Water Supply of the Fishery Development Centre in Freshwater Aquaculture at Sukabumi, West Java TABLE OF CONTENTS

Indonesia

by

Robert H. Gedney
Consultant

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT

The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Programme Leader, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, P.O. Box 1184, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.

Project Document Identification

Work Plan Activity: 4(b)(ii)(iv)

4. Aquaculture

The objective will be to establish a programme of action for aquaculture development through the improvement of cultural practices in existing areas in particular countries, and the development of new areas. The work Plan will be implemented through a permanent South China Sea Programme staff member and consultants. The work of consultants will usually be carried out in the individual countries; there will also be desk studies and consultations at the Programme's headquarters. The work will commence in 1974, and will continue over five years of the Programme. The work will involve:

2. Determination of the extent and nature of areas in each country suitable for future expansion of aquaculture.

   2. Describe ecological characteristics of the areas where expansion seems possible, e.g. vegetation, salinity, water quality, water currents, etc.

   4. Identify sites suitable for experimental or pilotscale hatcheries or farms.

Specific activity: Consultancy on water supply for a fishery development centre in freshwater aquaculture - Indonesia

SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Manila, Philippines
December 1977

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and scope
1.2 Location
1.3 Itinerary
1.4 Persons contacted

2. EXISTING CONDITIONS

2.1 Role of the Centre
2.2 Water supply needs
2.3 Existing water sources and water quality
2.4 Topography and geology

3. POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

3.1 Subsurface groundwater

3.1.1 Presence
3.1.2 Proposed well
3.1.3 Benefits

3.2 Diversion
3.3 Station relocation
3.4 Rehabilitation of Centre water supply
3.5 Other

4. STUDY PROPOSALS

5. COSTS

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

7. REFERENCES

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 - ESTIMATED COST OF WATER SOURCE DIVERSION FROM HALIMUN HILL

ANNEX 2 - PROPOSED GOVERNMENT TASK FORCE FOR EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR THE FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE IN SUKABUMI

ANNEX 3 - PROPOSED PREPROJECT FUNDING - 1978

WATER SUPPLY OF THE FISHERY DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
IN FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE AT SUKABUMI
WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

by

Robert H. Gedney¹
Consultant

SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS

The early drilling of a well at the present Centre, about 30 cm in diameter, or larger if practicable, and up to 150 metres in depth is recommended as an interim measure to effect an urgently needed improvement in dependable water supply at the Centre. If the target yield of 11 liters/second, or more, is realized and water quality is satisfactory, then an appropriate size pump should be selected based on drawdown tests. The pump would be powered by electric power from the City of Sukabumi with standby power provided at the Centre.

Relocation of the Centre to the upper foothill locations of Mt. Pangrano characterized by the Halimun Valley and Batukarat locations is strongly recommended for more detail engineering study. Sites with the desired 200 liters/second capacity appear available with minimum impact on existing paddy irrigation. Alternatively the survey could also look into the possibility of using other existing Directorate General Fisheries freshwater projects outside Sukabumi.

Pipeline diversion of an upland flow to the Centre, which has been previously considered is not recommended because of adverse social and economic impacts on existing rice farms.

The possibility of FAO/UNDP assistance with various elements of implementing a new water supply and improving the Centre should be considered in the 1978 IPF as a preproject activity of the proposed Fisheries Extension Project 1979–1982. The estimated UNDP requirement in 1978 is $70,000, as indicated in ANNEX 3. The corresponding counterpart funding to cover drilling of a well, installation of pumps and motor, and comprehensive site surveys should be provided.

¹ Address: 7540 NE Hidden Cove Road
Bainbridge Island
Washington 98110
U.S.A.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and scope

A reconnaissance investigation was made to assist the Indonesian Government in planning remedial measures for the water supply of the Centre known as the:

Fishery Development Centre in Freshwater Aquaculture Jalan Selabintana 17, Sukabumi, West Java

The study was made at the request of the Director-General of the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF), to the FAO/UNDP. South China Sea Fishery Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP) in Manila.

