 120p.
SCS/GEN/77/14 Joint SCSP SEAFDEC workshop on aquaculture engineering (with emphasis on small-scale aquaculture projects). Vol. I - General Report. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. v.p.
SCS/GEN/77/15 Joint SCSP SEAFDEC workshop on aquaculture engineering (with emphasis on small-scale aquaculture projects) Vol. II - Technical Report. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 463p.
SCS/GEN/77/16 A layout of standard tables of fishery statistics in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 162p.
SCS/GEN/77/17 Report of the workshop on the biology and resources of mackerels (Rastrelliger spp) and round scads (Decapterus spp) in the South China Sea. Part I. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 70p.
SCS/GEN/78/18 Report of the workshop on management of resources of the Sunda Shelf. Malacca Strait and related areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 14p.
SCS/GEN/78/19 Report of the BFAR SCSP workshop on the fishery resources of the Pacific Coast of the Philippines. 18–22 September 1978. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 48p.
SCS/GEN/79/20 Report of the workshop on demersal and pelagic fish resources of the Java Sea. 5–9 December 1978. Semarang, Indonesia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 60p.
SCS/GEN/79/21 Report of the workshop on the tuna resources of Indonesia and Philippines waters. Jakarta, 20–23 March 1979. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 35p.
SCS/GEN/79/22 Report of the BFAR SCSP workshop on the fishery resources of the north Luzon and western coasts of Luzon. 18–20 April 1979. Manila, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 57p.
SCS/GEN/79/23 Report on training course in fishery statistics. 2 October-10 November 1978. Manila, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. v.p.
SCS/GEN/79/24 Report of the consultation meeting on management of tuna resources of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 26–29 June 1979. Manila, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 155p.
SCS/GEN/80/25 Report of the workshop on application and results of acoustic methods for resource appraisal surveys in the South China Sea. Manila, South China Sea. Manila. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 19p. Annexes 1 to 4.
SCS/GEN/80/26 Report of the workshop on the biology and resources of penaeid shrimps in the South China Sea area. Part I. 30 June-5 July 1980. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 162p.
SCS/GEN/80/27 Report of the workshop on application and results of acoustic methods for resource appraisal surveys in the South China Sea. Part II. 19–22 November 1979. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 102p.
SCS/GEN/81/28 Report of the training course in prawn farming for Asia and the Pacific, Jepara. Central Java, Indonesia. 5 October – 15 November 1980. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 138p.
SCS/GEN/81/29 Report on the training course on Gracilaria algae. (A training subproject under FAO UNDP Project RAS 79 041 implemented through RAS 74 013). Manila, Philippines, 1–30 April 1981. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981.
SCS/GEN/81/30 Report of the workshop on the biology and resources of penaeid shrimps in the South China Sea area. Part II. 30 June 5 July 1980. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981.
SCS/GEN/82/31 Report of the regional seminar on monitoring, control and surveillance of fisheries in exclusive economic zones. 30 November 4 December 1981. Jakarta, Indonesia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981. v.p.
SCS/GEN/82/32 Report on training course on fishery statistics. 1 September 9 October 1981. Samutprakarn, Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982.
SCS/GEN/82/33 Working party on small-scale shrimp prawn hatcheries in Southeast Asia. Vol. I - General report. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982. 30p.
SCS/GEN/82/34 Report of the training course on small-scale pen cage culture for finfish. 26–31 October and 1–12 November 1981. Laguna, Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982.
SCS/GEN/82/35 Training on assessment of coastal aquaculture potential, Malaysia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1982.
SCS MANUALS
SCS Manuals No. 1 Handbook on field identification of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs, shells, and important aquatic plants. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 60p.
PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS
SCS/PR/74/1 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1974. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 19p.
SCS/PR/75/2 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 January to 30 June 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 40p.
SCS/PR/75/3 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 38p.
SCS/PR/76/4 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 31 December 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 47p.
SCS/PR/77/5 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 30 June 1977. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 37p.
SCS/PR/77/6 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1977. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 19p.
SCS/PR/78/7 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 30 June 1978. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 12p.
SCS/PR/78/8 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1978. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 11p.
SCS/PR/79/9 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 30 June 1979. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 12p.
SCS/PR/79/10 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1979. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 65p.
SCS/PR/80/11 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 30 June 1980. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 28p.
SCS/PR/80/12 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1980. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 25p.
