[Appendix M2]
1. PROPOSAL CONTENT AND EVALUATION CRITERIA
Importance and Significance of the Work
This proposal is one of eight research plans comprising the initial research programme of the Brackishwater Station (BS) of the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI). These proposals have been prepared within the overall framework of the original Five Year Research Plan envisaged for the BS, but additionally take into account the present lack of experimental and laboratory facilities due to the delay in acquiring the selected site in Paikgacha. The proposed work should be conducted in the field using existing FRI staff who have already been assigned to the BS plus additional staff specifically recruited for the BS.
Since some access to laboratory facilities will be necessary, it is recommended that, until such time that construction of the BS is completed and it becomes fully operational, project staff will be based at the FRI headquarters at Mymensingh under the supervision of the CSO appointed for the BS.
The proposed three year survey and assessment of both brackishwater and freshwater shrimp fry resources in Bangladesh should commence as soon as the necessary project staff are available.
Fisheries production in Bangladesh is extremely important to the economy. Although the capture and culture fisheries contribute about 2.9 % of the GDP and 9 % of foreign exchange earnings, fisheries products account for 6 % of the total per capita protein intake and about 80 % of the per capita animal protein intake. The estimated total fisheries production in Bangladesh during 1983–84 was 751,000 t. The production from inland waters was about 577,000 t (77 %), of which 118,400 (21 %) was contributed by aquaculture. In recent years fisheries production has declined from about 822,000 t in 1974– 75, whilst daily per capita fish consumption has fallen from 33 g in 1963–64 to 21 g in 1983–84 (a decrease of 36 %).
Even if per capita fish consumption is to be maintained at the current level, fisheries production will need to be increased to 1,100,000 t by the year 2005 in order to keep pace with the projected population growth. If daily per capita fish consumption is to reach 38 g (recommended by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science) then production will have to be increased to 1,900,000 t., This represents an increase of about 150 % above present fisheries production levels. The Government of Bangladesh has therefore introduced an ambitious fisheries development programme in the Third Five Year Plan, to increase production from both inland and saline waters for both domestic consumption and for export (Rahman, 1986; Anon, 1985d).
The Brackishwater Station (BS) is being established by the Fisheries Research Institute to conduct research into the cultivation of brackishwater species to help meet both domestic and export requirements (Anon, 1986e, 1986g, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c; Karim, 1986a; Farmer, 1988; Muir, 1989). At the present time brackishwater aquaculture is virtually limited to shrimps of the genera Macrobrachium and Penaeus. Penaeid shrimps (mostly Penaeus monodon) currently provide and increasing source of foreign currency through exports to the USA, Europe and particularly Japan.
Brackishwater aquaculture production for local consumption is minimal. Smaller, commerically less important penaeid shrimps (Metapenaeus brevicornis and Metapenaeus monoceros) and some Macrobrachium rosenbergii are consumed locally. Small quantities of mullet (Mugil spp) are also produced as a by-product or secondary crop in some shrimp ponds.
Shrimp culture in Bangladesh started to develop in the early 1970s. At that time there was little local demand and the price of shrimp was consequently very low. The potential of farmed shrimp as a hard currency earner was quickly realised by the private sector, and within 10 years more than 26,000 ha of shrimp ponds were under cultivation. During this period the shrimp farming industry received little or no support from the Bangladesh Government. Only since 1980 with the introduction of the Second Five Year Plan (1980–85) has brackishwater aquaculture been given official recognition by the Government.
The Directorate of Fisheries has estimated that by the beginning of 1986 more than 115,000 ha had been turned over to shrimp farming activities in the whole of Bangladesh. Shrimp farming takes place in the districts of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Barisal, Patuakhali, Bhola, Chittagong and Cox's Bazar. The two most important areas lie in the Khulna-Satkhira area to the north of the Sundarbans (ca 90,000 ha) and in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar (ca 24,000 ha). According to the Third Five Year Plan (1985–90) shrimp production is expected to increase from 9,000 t in 1984–85 to 34,000 t by 1989–90.
Market Demand and Economic importance
The local demand for fish is likely to approach 1.9 million t yr-1 by the year 2005. Some of this demand will have to be met by increasing the production from existing inland waters through the introduction of improved husbandry and water management practices, however, other sources of fish will need to be sought. Bangladesh has about 2,500,000 ha of coastal tidal lands, of which about 2,167,000 ha may be suitable for aquaculture. There is therefore an enormous potential for increasing fish production through brackishwater aquaculture. So far these coastal tidal lands contribute very little to the domestic consumption of fish, although they are already an important and increasing source of foreign exchange through farmed shrimp exports.