The terms of reference for the study were:

1. Investigate present water supply system of the Sukabumi Freshwater Fisheries Development Centre, Indonesia and determine its present capacity, potential and requirements based on its objectives;

2. In view of planned expanded activities in aquaculture of this Centre, to locate as required additional source(s) of water supply to a point that it could be adequate to meet the demand of the fish farm;

3. Should the additional sources of water supply be available, indicate plan together with estimated costs to utilize this additional source(s).

This report is based upon data gathering in a visit to Sukabumi and vicinity and subsequent discussions with officials of the DGF in Jakarta and Sukabumi, and with other officials of the Government. The Centre has been designated by the Government as the national station for development of freshwater aquaculture with respect to extension, training and production demonstration.

1.2 Location

The Centre is located in the City of Sukabumi (pop 150 000), 120 kms from and almost due south of Jakarta in Java, Fig. 1.

LOCATION MAP
FIG. 1

1.3 Itinerary

The places visited and activities in connection with the study were:

1.4 Persons contacted

Mr. Denis Halliday, Deputy Res. Rep. UNDP, Jakarta

Mr. V. Susanto, Director of Resource Management, Directorate of Resources Management, Directorate General of Fisheries, Jakarta (DGF/J)

Mrs. B. Soenyoto, Chief Sub-directorate International Cooperation, Directorate of Planning, (DGF/J)

Mrs. Hartati Suprayitno, Assistant to Mrs. Soenyoto

Mr. Soetikno, Chief, Fishery Development Centre in Freshwater Culture, Sukabumi (DCFC/S)

Mr. Sayuthi Arifien, Assistant Chief (DCFC/S)

Mr. Soekardi Poespowardojo (Geologist) Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Geology, Bandung

Mr. Zulkifli Djangkaru, Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bogor

2. EXISTING CONDITIONS

2.1 Role of the Centre

In 1975 freshwater pond fish culture amounted to only 58 700 m.t. of a total national fisheries production of 1 390 000 m.t. (Directorate General of Fisheries, 1975) equivalent to 4.2 percent. This is however the main source of foodfish in West Java province where it supplies 55 percent and its overall potential for increase in other areas is very high. The Government wishes to substantially increase this production and the Centre at Sukabumi is proposed as a major element for extension training and production demonstration.

The area of the Centre is 26 ha. At the present time, because of an inadequate and polluted water supply, only one small hatchery is in service, primarily for production of carp seed. There are 15 ha of nursery and rearing ponds partially operative in the wet season and 10 ha operative in the dry season, with 5 ha of administrative, living and teaching facilities.

The goal with respect to production is to have 2 modern, intensive production hatchery units that would produce initially 500 000 seed every 2 months, 2 ha of nursery ponds and 18 ha of rearing ponds in full production all year. Fig. 2 shows the layout of existing fish ponds, canals and roads. During the course of the present visit, corresponding to the beginning of the wet season, it was observed that most of the ponds were dry or out of production because of inadequate water supply.

2.2 Water supply needs

Estimates of fully developed water supply needs of the Centre were made by the Centre Director and by an engineer of the Fishery Research Institute at Bogor. Variances, in part, were due to different ideas about possibilities of re-use of water supply to the various units. However, both estimates were in the magnitude of 175 to 200 liters/sec. The amount of re-use possible would depend in large part on the initial water quality characteristics and the requirements of the various hatchery and nursery installations. The estimates were as follows:

SUKABUMI PONDS AND WATER SOURCES

FIG. 2

2.3 Existing water sources and water quality

Figure 2 shows the principal supply sources labelled East, North and West. The main supply is the East, which has its origin in a diversion canal of the Cisarua River, lying mostly in a high bank, side hill diversion canal of the River. A secondary diversion channel from the canal carries water to the East entrance. This secondary diversion is extensively used by adjacent villagers for domestic waste disposal, for irrigation farming and for fish rearing ponds. Consequently the water entering the Centre is grey with suspended particulates and is high in biochemical oxygen demand. When observed, the flow was 20 to 30 1/sec of obviously poor quality water for fish hatchery and nursery useage.

