3.1. The sea is the main source of fisheries product in Indonesia. In addition there are inland fishery sources, such as rivers, lakes, swamps, brackish water fish ponds and fresh water fish ponds. Although at present the production of shrimp is small (approximately 2.54 pct. of the total fishery products), it has succeeded in rapidly becoming the main export commodity in the fishery sector.1)
Marine shrimp has a greater export potential than shrimp from brackish water fish ponds or fresh water fish ponds. As a consequence, large-scale marine shrimp catching operations have been conducted since the year 1970, which can cause the disturbance of life conservation of shrimps. To safeguard the life conservation of shrimp and to ensure the increase in production of shrimp, the development of shrimp cultures is required.
In this case, fresh water giant shrimp has better possibilities for culture development than other kinds of shrimp, and has a more convincing export marketing prospect.
3.2. In the year 1974, the Province of Lampung has only produced 4,414 metric tons of inland fishery products of 1.14 pct. of the total inland fishery production in whole Indonesia of 387,702 metric tons (see Appendix III.1.).
In the production of inland fisheries, it appears, that there is no Giant fresh water prawns culture yet in Lampung (see Appendix III.2.).
3.3. On the basis of a survey conducted by the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF), the best location for Giant fresh water prawns culture development is in Lampung. A hatchery location (hatchery pond) with an areal extent of 3 hectares can be found at Way Urang (South Lampung) and cultivation/commercial ponds with an areal extent of 90 hectares at Way Jepara (Central Lampung).
1) Prospects of Shrimp Exploitation in Indonesia, Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia 1974.
3.4. Way Urang is included in the Regency of South Lampung, located at the river- mouth of Way Urang and is not affected/ influenced by ebb- and - tide.
The distance from the Urang village to the capital of the Province of Lampung (Teluk Betung) is 65 kilometres, and is connected with an asphalted provincial road (class IV) in good condition. Whereas the distance from this village to the District- Town of Kalianda is approximately 0.5 kilometres.
Fresh water can be obtained from Way Urang river all year long, whereas sea-water is obtained from the nearby coast.
In this village there is a plain/ flatland, used for a hatchery a and gravied-shrimp pond1).
Gravied shrimp can be obtained by catching them in the surrounding area of the location, among others from Way Sekampung with its river- branches Way Pisang and Way Semah. At this location, there is a landing place for fishing vessels and a fish market. Communications infrastructure available at present in the Disctric- Town of Kalianda is the telephone. According to plan, in the year 1978 there will be a micro-wave network. Besides that, electricity infrastructure is scheduled to be constructed in the year 1978.
3.5. Way Jepara, is the region scheduled for the location of commercial ponds, is included in the Regency of Central Lampung. The specific location for commercial ponds in this region, is planned to be in the village of Labuhan Ratu II. The distance from this village to Teluk Betung is approximately 105 kilometres, and is connected with a good road (State/ Provincial road). Whereas the distance from Way Urang (hatchery) to Labuhan Ratu II (commercial ponds) is approximately 173 kilometres.
At present there is a plan to construct a provincial road (Class IV) from Kalianda to Jepara through the towns of Pulas and Jabung, with a distance of approximately 120 kilometres. This village is located at a height of 60 metres from the sea-surface and consists of dry paddy-fields and grass-weeds. Since the year 1973, an irrigation system has been built in this village and the scheduled location of shrimp commercial cultivation is in the irrigation channel of Way Jepara at the Left Channel VI of the Jepara Dam (B.J.H.I.VI.).
3.6. The total population of the Province of Lampung in the year 1974 was 3,235,995. Population growth rate during the year 1974–1978 is estimated around 5.23 pct. 1)
The Province of Lampung is divided into three regencies, namely the Regencies of North Lampung, Central Lampung and South Lampung. In the year 1975, the Regency of South Lampung had the largest population, namely 1,293,385 persons (39 pct. of the total population), and the Regency of North Lampung has the smallest population, namely 592,456 persons (18.3 pct).2)
In the year 1975, the labour force in the fishery sector, marine as well as inland fisheries, was around 30,139 persons. Of this number, approximately 93.4 pct. (namely 28,156 persons) worked in the inland fisheries sector.
