12. Individual fish pond profiles
Pond Number 1
Pond dimensions (m):
Length
Width
Area
Depth
Pond function:
Brood stock
Nursery only
Rearing or grow-out only
Combination of nursery and grow-out:
Percentage fingerlings, fish weight per calendar year
Percentage table fish, weight per calendar year
Pond construction:
Method of construction:
Heavy machinery, and type
Manual labour
Combination of heavy machinery and manual labour
Cost of construction:
If heavy machinery used:
Number of hours used
Cost of hire
If manual labour used:
Number of man hours used
Cost of manual labour
Pond preparation:
Do you drain the pond each year:
Yes or no
If no, how often do you drain the pond
When the pond is empty do you prepare before restocking:
Yes or no
Methods of pond preparation.
Do you remove pond mud:
Yes or no
If yes, do you remove mud every year
When you remove mud, how much do you remove
Do you use chemicals to kill pathogens or predators:
Yes or no
If yes, do you use:
Quicklime quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Rotenone quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Tea seed quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Other quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Do you use basal fertilizer:
Yes or no
If yes, do you use:
Pig manure quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
duck manure quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
chicken manure quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
cow manure quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Green manure quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
chemical fertilizer quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
lime quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Compost quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Other quantity/unit area Cost/unit area
Water management:
Do you fill the pond by:
Gravity flow
Pumping
If by pumping, give quantity fuel and cost fuel
Do you drain the pond by:
Gravity flow
Pumping
If by pumping, give quantity fuel and cost fuel
Do you ever change the pond water during fish culture:
Yes or no
If yes:
Why do you replace pond water
What percentage of the pond volume do you change
How frequently do you replace water
What is the quantity of fuel/year to replace water
What is the cost of fuel/year to replace water
Do you use aerators:
Yes or no
If yes:
Why do you use aerators
How frequently
At what time (s) of the day
For how many hours/day
What is the amount of electricity/year
What is the cost of electricity/year
Fish cultivation practices
Do you use monoculture or polyculture:
Monoculture. Species
Polyculture. Species ratio:
| Species | Initial stocking number | Initial stocking weight |
Stocking and harvesting strategy.
Single stocking and harvesting
Multiple stocking and harvesting:
Fish harvested and transferred to larger ponds for further growth: Number of transfers before final harvest
Fish stocked and harvested in one pond:
Number of times pond stocked/growing season
Number of times pond harvested/growing season
Initial fish stocking density:
Total number of fish in pond
Extrapolated number of fish/ha
Total weight of fish in pond
Extrapolated weight of fish/ha
Length of growing season:
Date of initial stocking
Date of final harvest
Length of growing season (months)
Method of harvesting:
Sein
Cast net
Fish trap
Suction
Pond draining
Others
Pond inactivity:
Time period each calendar year pond does not have fish
Fish yield
| Fish species | Gross Yield (kg/pond/season) | Net Yield (kg/pond/season) | Extraporated net yield kg/ha/year |
| Fish total yield |
Fertilization
Types, total amount applied during season (kg), source, and cost.
| Type | Total amount applied during season (kg) | Percentage of needs produced on farm | Cost of fertilizer purchased off farm | Seasonality | |
| Months available | Months applied | ||||
| Pig manure | |||||
| Duck manure | |||||
| Chicken manure | |||||
| Cow manure | |||||
| Nightsoil | |||||
| Silkworm faeces | |||||
| Silkworm pupae Wastewater | |||||
| Three aquatic plants | |||||
| Biogas slurry | |||||
| Chemical fertilizer | |||||
| Others | |||||
Method of application:
Added at one location in pond
Added at two or more locations in pond
Spread evenly over pond surface:
Boat
Spray
Livestock at many locations over or on pond surface