On the North, a stream known as the Panjalu, enters the water system of the Centre through a 30 cm pipe. In the dry season, the flow is virtually stagnant. It has its origin in the drainage ditch of an extensive, upstream rice irrigation drainage. During the rainy season the intake flow is much larger and is highly turbid, making it marginally useable in nursery and hatchery units.

On the West, a small stream known as Cibandung, enters a sump in the river where the Centre has two - 7-½ horsepower diesel pumps operating with a single 7.5 cm intake, which can pump 10–12 1/sec into the water system. However, in the dry season there is so little water and it is so much needed downstream, that the Centre only operates the pumps infrequently. In the wet season the flow is highly turbid. The reservoir into which the pumps discharge, has a capacity of about 4 000 cubic meters, which would be about 5 days pumping output. However, reportedly, the reservoir leaks too badly to hold even a limited supply.

In addition to excessive turbidity of inflows in the wet season there is also reportedly turbid drainage runoff from adjacent farmlands that overflows the canals of the Centre during heavy rainfall. Inflows in the dry season sometimes have other forms of pollution such as a parasite known as Lernea (a micro-crustacean) and fungous infections which destroy both eggs and embryo in the hatchery. It is also probable and likely that pesticide applications in the rice fields may also be causes of fish egg mortality in the Centre's operations.

2.4 Topography and geology

Sukabumi at elev. 700 m is in the foothills of Mt. Pangrano. The soil mantle at the Station, which is an iron red, silty, sandy loam, gives way to rugged rocky terrain of volcanic origin about 10 km northward. Reportedly the soil cover at the station is underlain by water bearing sandstone, which in turn is underlain by a blue marl clay. There are extensive artesian springs flowing in the area North and East of the Centre. In Fig. 3, Halimun and Batukarat are typical locations - and these could be potential water sources for the Centre.

Note: There is some question as to whether locations shown are properly located.

The Cisarua River (in Fig. 3 is Tjisarea) which flows in the valley just east of the Centre is extensively used in irrigation for several kilometers North of the Centre, and is typical of many streams issuing from the foothill clefts of the mountain drainage.

Climatological

Sukabumi is at elev. 700 m above sea level and enjoys a cool climate as compared to Jakarta. The closest station to Sukabumi for temperature data is Bandung, which is at a comparable elevation. The mean annual temperature is 22.5°C and the mean monthly variation is low, about 19° to 28°C.

Mean annual rainfall at Sukabumi is in the order of 2 500 to 3 000 mm. Long time records (1879–1941) show the following mean monthly rainfall (in mm):

An approximate 5 month dry season exists from June through October.

Only limited evaporation data for Bandung were readily available. A single year (1940) is representative. The monthly and yearly amounts were (in mm):

3. POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

3.1 Subsurface groundwater

3.1.1 Presence

A series of resistivity measurements were made at the Sukabumi Centre (C.V. Geohidro Fisik, Bandung - undated). Eight resistivity lines were plotted covering most of the Centre. Non-continuous strata of water bearing formations were found at depths of 25 to 300 m. These results were discussed with Mr. Soehardi, District Geologist at Bandung. It was agreed that the test result gave a good indication of the presence of water, but that the quantitative evaluations in the report were moot. Mr. Soehardi also noted that the groundwater might possibly be brackish, but that there were no test drillings in the area for reference.