The local demand for farmed shrimp in Bangladesh is poor since very few Bangladesh is eat shellfish. However, the international market is extremely important and a major source of hard currency for Bangladesh. It has been projected that the export value of shrimp will have increased from about US$ 57 million in 1984–85 to around US$ 225 million in 1989–90. Most of the shrimp produced in Bangladesh is exported to Japan. Recent export prices for shrimp shipped to Japan are shown in Table 1.
Less emphasis has been placed on the freshwater shrimp market by shrimp processing and exporting companies. This may be a reflection of the preference for marine shrimp in Japan, which is currently the main market for Bangladeshi shrimps. There are increasing market opportunities for both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp in Europe, whilst the US market can still absorb additional imports of high quality brackishwater species (Rackowe et al, 1983).
Table 1. Shrimp export prices (C & F Tokyo) January 1989.
| International market size (tails lb-1) | Equivalent harvest size (whole shrimp kg-1) | Price (US$ kg-1) |
| 4–6 | 10 | 24.23 |
| 6–8 | 12 | 24.23 |
| 8–12 | 15 | 23.61 |
| 13–15 | 20 | 17.16 |
| 16–20 | 27 | 13.21 |
| 21–25 | 35 | 11.54 |
| 26–30 | 45 | 10.30 |
| 31–40 | 53 | 8.53 |
| 41–50 | 65 | 7.02 |
| 51–60 | 80 | 5.98 |
| 61–70 | 95 | 4.78 |
| 71–90 | 115 | 4.16 |
Most shrimp farms in Bangladesh are operated on a very extensive basis, relying on natural productivity and little or no management. Current production levels generally lie within the range of <50 kg ha-1 yr-1 to >300 kg ha-1, yr-1, although the majority of shrimp farms are operating towards the lower end of the scale. A few enterprising farmers are claiming production levels of 900 kg ha-1 yr-1 or more.
In the long term there is enormous potential to increase the total production of shrimp in Bangladesh. This can be achieved in two ways: first by encouraging the introduction of more intensive shrimp farming methods whereby average production could be increased to >600 kg ha-1 yr-1 (Table 2), and secondly by developing freshwater shrimp farming which has the potential of being even more important economically than brackishwater shrimp farming.
Much of the area currently used for brackishwater shrimp production in the vicinity of Khulna and Satkhira, could be utilised for the production of both brackishwater shrimp during the dry season and freshwater shrimp during the rainy season. The latest estimate (1986) of the area of land under shrimp production is 115,000 ha, this leaves an enormous potential for increasing not only brackishwater and freshwater shrimp production for export, but also brackishwater fish production for local consumption.
It is, however, essential that the importance of the Sundarbans to both the capture and culture fisheries is fully appreciated and that these forests should not be cleared for the construction of fish and shrimp ponds. This issue is the subject of another closely related research proposal that has been prepared for the BS:
Impact of Aquaculture on the Mangrove Environment: code no O-04.
Table 2. Characteristics of different levels of intensification of brackishwater shrimp farming. [In practice, the distinction between categories is artificial]. A continuum exists between the lowest and highest levels of production.]
| Parameter | Extensive | Semi-intensive | Intensive |
| Feed | natural only | natural plus supplementary feed | formulated feed (complete diet) |
| Water supply | tidal | tidal or pumped | pumped |
| Aeration | none | none | paddles or blowers |
| Stocking density (ha-1) | 1,000–10,000 | 10,000–50,000 | 50,000–200,000 |
| Tambak area (ha) | 2.0–15.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 0.1–1.0 |
| Yield (kg ha-1 yr-1) | 100–500 | 600–4,000 | 5,000–15,000 |
| Unit cost (US$ ha-1)* | 1,000–2,000 | 3,000–5,000 | 8,000–12,000 |
| Gross income (US$ ha-1) | 1,000–5,000 | 6,000–40,000 | 50,000–150,000 |
* Approximate construction cost for a bare site.