SCS/PR/81/13 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 January to 30 June 1981. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981. 20p.
SCS/PR/81/14 WOODLAND, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1 July to 31 December 1981. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1981.
COORDINATING COMMITTEE REPORTS
SCSP/74/1 REP Report of the Ad Hoc Coordinating Committee Meeting of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 18–19 June 1974. 27p.
SCSP/74/2 REP Report of the first session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 November 1974. Rome, FAO, 1974. 22p.
SCSP/76/3 REP Report of the second session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 9 April 1976. 16p.
SCSP/77/4 REP Report of the third session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 24–25 February 1977. 19p.
SCSP/77/5/ REP Report of the fourth session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 11–12 October 1977. 21p.
SCSP/78/6 REP Report of the fifth session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 11 March 1978. 16p.
SCSP/78/7 REP Report of the sixth session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 28–29 September 1978.
SCSP/79/8 REP Report of the seventh session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Rome, 11–16 October 1979.
FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPERS
SCS/DEV/73/1 WOODLAND, A.G. et al. The South China Sea Fisheries: A proposal for accelerated development. Rome, FAO, 1974. 162p.
SCS/DEV/73/2 YAMAMOTO, T. Review of marine fishery statistical system in countries bordering the South China Sea, and proposals for their improvement. Rome, FAO, 1973. 46p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Statistical Systems)
SCS/DEV/73/3 AOYAMA, T. The demersal fish stocks and fisheries of the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 80p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Demersal Resources)
SCS/DEV/73/4 KUME, S. Tuna resources in the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 18p.
SCS/DEV/73/5 LING, S. Status, potential and development of coastal aquaculture in the countries bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 51p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Aquaculture Development)
SCS/DEV/73/6 MENASVETA, D. et al. Pelagic fishery resources of the South China Sea and prospects for their development. Rome, FAO, 1973. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Pelagic Resources)
SCS/DEV/73/7 MISTAKIDIS, M.N. The crustacean resources and related fisheries in the countries bordering the South China Sea. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Crustacean Resources)
SCS/DEV/73/8 RUCKES, E. Fish utilization, marketing and trade in countries bordering the South China Sea - status and programme proposals. Rome, FAO, 1973. 33p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Marketing and Trade)
SCS/DEV/73/9 DOUCET, F.J. et al. Institutional and legal aspects affecting fishery development in selected countries bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 32p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Institutional Legal Aspects)
FAO species identification for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.
SCS/DEV/76/11 Development potentials of selected fishery products in the regional member countries of the Asian Development Bank. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 107p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/11 Fishery country profiles. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, (Appendix 1) 1976. 173p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/12 The international market for shrimp. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 105p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/13 The international market for tuna. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 69p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/14 The international market for crab. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 46p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/15 The international market for lobster. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 46p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/16 The international market for cephalopods. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 95p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/76/17 The European canned fish market: Prospects for Rastrelliger spp. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 56p. (ADB/FAO Market Studies)
SCS/DEV/78/18 CHIKUNI, S., A.C. SIMPSON and W.R. MURDOCH. Test fishing for tuna and small pelagic species: Reports on the operation of FAO chartered purse siners in Philippine and South China Sea waters, 1974–1977. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. v.p.
SCS/DEV/79/19 POPE, J. Stock assessment in multispecies fisheries with special reference to the trawl fishery in the Gulf of Thailand. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 106p.
SCS/DEV/80/20 Implications of the extension of national jurisdiction for fisheries management and development. Report of an FAO Mission to the Government of Indonesia. 7 January - 2 February 1980. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1980. 90p. (Restricted)
TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.
RABANAL, H.R. 1975 FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture with particular reference to Asia and the Far East. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 17p. (Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, 7–10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines).
RABANAL, H.R. 1975 Preliminary report on the Macrobrachium fishery in the Indo-Pacific region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 31 March - 4 April 1975).
RABANAL, H.R. 1975 Distribution and occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National Bangus Symposium. Manila, 25–26 July 1975).
RABANAL, H.R. 1976 Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976).
RABANAL, H.R. 1976 Report of project identification mission to Bangladesh on inland fisheries and aquaculture. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 56p.
RABANAL, H.R. 1976 Aquaculture 1976: Focus Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk delivered at the National Convention of the Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, Iloilo City, 26 August 1976).