3.1.2 Proposed well

Drilling equipment available locally is said to be capable of drilling a 30 cm (12 inch) diameter hole - a slightly larger diameter, say 35 cm (14 inch) would be desirable. Depending upon the particle sizes encountered in the drilling, the well may or may not require packing. If packing is required, a 15 to 18 cm (6 or 7 inch) diameter interior casing would be used. The depth of hole would be approximately 150 m. Pumping tests of the well would be made to determine yield, drawdown and water quality at say -50, -100 and 150 m. If satisfactory, either a deep well or submersible pump would be selected for installation, depending upon the sediment content of the well flows. The cost of the drilled well, exclusive of pumps, was roughly estimated to be Rp5 to 6 million for 100 m by Mr. Soekardi. The added depth proposed to -150 m would increase this coast.

The Government electric power office in Sukabumi estimates that it would be able to provide electric power for only about 300 hrs/month, or less. Therefore a supplemental generator may be needed, particularly because the system is subject to extensive outages.

The target flow from the well is at least 11 1/sec. A reservoir should be provided to store a 5 day reserve flow, to permit pump outages and repairs. Until the well performance is established, preparation of an overall cost estimate for capital and operating costs is not possible.

3.1.3 Benefits

If a groundwater supply of about 11 1/sec should be found feasible, it would permit immediate, continual, effective operation of one hatchery and related nursery unit. This would greatly enhance training and give the Centre at least an element of dependability in production not now possible. The experience of operating a well would also make possible a dependable evaluation of the feasibility of an expanded well supply to serve the entire station.

The adverse consequences of using wells are that they would require a continual operating cost outlay for energy consumption and to a lesser extent for maintenance. These costs, once known, should be carefully compared with the costs of alternative measures.

3.2 Diversion

The Station Chief, Mr. Soetikno, has made a limited study (Annex 1) of a possible pipe diversion of a groundwater stream source from the Halimun Valley, Fig. 3, to the Centre, a distance of about 10 km. The diversion pipe would be 30 cm in diameter and the estimated cost Rp95 million. The pipe diameter was found reasonably adequate, but engineering details to check the overall design and estimates were not available.

A field investigation showed the amount of flow in the stream, proposed to be the diversion source was close to 200 1/sec. The stream near the diversion point is in the rugged, rocky terrain of Mt. Pangrano, at least 400 m higher in elevation than the Centre. The appearance of the water was clear and unpolluted.

Several kilometers downstream from the road crossing, where the stream was observed, there is reported to be a low diversion dam which divides the stream flow. The dam was not accessible in the time available. Part of the diversion flow goes through the grounds and is used by a luxury hotel, Hotel Selabintana. All downstream flows ultimately are used for paddy irrigation.

The problem that arises with any diversion plan is that the downstream waters are now used extensively for irrigation. It does not appear practicable to divert irrigation water away from existing useage because of both economic and social problems that would result. This is an apparent governing constraint for any diversion plan using already obligated waters.

3.3 Station relocation

A much more practicable and beneficial alternative is to move the Centre to an upland location with an adequate supply of good water. The drainage from the Centre would then be available for use in downstream irrigation. There would be almost no loss in streamflow and the only dispossession would be in transfer of some rice growing land to use for the Centre. Even here some system of rentals from local farmers could reduce acquisition costs and impacts, as for example by leasing or cooperative use of rearing ponds.

A very fine potential for such a site transfer was found at Batukarat, Fig. 3, which is the location of the water supply source for the City of Sukabumi. The water apparently is tapped from the hillside and flows through pipes into a holding reservoir and then into a distribution system. There are substantial excess flows which are now used for downstream irrigation. Again visually, the water quality is excellent.

Either further development of this site, possibly to increase the yield of water or development of an adjacent site, appear to offer excellent potentials for relocation of the Centre. The concept of developing a small storage reservoir, as used in the City's water supply, is highly recommended.

3.4 Rehabilitation of Centre water supply

This is a possible alternative with lesser potentials than relocation of the Centre. The East (Cisarua R.) supply could be repaired and improved to increase substantially its delivery to the Centre. To cope with organic pollution, oxidizing ponds to provide 3 to 5 weeks detention could be constructed. Such ponds could greatly reduce pollution, but would not alleviate effects of say chlorinated hydrocarbon residuals from rice pesticides. The ponds could help, but doubtfully would be fully effective in reducing Lernea and fungous infections of hatchery and nursery production.