Brackishwater aquaculture has become increasingly important throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in the cultivation of penaeid shrimp for export to Japan, North America and Europe. Both brackishwater and freshwater shrimp farming are still major growth industries in many parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America (Rackowe et al, 1983) and represent an extremely valuable element in the economy of many developing countries as a major source of foreign exchange.
Shrimp culture activities have traditionally been dependent on sources of wild or natural fry collected from coastal nursery areas in the case of brackishwater (penaeid) shrimp or river systems in the case of freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium), although there has been an increasing dependence in some countries on hatchery reared fry. Brackishwater shrimp and freshwater shrimp display quite different life cycles, which need to be taken into account when considering the exploitation or even the assessment of these resources.
Penaeid shrimps are found thoughout the tropics and sub-tropics in coastal and estuarine waters. The life cycle of most penaeid shrimps follows the same general pattern. The adults spawn offshore and each female can produce up to 500,000 eggs. The minute eggs hatch very quickly after being released directly into the water. The planktonic larvae pass through a number of distinct stages (up to six naulius stages, three protozoea stages and three mysis stages) before metamorphosis. The late larval stages and postlarvae migrate towards the coast seeking less saline conditions in estuarine and mangrove areas before settling on the bottom. The postlarvae grow rapidly as a result of the enormous biological productivity in these coastal ecosystems.
After spending one to two months living in these rich nursery grounds the young shrimps gradually migrate away from the coast where they eventually mature and spawn to complete the life cycle. Widespread destruction of coastal mangroves throughout the tropics and sub-tropics has led to substantial decreases in the landings of shrimps fisheries in affected areas, and shortages of shrimp fry for stocking shrimp farms.
Freshwater shrimps (Macrobrachium spp) are found throughout the tropics and sub-tropics in most inland freshwater areas including lakes, rivers, swamps, irrigation ditches, canals and ponds, as well as in estuarine areas. Most species require brackishwater during the initial stages of their life cycle, although a few species are able to complete their life cycle in inland saline and freshwater lakes. Some species prefer clear riverine conditions, whilst others (including Macrobrachium rosenbergii) are found in extremely turbid conditions.
Most Macrobrachium spp display a reversal of the migration pattern common to most penaeid shrimp. As the adult shrimps reach sexual maturity they migrate downstream into more saline conditions (≤12 ‰). As is the case amongst all the Palaemonidae the eggs are carried on the pleopods unlike penaeid shrimps. Macrobrachium spp normally produce only 5,000–100,000 eggs. The eggs hatch under brackishwater conditions and the larvae take several weeks to pass through 8–11 distinct larval stages before completing their metamorphosis.
The postlarvae begin to migrate upstream into freshwater conditions one to two weeks after metamorphosis and are soon able to swim and crawl against rapidly flowing currents. They are able to climb vertical surfaces and cross land provided that there is abundant moisture available (New & Singholka, 1985).
As yet there have been no through investigations on the magnitude of the brackishwater and freshwater shrimp fry resources of Bangladesh, although it recognised that the main collection centres are Satkhira, Khulna and Cox's Bazar (Funegaard, 1986). Such studies have, however, been conducted in most countries where a sizeable shrimp culture industry has developed (Achuthankutty & Nair, 1982; Bose & Venkatesan, 1982; Selvakumar et al, 1977; Thampy et al, 1982; Trivedi et al, 1982; Vasudevan et al, 1985). Such studies have usually involved penaeid shrimps, although a few have been conducted on Macrobrachium spp (Pande, 1984; Shenoy et al, 1982). Attempts have made to develop mathematical models to predict the availability of shrimp fry for aquaculture purposes (Karmakar, 1982).
Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the need to protect coastal mangrove forests as vital nursery grounds for penaeid shrimp (Blasco, 1975; Chapman, 1976; FAO, 1982; Goulding 1980), although less importance has been attached to the protection of freshwater shrimp fry resources.
Although there is an enormous potential for the development of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp farming in Bangladesh, there is relatively little scientific literature available in respect of the shrimp resources of Bangladesh. It is therefore very important that basic scientific data on the both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp should be obtained in order to exploit the full potential of these resources in Bangladesh.
Current Status of Shrimp Culture in Bangladesh
As has already been described, there is currently very little brackishwater aquaculture in Bangladesh in relation to the potential for future development. Virtually all brackishwater production at the present time is directed towards the farming of brackishwater penaeid shrimp.