Fertilizer applied with or without treatment:
Fresh or direct, without treatment
Limited storage for convenience
Fermented:
7–10 days
2–3 weeks
more than 3 weeks
Maceration or chopping
Frequency of fertilizer application and amount applied:
Daily amount applied (kg)
Twice a week amount applied (kg)
Weekly amount applied (kg)
Twice a month amount applied (kg)
Monthly amount applied (kg)
Once a season amount applied (kg)
Irregularly amount applied (kg)
Others amount applied (kg)
Criteria for fertilizer application
Supplementery Food
(a) Agricultural by-products and grain
| Type | Total amount applied during season (kg) | Percentage of needs produced on farm | Cost of feed purchased off farm | Seasonality | |
| Months available | Months applied | ||||
| Barley | |||||
| Maize | |||||
| Broken rice | |||||
| Rice bran | |||||
| Soyabean milk | |||||
| Soyabean cake | |||||
| Rape cake | |||||
| Distillers dregs | |||||
| Sweet potato | |||||
| Processing waste | |||||
| Other | |||||
| (b) Silkworm pupae | |||||
| (c) Green land fodder | |||||
| Vegetable | |||||
| Sugar cane leaf | |||||
| Banana leaf | |||||
| Sudan grass | |||||
| Rye grass | |||||
| Elephant grass | |||||
| Other | |||||
(d) Green aquatic fodder
| Type | Total amount applied during season (kg) | Percentage of needs produced on farm | Cost of feed purchased off farm | Seasonality | |
| Months available | Months applied | ||||
| Submersed macrophytes | |||||
| Water hyacinth | |||||
| Water lettuce | |||||
| Alternanthera | |||||
| Lemna | |||||
| Spirodela | |||||
| Wolffia | |||||
| Azolla | |||||
| (e) Straw | |||||
| Rice | |||||
| Maize | |||||
| Barley | |||||
| Other | |||||
| (f) Compost | |||||
| (g) Pellets | |||||
Frequency of application:
Twice daily
Daily
Every 2 to 3 days
Weekly
Irregularly
Other
Method of application:
Added at one location in pond
Added at two or more locations in pond
Spread evenly over pond surface
Other
Use of feeding apparatus:
None
Feeding square
Feeding platform
Mechanical feeder:
Demand feeder
Automatic feeder
Other
Criteria for feed application:
Fish appetite
Calculation of amount based on fish weight
Other
Fish disease.
Is fish disease a problem:
Yes or no
If yes:
Fish species(s) affected
Type of disease or symptoms
Method of treatment
Cost of treatment per year
13. Labour used in fish farming during one calendar year
| Activity | Number of persons | Number of work days | Number of working hours/day | Payment | |||
| Cash/hour | Kind | Other payment | |||||
| Breeding and fry production | Household labour Temporary hired labour Permanent farm labour | ||||||
| Pond construction | Household labour Temporary hired labour Permanent farm labour | ||||||
| Stocking and harvesting | Household labour Temporary hired labour permanent farm labour | ||||||
| Feeding and fertilizing | Household labour Temporary hired labour Permanent farm labour | ||||||
| Maintenance and other activities | Household labour Temporary hired labour Permanent farm labour | ||||||
| Purchase or collection of pond inputs | Household labour Temporary hired labour Permanent farm labour | ||||||
14. Livestock production integrated with fish farming
(1) Types and characteristics of livestock:
| Livestock | Breed | Livestock product | Age at maturity | Weight at maturity | Length of production cycle | Efficiency of production |
| Pig | ||||||
| Duck | ||||||
| Chicken | ||||||
| Goose | ||||||
| Sheep | ||||||
| Cow | ||||||
| Other |
(2) Stock details for 1 calendar year
| Livestock | Current stock at interview (number and weight) | Number born or bred | Number purchased | Weight when purchased | Purchase cost | Number consumed domestically | Weight consumed domestically | Number sold | Weight when sold |
| Pig | |||||||||
| Duck | |||||||||
| Chicken | |||||||||
| Goose | |||||||||
| Sheep | |||||||||
| Cow | |||||||||
| Other |
(3) Other sales income for 1 calendar year
| Livestock | Product | Amount or number consumed domestically | Amount or number sold | Unit sale price | Total Sales receipts |
| Duck | Egg | ||||
| Chicken | Egg | ||||
| Goose | Egg | ||||
| Cow | Milk | ||||
| Other |
(4) Livestock feed for 1 calendar year
| Livestock | Ingredient 1 | Ingredient 2 | Ingredient 3 | Other | Total Cost | ||
| Weight consumed | Unit cost | Percent of diet | |||||
| Pig | |||||||
| Duck | |||||||
| Chicken | |||||||
| Goose | |||||||