If desired a pilot operation to accommodate a 10 1/sec flow could be constructed and tested in regard to biological and bacteriological suitability of effluent for use by the Centre.

If a rectangular basin were constructed for a 200 1/sec flow say 3 units long and 1 unit wide, 2 m deep and with 20% dead storage and 30 days retention, 31 ha's area would be needed. This exceeds the total present Centre area of only 26 ha. Aeration and other refinements could reduce the above area, but even at 50 percent reduction the amount would be excessive for the present Centre. Therefore, treatment of influent flows for the present Centre does not appear practicable.

3.5 Other

The Government may wish to relocate the Centre at some location remote from Sukabumi. This, of course, is outside the scope of the present study.

4. STUDY PROPOSALS

It appears that the Government has the technical competence and capability to make the basic studies necessary to evaluate alternatives for resolving the Centre water supply problem. Excellent possibilities appear to be present within 10 kms of the present station. A set of guidelines, Annex 2, for a Government Task Force for such a study was furnished to Mr. Susanto on 16 November. The studies would require tests and measurements to determine water supply amounts and quality in both the dry and wet seasons. In addition to physical tests noted in the guidelines, it would be most desirable to operate a small pilot hatchery and nursery at the location of a proposed water supply source to insure its suitability for large scale operation of the Centre. If desired, FAO/UNDP assistance could be made available for review of progress of the siting effort from time to time (see Annex 3).

If the groundwater exploration is undertaken at the present Centre and is found suitable for interim operation, the possibility should be considered of FAO/UNDP assistance in acquisition and installation of pump and control equipment. In addition, if a resiting of the present Centre is decided upon by the Government, consideration should be given to FAO/UNDP assistance in planning and equipping the new Centre to make it a fully effective national extension, training and production Centre for freshwater aquaculture (see Annex 3).

5. COSTS

The terms of reference call for cost estimates to evaluate various alternatives. However, lack of engineering data in regard to any of the alternatives and the lack of engineering staff to develop basic engineering information did not make it possible to prepare cost estimates for the current reconnaissance scope studies.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

i) Drilling of a well at the Centre should be undertaken as soon as practicable, as an interim measure. If favourable results are obtained as indicated by yield, drawdown and water quality tests, then an electric powered deep well, or a submersible pump, should be selected with characteristics to conform with the yield/drawdown tests. Power supply for the pump should combine the City of Sukabumi Service with a standby diesel-electric power generating unit.

ii) Concurrently, mobilization of an engineering siting team is proposed to investigate the possibility of developing a suitable water supply source within about 10 kms of the present station in the Halimun and Batukarat general vicinities. This site would have a dependable water supply of 200 1/sec and be of suitable quality for the Centre. If a suitable site is found, a pilot hatchery would be operated for one year at the site to assure year around water quality. Details of the proposed siting investigation are given in Annex 2.

iii) As appropriate consideration should be given to FAO/UNDP technical assistance in the engineering siting studies and the possible relocation of the Centre to improve its facilities for extension, training and production. At this time the technical and equipment assistance which may be considered are:

1. Technical assistance in site evaluation (intermittent).

2. Equipment for development of groundwater supply such as deep well pump and motors, controls and standby power generator.

3. Other urgently needed laboratory and hatchery equipment and equipment for extension training.

4. Technical assistance in planning and development of aquaculture programme for the Centre.

7. REFERENCES

1. Directorate General of Fisheries, Fisheries Statistics 1975, of Indonesia. (4): 180

2. Geophysics and Hydrology Consultants of C.V. Geohidro (undated) Fisik, Bandung, A survey of underground electrical water by applying geological electrical resistance at Sukabumi Fisheries Training Centre. (English translation from Indonesian)

ANNEX 1

ESTIMATED COST OF WATER SOURCE DIVERSION FROM HALIMUN HILL

A. Geographical data

1. Distance Halimun - Sukabumi Centre ± 10 000 m.
2. Altitude of the water source ± 900 m.
3. Location in the hill around the tea plantation and forest.
4. Water temperature 18°C; rate of water flow 250 – 300 liters/sec transparent, bottoms are sandy and stoney.