Most shrimp farming has developed within polders created by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) in low-lying coastal flood plains. These activities have been started without the consent of the BWDB, and one of the major concerns has been the creation of unauthorised sluice gates or channels through the perimeter dykes of the polders. Only those areas that are low enough to permit inundation of the land by at least 0.5 m of water at spring tides have generally been used for shrimp farming.
Only two species are deliberately stocked in ponds: Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Of these P monodon is by far the more important. Other species of penaeid shrimps are also cultivated, through the accidental introduction of their fry when the ponds are filled or water exchanges takes place. These include: Penaeus indicus, Penaeus merguiensis, Metapenaeus monoceros and Metapenaeus brevicornis.
Shrimp farming in Bangladesh relies entirely on the supply of wild fry for stocking purposes. It has been estimated that 1–3 billion fry of P monodon were harvested in 1985. The main collection centres are Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Cox's Bazar. At present, most fry collection for P monodon is conducted within the levels the rivers and creeks of the coastal flood plain. It has been suggested that there may be a huge unexploited resource within the Sundarbans.
Collection of shrimp fry is carried out using either a fixed bagnet (behundi jal) which relies on tidal streams in small rivers and creeks to carry postlarval shrimp into the codend, or alternatively triangular (or less frequently rectangular) nets which are pushed or pulled along the bed of the river or creek. In Cox's Bazar shrimps fry collection is also carried out along the beach. In the Khulna-Satkhira area the peak season for shrimp fry is February-May, whilst at Cox's Bazar it is April-June.
Shrimp fry collectors transfer their catches to earthenware bowls which are then carried back to the villages where the fry are sorted and counted by children using white enamelled plates. This undoubtedly results in a very large wastage of fry of both penaeid shrimps and other commercially important species including fish. The shrimp fry then pass through a chain of middlemen before reaching the shrimp farmers, during which the fry are usually transported in 20–30 l aluminium vessels using every conceivable form of transport. Shrimp fry mortality is believed to be very high, due to extreme water temperature and salinity fluctuations, low dissolved oxygen levels, and even the use of table salt in the mistaken belief that this will provide the correct salinity for the fry.
The price of P monodon fry in the Khulna-Satkhira area has risen dramatically from about Tk 40–50 in 1980 to Tk 400–600 per thousand (postlarvae of ca 15 mm total length) in 1988. The price of shrimp fry is much lower in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar being only Tk 40–100 per thousand for fry of a similar size.
Macrobrachium fry (postlarvae and juveniles) are collected in the Khulna region for stocking freshwater or low salinity brackishwater shrimp farms. There are no estimates available on the number of fry collected annually. Fry are available in the Khulna area from April onwards with the peak demand occurring in July. The price of Macrobrachium fry in the Satkhira area in 1986 was Tk 500–1,000 per thousand (25–50 mm total length), although at Paikgacha prices were only half this figure. Hatchery reared Macrobrachium fry produced in Cox's Bazar were being sold in 1988 for Tk 440 per thousand (15–20 mm total length).
In the Khulna-Satkhira area the shrimp farming pattern, often in rotation with agriculture, reflects the ambient seasonal salinity fluctuations in response to the monsoon:
January-July [high salinity season]:
August-December [low salinity season]:
In the Cox's Bazar area this pattern may be reversed due to the generally higher ambient salinities. Therefore some farmers produce salt during the the dry season and brackishwater shrimp during the rainy season.
Most of the shrimp farming is carried out within larged dyked areas (polders or ghers). Transplanted aman rice can be grown from August-December, when water and soil salinities are low. Agricultural crop production from January to July is difficult due to the shortage of freshwater and increased salinities in the soil. Acid sulphate soils may also present special problems in some areas.
Before the recent and rapid growth of shrimp farming, the land used to be left fallow during the dry season and used instead for grazing cattle and water buffalo. Animal dung remaining on the land, if not collected for fuel, would help to increase the production of aman rice in the following rainy season. The loss of grazing has resulted in very serious conflicts in land use in some areas.
Until recently all shrimp farmers, either individually or in groups, have leased land within BWDB polders. In some cases the land has been seized from the rightful leaseholders by force. The BWDB perimeter dykes are deliberately breached and wooden sluice gates or reinforced concrete culverts installed before repairing the dykes. The ponds, which may extend up to 500 acres (200 ha) or more, are usually allowed to remain dry during January after havesting the rice. The stubble is left in place. The ponds are then flooded during spring tides.