SIMPSON, A.C. 1976 Some proposals for research related to the understanding of mangrove ecology and the utilization of mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 10p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976).
COOK, H.L. 1976 Some aspects of shrimp culture research with particular reference to Philippine species. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 7p. (Contributed to the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR) Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines, 15–17 January 1976).
RABANAL, H.R. 1976 The resources in inland waters: their utilization and management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 21p. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological Society as a contribution to the Deogracias V. Villadolid Memorial lecture series. Manila, Philippines, 26 November 1976).
RABANAL, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 15p. (Talk delivered before the United States Peace Corps Volunteers, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 11 January 1977).
RABANAL, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Paper contributed to the Fifth FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in relation to Protection of Living Resources. Manila, Philippines, 17–27 February 1977).
SIMPSON, A.C. 1977 Fisheries research and development in the Philippines: Some recommendations with special reference to resource assessment. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 16p.
RABANAL, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Contribution to the BFAR/FAO-UNDP Training of Regional Trainors in Aquaculture. Lucena, Quezon, Philippines, 19 September to 27 October 1977).
RABANAL, H.R. 1977 Recent trends in aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 13p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/Workshop for Fishery Schools Administrators, conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Manila, Philippines, 24–28 October 1977).
RABANAL, H.R. 1977 Forest conservation and aquaculture development of mangroves. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 15p. (Paper contributed to the International Workshop on Mangrove and Estuarine Area Development for the Indo-Pacific region 14–19 November 1977, Manila, Philippines).
THOMSON, D.B. 1978 Lecture notes on fishing methods, equipment and deck layout of fishing vessels. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 151p. (Paper presented at the FAO NORAD Course on Fishing Vessel Design, Bangkok, Thailand, October-November 1978).
RABANAL, H.R. 1978 International traffic of live and fish eggs and control of the spread of fish diseases. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 21p. (Contributed to the Workshop on Tropical Fisheries - their causes and control in Southeast Asia, Puncak, West Java, Indonesia, 28 November to 1 December 1978).
RABANAL, H.R. and R.O. JULIANA. 1979 Aquaculture extension: How it could be a potent force in fisheries development in the ASEAN region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Paper contributed to the First ASEAN Seminar/Workshop on Fisheries Extension, Manila 18–25 February 1979.
THOMSON, D.B. 1979 Marine fisheries extension. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 41p. (Paper contributed to the First ASEAN Seminar/Workshop on Fisheries Extension, Manila, 18–25 February 1979).
THOMSON, D.B. 1979 Training requirements of the fisheries of Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 11p. (Paper presented at the SEAFDEC Consultative Meeting on Fisheries Training, Bangkok, 14–18 May, 1979.
KUHNHOLD, W.W. 1979 Aquatic pollution: Classes of pollutants, their occurrence, transport and dispersion. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 22p. (Lecture given at the Seventh FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in Relation to Protection of Living Resources - Analyses of Metals and Organochlorines in Biota. Manila, Philippines, 7 May to 9 June 1979).
KUHNHOLD, W.W. 1979 Effects of aquatic pollution on fish and fisheries. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Lecture given at the Seventh FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in Relation to Protection of Living Resources - Analyses of Metals and Organochlorines in Biota. Manila, Philippines, 7 May - 9 June 1979).
RABANAL, H.R. 1979 The design of research in brackishwater aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 7p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/Workshop on Research Methodology and Technical Report Writing, conducted by the Fisheries Training Division, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Fisheries Training Centre, Cavite City, Philippines, 10–29 June 1979).
KUHNHOLD, W.W. 1979 Some aspects of the impact of aquatic oil pollution on fishery resources. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Seminar held at Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, 31 July 1979).
RABANAL, H.R. 1979 Production and recent innovations in design and management in aquaculture industry in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 7p. (Paper contributed to the Asian Seminar and Tour sponsored by the Bank of America, Manila, 6–9 November 1979).
THOMSON, D.B. 1979 The challenge of the 1980's for fisheries education, training and extension. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 11p. (Paper presented at the First International Symposium on Fishery Education, Fish Processing and Marketing Systems. Mexico, December 1979).
KUHNHOLD, W.W. 1980 Some aspects of the impact of aquatic oil pollution on fishery resources. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 25p. (Paper contributed to the International Workshop on the Prevention, Abatement and Combating of Pollution from Ships in East Asian Waters. 3–8 November 1980, Manila, Philippines).