B. Procedure in the acquisition of area

1. The institution which we ask the license from:

1. Water irrigation service at Sukabumi.
2. Forest service at the district.
3. Tea plantation.
4. Bupati or District Chief of Sukabumi.
5. • Chief of Subdistrict - North Sukabumi
   • Chief, Subdistrict of Sirajaya
   • Chief of Village of Karawang, to the people who has the land where the pipes will be placed

2. Opening the area

Steps to be taken:

1. To pay the land from the people, forest service and tea plantation.
2. To make the dike for the pipes.
3. To open the forest.

C. Budgeting

This estimate reproduced from source furnished by Chief, Sukabumi Centre.

ANNEX 2

PROPOSED GOVERNMENT TASK FORCE FOR EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR THE FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE IN SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA

Purpose

To evaluate alternative possible water supply sources for the Sukabumi Aquaculture Centre, including possible relocation of the Centre to new or existing DGF projects and to present interim measures to improve the present water supply.

Period of Time

Approximately one year, to include evaluation of dry season flows and water quality of long-range plans, but with immediate interim measures to improve the present water supply.

Composition of Task Force and Functions

(The Directorate General of Fisheries in cooperation with Bogor Fishery Research Institute of the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development)

• Determine layout needs and suitability of alternative water supplies for fishery purposes.

  District Director Geology, Bandung

• To recommend sites to be evaluated and to make site evaluations of water supply and to prepare specifications for groundwater supplies.

  District Director Public Works Sukabumi

• To make engineering plans and cost estimates.

• To undertake drilling and pump installation construction, if needed.

Scope of Work

1. Engineering work should be of reconnaissance scope for comparative cost evaluation and plans.

2. Water quality and suitability for fisheries to be based on both dry and wet season tests. Tests to include pH, mineralization, metals, temperature, BOD₅, dissolved oxygen, NH₃, bacteriological, and other tests as needed. In addition, the most favourable plans should include small-scale testing of water supply for hatchery and rearing purposes.

Presented and discussed with
Directorate General of Fisheries
16 November 1977

Revised 6 December 1977
(Revisions underlined)

3. If people problems are involved in plans requiring the Centre relocation, methods will be proposed to accommodate both social and economic impacts.

4. Plan evaluation to include first costs, annual costs and present worth costs, as appropriate; also indirect costs as appropriate.

Scheduling & Control

1. A full time Team Leader should be designated who would be responsible for report coordination, administration, progress and final reporting.

2. A plan of study should be prepared by the Team Leader and approved by the Team members and their various Departments.

3. The plan of study should designate the plans to be studied, schedule and work, assign responsibility and establish funding.

4. Regular progress and coordination meetings would be held and progress reports prepared.

Plan to be studied

1. Subsurface Groundwater

Immediate consideration should be given to drilling a well and installing a pumping station in the present Sukabumi Aquaculture Centre. A well with a tentative diameter of about 30 cm outside casing, with granular packing and screened intake is suggested. The necessity for packing and an interior casing would be made from analysis of drill hole sediments. The target pump capacity is 11 liters/sec, but would be determined on the basis of pumping tests after the well is developed. If yield and water quality are satisfactory, a determination would be made between diesel and local electric power for pumping or local power with standby power generation. A reservoir would be constructed near the pump site to provide up to 5 days storage, prior to distribution, so that the pump would not need to run continuously. Depending on the results of the well drilling, a study may also be made of developing subsurface groundwater as a primary source for the present Centre.