Since the early 1980s the Government of Bangladesh has played an active rôle in improving the level of shrimp farming husbandry and technology. Screens to prevent the entry of predators and competitors have become much more widespread, in combination with the selective stocking of fry. Simple nursery production methods have been introduced in some cases through the construction of a shallow nursery pond within the confines of each growout pond. Pond preparation, liming, fertilisation, pest control, nursery production, supplementary feeding and water management have only started to be introduced during the last five years, and even now are employed in only a few areas.
Recently P monodon production has been increased by the more enterprising farmers from <50 kg ha-1 yr-1 to >300 kg ha-1 yr-1. In the case of the Allah-Wala shrimp farm at Cox's Bazar, production of up to 900 kg ha-1 yr-1 was claimed during 1988.
There are plenty of signs that shrimp production levels in Bangladesh will continue to rise as a result of the gradual introduction of more intensive practices. At the present time, however, most farms are operated on an extensive basis, with relatively few examples of semi-intensive production.
A major contraint to the future growth of the shrimp farming industry is likely to be the supply of wild fry of both freshwater and brackishwater species for stocking purposes. As yet, no survey of the extent and abundance of the shrimp fry resources has been attempted.
Previous Research in Bangladesh
Some research on the development of brackishwater shrimp cultivation has already been completed at Chittagong University (sponsored by BARC) and the Directorate of Fisheries.
University of Chittagong:
Directorate of Fisheries:
Shrimp culture demonstration project at Satkhira: demonstration of improved culture techniques; provision of practical training for fishery officers, identification of the socio-economic support required to assist small scale shrimp farmers. [FAO/BOBP.]
The first of the public sector shrimp farming activities in Bangladesh was the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) shrimp farm at Satkhira. This semi-intensive demonstration and research unit has recently been taken over by the Gramin Bank and is now known as the Satkhira Shrimp Farm.
Very little by way of practical research results is available from these various projects.
Present Status of Research in Bangladesh
Research on shrimp culture is currently being undertaken or alternatively being planned by the Fisheries Research Institute, the Directorate of Fisheries and Chittagong University. In most cases this work has only started recently and few research results are available. Some of this work is sponsored by BARC, whilst the rest is supported by ADB, FAO/UNDP and the World Bank. The various projects are summarised below:
Fisheries Research Institute:
Establishment of the Brackishwater Station (formerly designated the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station) at Paikgacha. Part of the World Bank Second Agricultural Research Project. [WB/FAO/UNDP.]
Directorate of Fisheries:
Chittagong University:
Studies on growth and quality of shrimp and mullet wth supplementary feeds (1986 onwards).
The largest of the Government shrimp farming projects is the IDA Shrimp Culture Project which is being adminstered by the Directorate of Fisheries. The Project comprises two parts: one near Khulna and another south of Cox's Bazar. The budget for the entire project is 117 crore Taka (US$ 36.5 million). The six year Project (1985/86 to 1990/91) involves the development of 3,500 acres (1,405 ha) of shrimp-cum-paddy farming in the Khulna area, most of which will be leased to individual farmers as 10 acre (4 ha) ponds. This part of the Project will also operate a demonstration farm and a hatchery, and provide an extension service for the leaseholders and other local farmers.
The second part of the IDA Shrimp Culture Project based at Cox's Bazar will comprise a penaeid shrimp hatchery and 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of shrimp ponds at Rampura within an existing polder with a perimeter of 39 miles (62 km). Single 10 acre (4 ha) ponds will be leased to individual shrimp farmers. A further 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) have been earmarked for subsequent development by the private sector. In the long term it is planned to establish a total of nine private hatcheries. A 22 acre (9 ha) demonstration farm and training centre will be built soon on a site already selected at Teknaf.
The ADB shrimp farming project at Rampura, also near Cox's Bazar, comprises a 50 acre (20 ha) demonstration shrimp farm for penaeid shrimps and a further 1,715 acres (700 ha) for private farmers. The concept is the same as for the IDA project in that single 11 acre (4 ha) ponds will be leased to 115 individual shrimp farmers. The demonstration farm comprises 13 growout ponds of 13.4 ha each and four smaller nursery ponds.
As soon as the Brackishwater Station of the Fisheries Research Institute has been constructed and becomes fully operational, the FRI will play an increasingly important national rôle in the development of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp cultivation.