| Sheep | |||||||
| Cow | |||||||
| Other | |||||||
(5) Total manure output per calender year (kg)
| Pig | Duck | Chicken | Goose | Sheep | Cow | Other |
(6) Manure utilization:
| Livestock | Percent Allocation | ||||
| Fish pond | Crops | Biogas Digester | Compost | Other | |
| Pig | |||||
| Duck | |||||
| Chicken | |||||
| Goose | |||||
| Sheep | |||||
| Cow | |||||
| Other | |||||
(7) Variable production costs other than livestock purchase and feed:
| Livestock | Items | Other | |||||||
| Labour | Medicine | Electricity | Fuel | ||||||
| Man hours | Unit cost | Type | Cost | Amount | Unit cost | Amount | Unit cost | ||
| Pig | |||||||||
| Duck | |||||||||
| Chicken | |||||||||
| Goose | |||||||||
| Sheep | |||||||||
| Cow | |||||||||
| Other | |||||||||
15. Crop Production integrated with fish farming
(1) Types & characteristics of crops
| Crop | Crop product | Area cultivated (m2) | Growing season (months) | Yield (kg/area/season) |
| Vegetable | ||||
| Soybean | ||||
| English rye grass | ||||
| Sudan grass | ||||
| Elephant grass | ||||
| Mulberry | ||||
| Orange | ||||
| Sugar cane | ||||
| Others |
(2) Crop fertilizers
| Type | Source | Unit cost | Frequency of application | Total amount applied (kg) | Total cost per year |
| Mud | |||||
| Pig manure | |||||
| Cow manure | |||||
| Chicken manure | |||||
| Duck manure | |||||
| Nightsoil | |||||
| Chemical fertilizer | |||||
| Other |
(3) Utilization of crops grown on farm & sales income for 1 calendar year
| Crop | Utilization (percent) | Amount sold (kg) | Unit Price | Total sales receipts | |||
| Fish | Livestock | Domestic Consumption | Sale | ||||
| Vegetable | |||||||
| Soybean | |||||||
| English rye grass | |||||||
| Sudan grass | |||||||
| Elephant grass | |||||||
| Mulberry | |||||||
| Orange | |||||||
| Sugar cane | |||||||
| Others | |||||||
(4) Source & cost of seed
| Crop | Produced on farm | Unit Price | Amount purchased | Total cost |
| Vegetable | ||||
| Soybean | ||||
| English rye grass | ||||
| Sudan grass | ||||
| Elephant grass | ||||
| Mulberry | ||||
| Orange | ||||
| Sugar cane | ||||
| Others |
(5) Variable production costs other than crop fertilizer and seed
Crop | Items | |||||
| Labour | Pesticides | Other | ||||
| Man hours | Unit Cost | Type | Amount | Unit Cost | ||
| Vegetable | ||||||
| Soybean | ||||||
| English rye grass | ||||||
| Sudan grass | ||||||
| Elephant grass | ||||||
| Mulberry | ||||||
| Orange | ||||||
| Sugar cane | ||||||
| Others | ||||||
(16) Fixed farm assets (excluding ponds)
(1) Farm equipment
| Equipment | Number | Date purchased | Unit cost | Estimated life | Annual maintenance cost | Percent use for | ||
| Fish | Livestock | Crops | ||||||
| Pump | ||||||||
| Pipe | ||||||||
| Dragon wheel | ||||||||
| Harrow | ||||||||
| Balance | ||||||||
| Tractor | ||||||||
| Hand tractor | ||||||||
| Bicycle | ||||||||
| Truck | ||||||||
| Boat | ||||||||
| Aerator | ||||||||
| Weed chopper | ||||||||
| Feed bin | ||||||||
| Basket | ||||||||
| Bucket | ||||||||
| Net | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
(2) Farm buildings (excluding house)
Building | Number | Date built | Cost | Estimated life | Annual maintenance cost | Percent use for | ||
| Fish | Livestock | Crops | ||||||
| Store | ||||||||
| Pigsty | ||||||||
| Chicken shed | ||||||||
| Duck shed | ||||||||
| Goose shed | ||||||||
| Cattle shed | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
17. Marketing of fish during the last 12 months
(1) Disposal and price of fish
| Fish species | Weight consumed domestically (kg) | Weight sold (kg) | Marketable size (kg) | Unit farm price | Total sales receipts |
(2) Market costs:
Labour
Transportation
Other
(3) Market outlets:
Are you obliged to sell your output to specific buyers as a result of:
Credit ties. Yes No
State market system. Yes No
Other. Yes No
18. Credit
(1) Details of credit borrowed and outstanding during last 12 months
Source of loan | Purpose of loan | Date of loan | Amount | Period of loan | Interest rate per month | Amount repaid | ||||||
| Cash | Kind | |||||||||||
| Cash | Kind | |||||||||||
| Type | Amount | Unit value | Principal | Interest | Principal | Interest | ||||||
| Relative | ||||||||||||
| Neighbour | ||||||||||||
| Merchant | ||||||||||||
| Cooperative | ||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||
(2) Did you require collateral?