Whereas those working as freshwater fish pond farmers numbered 2,729 persons, or approximately 9.7 percent of the total population earning their livelihood in the fishery sector in the same year (see Appendix III.3.).
According to information, in the areas of Way Urang and Way Jepara, there are no fresh water fish pond farmers3).
3.7. In terms of regional development it can be observed, that the regional income of Lampung during the years 1969 through 1974 has increased with an average of 11.75 pct. each year (See Appendix III.4.).
Of this regional income, the agricultural sector has the largest contribution (Approximately 52 pct).
In the agricultural sector, the fishery sub-sector has the smallest contribution (approximately 3.96 pct of the agricultural sector) (See Appendix III. 5).
1). Second Five Year Development Plan (REPELITA II), Lampung Province
Region.
2). Second Five Year Development Plan (REPELITA II), Lampung Province
Region.
3). Field Survey by the Management Institute of the Economic Faculty
of the University of Indonesia, January 1977.
3.8. A transmigration program has the aim to aid economic development by solving 3 (three) very fundamental problems, namely :
Expansion of employment opportunities;
More even and balanced distribution of population;
Productivity increase of National income.
Whereas the two principal forms of transmigration are :
General Transmigration : the form of transmigration, in which government bear all the costs including living expenses lived for six months in the new region.
Spontaneous Transmigration : can have the form of :
Transmigration, at the migrants own initiative with financial aid from the Government (DBB); or by financing their own requirements and upon arrival in the transmigration region they will be delivered to an already existing community to build-up a new life.
Transmigration by bearing their own expenses or without any government financial aid whatsovers (TBB). In addition the abovementioned two principal forms of transmigration, there are variations, for example :
the integration form, in which the transmigrant candidates are not selected by the Directorate General of Transmigration, but by another Government Agency of by a Private Foundation. However, the choice of location, timing of migration etc, is determined in conjunction with the Directorate General of Transmigration; therefore, it is a form of general transmigration with certain gratifications.
there are also other special forms, such as transmigration with Presidential aid.
3.9. Since the year 1950, a number of 71,852 family-heads have migrated to the Lampung Province region, with the following specification1):
In the period
before the Five
years development
plan
(REPELITA) = 53,607 Family Heads = 222,181 persons.
In the Ist.
Five Years
Development
Plan
(REPELITA I) = 15,458 Family Heads = 69,810 persons.
In the IInd
Five Year
Development
Plan
(REPELITA II) = 2,517 Family Heads =11,394 persons.
Total = 71,582 Family Heads = 303,385 persons.
A great part of this number is general transmigration implemented by the Directorate General of Transmigration. At present the land areal which can still be opened for transmigration in the Lampung region, has an extent of 202,932.5 hectares.
Since 1975, Transmigration programs has been directed to the Regency of North-Lampung and primarily in the context of general transmigration (approximately 85 pct). (See Appendix III.6.).
3.10. Up till now, a special form transmigration consisting of fresh water fish pond-/brackish water fish pond farmers or fishermen, has never been implemented. The presently existing spontanceous transmigration include various groups of fishermen and fresh water fish pond-/ brackish water fish pond farmers. However in the scheduled location for the development of fresh water giant shrimp culture, there are no freshwater fish pond farmers yet.
3.11. The export values, of fresh frozen shrimp as well as processed shrimp have continuously increased as can be observed in Table III.1.
| Year | Fresh Frozen Shrimp. | Processed Shrimp. | Total |
| 1972 | 29,710 | 99 | 29,809 |
| 1973 | 57,476 | 86 | 57,562 |
| 1974 | 84,426 | 144 | 84,570 |
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.
In 1972 the export value was US $ 29,809,000. -- and has increased to US $. 84,570,000. -- in the year 1974, or an increase of 83.7 pct. in 2 years.
The demand prospect for shrimp appears to be favorable in the future, so that the development of shrimp production should be intensified. The increase of shrimp export, of which the marketing is sufficiently stable, constitutes an important source of foreign exchange for development.
3.12. The conditions described above, are good reasons for developing fresh water lobster/giant shrimp culture in Lampung.
Earnings in this area will significantly increase foreign exchange revenues as well as the development of new alternative undertakings other than rice-fields, for the transmigrant farmers.