The overall purpose of this research project is to survey and evaluate the shrimp fry resources of Bangladesh in respect of future expansion of the shrimp farming industry. The project will include both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry, and the study area will extend from the edge of the Sundarbans bordering the Bay of Bengal upstream perhaps as far as 100 km from the coast. In addition the distribution and abundance of shrimp fry will be related as far as is possible to environmental factors.
Two other closely related projects are also planned for the research programme of the BS. These are:
Through co-ordination of the individual tasks of these three project will be necessary in order to ensure the most effective use of resources and field data.
Identification of Species
Objective: To identify and list all the major species of freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry occuring in the estuarine and coastal river systems of Bangladesh.
Distribution
Objective: To determine the distribution and relative abundance of the major species of freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry in both exploited and unexploited areas (see the next two items).
Water Quality Measurements
Objective: To determine the major water quality characteristics of both the estuarine and riverine environments which may influence the distribution and abundance of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry.
Tidal and Water Flow Measurements
Objective: To determine the current pattern and velocity during different phases of the tides which may influence the distribution and abundance of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry.
Resource Evaluation
Objective: To estimate the quantity of shrimp fry available of both freshwater and brackishwater species and the potential for expansion of the shrimp farming industry based on the use of wild fry alone.
Report Preparation
Objective: To prepare a final report consisting of a description of the work undertaken during the course of the project, the methodology, the results and their subsequent analysis and interpretation, evaluation of the natural shrimp fry resources and the various factors influencing their distribution and abundance.
Project Management
Objective: To provide overall technical and administrative control of the research project, co-ordination with other projects, other sections of FRI and other Government agencies, and the preparation of concise quarterly progress reports covering both research and administrative issues.
This project has been designed to provide basic data for the future research programme of the BS once the laboratory and experimental facilities are fully operational. The information collected by the project will provide an important data base for the future development of the shrimp farming industry in Bangladesh and especially important input to two other projects:
During the first 12 months the proposed project will involve the collection and identification of shrimp fry throughout the anticipated range of both brackishwater and freshwater species in order to determine the overall distribution of natural shrimp fry populations. This will be followed by the monthly collection and identification of shrimp fry samples from a minimum of 10 field stations selected on the basis of the more general survey conducted during the first 12 months. This task will last foe a period of 24 months.
The most important water quality parameters will be measured during both of these surveys, to study the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution and abdundance of shrimp fry.
During the last year of the project shrimp, fry distribution and abundance will be investigated in relation to current patterns and velocities at various phases of the tidal cycle. Finally the the data will be analysed and evaluated in order to estimate the size of both the freshwater and brackishwater natural shrimp fry resources, and the various factors that determine their distribution and abundance.
The implementation of this project will additionally provide an excellent opportunity for research and technical staff recruited for the BS to gain useful field experience in survey and research activities prior to the BS becoming fully operational. This should make the process of commissioning the BS and implementing the full research programme a much easier task for the appointed CSO. The project can also be used to provide ad hoc training for technical and support staff during its three years' duration.
The scheduling of the major project activities or tasks is summarised in Table 3. Ideally the Period allocated for the testing and development of the sampling gear should be scheduled to coincide with project no O-02 for the Improvement of Shrimp Fry Collection Techniques, in such a way that the results of project no O-02 can be utilised in the present project.
Close co-operation and co-ordination with project no P-03 for the Improvement of Shrimp Fry Transportation Techniques will also be extremely beneficial for all three inter-related projects.
Table 3. Activity chart (time scale: units of 2 months).
| Activity | Months | |||||||||||||||||
| 02 | 04 | 06 | 08 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 | |
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| TASKS - | ||||||||||||||||||
| Work plan preparation | - | |||||||||||||||||
| Literature survey | -- | |||||||||||||||||
| Sampling gear trials | - | - | ||||||||||||||||
| Distribution survey | - | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | - | |||||||||||
| Seasonal survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||
| Tidal/current survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||||||||
| Report preparation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -- | -- | ||||||
| DELIVERABLES - | ||||||||||||||||||
| Work plan | * | |||||||||||||||||
| Distribution maps | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly reports | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
| Final report | * | |||||||||||||||||
- Project activity/task.
* Reporting date.