Yes
No
If yes:
Type of collateral
Value of collateral
19. Extension facilities
Have you ever been visited by a government extension officer?
Yes
No
If yes, how often
Have you ever sought information on integrated farming?
Yes
No
If yes, from:
Government extension service
Local academic institutions
Neighbouring farmers
Others
20. Attitudes to integrated farming
Do you have plans to expand your integrated farm:
Yes
No
What are the reasons for your decision
Have you always raised the fish you currently raised
Yes
No
If no, what other species did you raise
What are the reasons for changing species
What are the three species of fish you think are the best ones to raise, with your reasons:
| Rank Number | Fish | Reason |
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 |
What do you think about raising the following crops in integration with fish:
Land grass
Vegetables
Aquatic macrophytes
What do you think about raising the following animals in integration with fish:
pig
duck
chicken
goose
cow
buffalo
What do you think about using human waste in fish ponds either:
Fresh
Following treatment
What do you think about the integration of the following with fish culture:
Compost
Biogas
21. What are the problems you experience in integrated farming in relation to:
Production
Marketing
Other
Integrated fish farming is practically synonymous with fish farming in China. The farms vary in size from small units run by a single team to large units divided into several brigades, each of which is divided into several teams. Although the smallest accounting unit in a large farm is at the team level, there is a final accounting unit at the end of the season for each farm, irrespective of its size and the number of subunits. Therefore, it is recommended that in China the format should be used for a given farm, irrespective of its size. Integrated fish farms outside China are generally small in size since such low energy systems are normally run privately by poorer farmers. Richer farmers are more likely to run capital intensive systems involving high quality supplementary feed which yield higher profits.
Since ponds within a single farm generally vary in basal fertility, size, depth, inputs, management strategy, and yield, data should be collected on an individual pond basis if possible. The farms visited during the Consultancy had detailed data on fish stocking densities and yields but few had detailed data on fertilizer and feed inputs. Normally, the latter were recorded only for the basic accounting unit or at the team level and thus only average inputs or management strategies could be calculated. This could be a serious constraint to the computerized analysis of fish farming systems.
Fertilizers and supplementary feed are difficult to separate and in general most inputs, with the exception of inorganic chemical fertilizers, function as both since organic matters may be consumed directly and not all supplementary feed is consumed and thus becomes a fertilizer.
The term “green manure” as used in fish culture may cause confusion since land crops and aquatic macrophytes, either cultivated specifically for fish culture or collected from natural or wild populations, are largely used as fish feed. Thus, the term “green fodder”, which is also widely used, is more appropriate. There is undoubtedly a fertilization effect from unconsumed or partially digested plant material, but the main reason for adding crops and aquatic macrophytes to fish ponds is as a fish feed, with the exception of nursery pond preparation. Should plant matter be added to a pond with few or no herbivorous fish and thus function as manure, then this should be specified. The term “green manure” has been taken from the field of agronomy in which it is used for plants which are either cultivated or collected as a crop fertilizer.
Livestock age at maturity refers to the age at which the animal is sold (meat production) or the age at which it lays eggs (poultry) or produces milk (dairy cattle).
Livestock manure production should only be given if it has been actually measured on the farm in question. In most cases the farmers will quote data from the literature. These may need to be used later however, to estimate manure inputs using the number of animals and their body weight.
The amounts of all inputs and outputs have been requested as well as their cost, so that comparisons can eventually be made between integrated farming systems from different countries by substituting local costs for those reported from other countries.
The fixed farm assets have been pooled since they are generally used for more than one integrated farming activity.
To enable yearly costs of fixed assets (infrastructure and equipment) to be calculated, perhaps by linear depreciation, the date of construction or purchase and the estimated life span have been requested. Since infrastructure and equipment have generally been acquired at different times, perhaps they should be assessed at the current years value.
It is suggested that a cost-benefit analysis be computed for each sub-system (fish, crops, livestock) and then compiled for an overall cost-benefit analysis.
Data should be collected for subsidiary activities which are directly connected with the integrated fish farm e.g. duck egg processing and silk worm culture. Cottage or industrial level operations that may be conducted by the basic integrated farming account unit to provide cash flow to operate the farm e.g. plastics, cement, boat building, but which are not otherwise related to integrated farming, should not be considered. Unfortunately, more specific data on subsidiary farming activities could not be collected during the Consultancy due to time constraints, inability to revisit Holei People's Commune Fish Farm where duck egg processing is conducted and the fact that the Consultancy was carried out in the offseason for sericulture.