2. Halimun

A study should be made of a pipe diversion from the Halimun Valley Dam to the Centre. An alternative plan would consider moving the Centre to the Halimun area. Diversion may not be practical here or elsewhere, because the water is intensively used for irrigation.

3. Batukarat/Sukabumi water supply source

A study should be made of locating the Centre immediately downstream from the City's reservoir, using excess flows for supply. Because the area is extensively used for rice growing, diversion does not appear feasible because of the economic and social problems which would be created.

4. Other groundwater sources

According to Mr. Soehardi, District Director Geology, Bandung, surface groundwater springs are extensively present in the Batukarat vicinity. These would be studied primarily to determine the feasibility of transferring the station to a selected site where an adequate water supply may be found. A storage dam development as used in the City's water supply would be highly desirable.

5. Well supply

If the interim proposed well supply in the Centre is successful, a plan should be prepared to evaluate the feasibility of a total well supply in the Centre.

6. Improvement of present water supply

It is possible that substantial improvement of the present water supply would be achieved by first improving the East (Cisarua R.) diversion canal to increase its flow into the Centre.

Secondly the inflow would be diverted into 2 stage oxidation ponds with say a 30 day overall detention period. The ponds should be between 2 and 3 meters in depth. A pilot operation corresponding to an 11 1/sec flow could be constructed initially. Biochemical oxygen demand would be measured for influent and effluent flows. Bacteriological examination would also be made of influent and effluent flows for Lernea and fungous infections. If successful, plans could be developed to treat an entire 50 to 150 1/sec flow. The area required for oxidation ponds could be reduced by adding mechanical aeration. If desired, a design could be furnished after test results are known.

This would be at best an interim measure because the area required to treat the entire Centre flows would require doubling the present Centre. In addition, additional disinfection would be necessary.

7. Others

The Government may wish to give consideration to locating the station in some area completely outside the present study area. If so, the same general guidelines should apply as proposed for the studies outlined in this paper.

Prepared by

/S/ Robert H. Gedney
FAO/UN Consultant
14 November 1977

ANNEX 3

PROPOSED PREPROJECT FUNDING - 1978

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

Working Papers

NOTE: Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme in Manila, Philippines.

WORKSHOP REPORTS

PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS

SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

Fisheries Technical Papers

FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.

(ADB/FAO Market Studies)

TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture with particular reference to Asia and the Far East. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 17p. (Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, 7–10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines)

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Preliminary report on the Macrobrachium fishery in the Indo-Pacific region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 31 March – 4 April 1975)

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Distribution and occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National Bangos Symposium. Manila, 25–26 July 1975)

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture. Manila South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976)

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Report of project identification mission to Bangladesh on inland fisheries and aquaculture. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 56p.

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Aquaculture 1976: Focus Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk delivered at the National Convention of the Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, Iloilo City, 26 August 1976)

Simpson, A.C. 1976 Some proposal for research related to the understanding of mangrove ecology and the utilization of mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976)

Cook, H. L. 1976 Some aspects of shrimp culture research with particular reference to Philippine species. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 7p. (Contributed to the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR) Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines 15–17 January 1976)

Rabanal, H. R. 1976 The resources in inland waters: their utilization and management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 21p. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological Society as a contribution to the Deogracias V. Villadolid Memorial lecture series. Manila, Philippines, 26 November 1976

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Programme. 15p. (Talk delivered before the United States Peace Corps Volunteers. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, 11 January 1977)

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Paper contributed to the Fifth FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in relation to Protection of Living Resources. Manila, Philippines, 17 – 27 February 1977)

Simpson, A.C. 1977 Fisheries research and development in the Philippines: Some recommendations with special reference to resource management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 16p.

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Contribution to the BFAR/FAO-UNDP Training of Regional Trainors in Aquaculture. Lucena, Quezon, Philippines, 19 September to 27 October 1977)

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Recent trends in aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 13p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/ Workshop for Fishery Schools' Administrators, conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Manila, Philippines, 24–28 October 1977)