The methodology and procedures to be utilised in this project have been kept as simple as possible in order to permit the completion of the project without the need for the specialised facilities which will eventually become available at the BS. There will, however, be some need for laboratory work and it is proposed that this should be undertaken at the FRI Freshwater Station's laboratories at Mymensingh and at the Marine Station at Cox's Bazar.
The project will investigate the availability of natural resources of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry in Bangladesh.
At the start of the project the principal investigator should translate the project proposal into a written and detailed work plan which should be approved by the CSO of the BS before the research investigations get underway. This work plan should define the following elements: project objectives; detailed methodology; equipment and consumable requirements; logistic support requirements; areas requiring co-operation or co-ordination with other projects or sections of FRI; staff assignment and manpower requirements, and reporting deadlines. A period of one month has been allowed for the preparation of the work plan and its approval by the CSO of the BS.
Before commencing the field work components of the project, a thorough review of the literature should be made. The bibliography appended to this proposal not only includes references for those citations incorporated in the text, but also recommendations for background reading. The FRI Library and Documentation Centre should obtain as many as possible of these references before that start of the project. These should be reviewed and digested by the principal investigator and his scientific staff at the beginning of the project. A period of two months has been allowed for the completion of this task.
Before proceeding with the main sampling programme it will be necessary to make sure that the sampling gear is adequate for the purpose intended. For this reason a period of two months has been allowed for the testing and modification of the sampling gear prior to the start of regular sampling programme. A period of two months has been allocated to this task.
This period of testing and modification should be timed to coincide with the project for the Improvement of Shrimp Fry Collection Techniques (code no O-02), which includes the testing and assessment of various existing shrimp fry collecting techniques and the development of improved equipment. The best of the shrimp fry collecting techniques developed by project no O-02 should be used as the basis for preliminary tests using the sampling gear prior to the start of the full sampling programme.
During the first 12 months efforts should be made to collect samples of Shrimp fry from as many locations as possible within the Sundarbans and the tidal flood plains lying to the north and east of the mangrove forests (the districts of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal and Patuakhali) and in the estuarine and coastal areas in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar. This will encompass the full range of saline environments from virtually oceanic conditions to almost freshwater. During this initial phase of the project each station will be visited once only, and a maximum of two samples will be taken at each location.
The sampling programme will need to be planned in such a way as to take advantage of the observed peaks in the availability of shrimp fry:
Freshwater shrimp
April to October
Brackishwater shrimp
A minimum of 25 (maximum 50) different locations (up to five per day) should be sampled every month. This will provide not less than 300 (maximum 600) field stations throughout the study area on which to base the preliminary distribution maps. Suggested locations for initial field stations are provided in section 6 ANNEXE. Discussions with villagers, shrimp farmers, fry collectors and fishermen in the field may be extremely helpful in selecting the locations of the field stations. SPARRSO should asked to provide LANDSAT images (1:50,000 or less) which will be used to help plan the survey and ensure that the field stations are properly distributed throughout the study area taking into account changes in vegetation and land use.
Towards the end of the preliminary distribution survey, when the general pattern of shrimp fry resources is beginning to emerge, a minimum of 10 field stations will be chosen for detailed survey work covering a 24 month period. The field stations should be chosen to represent the full range of environmental conditions encountered during the first survey in order to include fry resources of both freshwater and brackishwater species and both fry parameters. During the second detailed survey a minimum of three samples (surface, mid-water and bottom) will be taken monthly at each field station.
Of the 10 or more field stations selected for the 24 month study, a minimum of six (two for freshwater shrimp fry and four for brackishwater shrimp fry) will be studied more intensively for the last 12 months of the study period. The remaining stations will continue to be sampled as before. This final survey covering a period of 12 months will include the effects additional environmental parameters, including the state of the tide and the current velocity. Monthly samples will therefore collected at one hour intervals during a complete tidal cycle.
All shrimp fry samples should be preserved in either ethanol (70 %) or formalin solution (5 %) for subsequent examination in the laboratory at the FS at Mymensingh and the MS at Cox's Bazar.
Monthly measurements of the most important water quality parameters will be taken at each of the field stations and also at hourly intervals during the final 12 month survey designed to investigate tidal effects on shrimp abundance and distribution. The minimum range of parameters requiring measurement are: Water temperature; salinity; dissolved oxygen content; turbidity; state of the tide, and tidal (current) velocity.
The depth of water should be measured at each field station on each separate occasion that samples of fry are collected.
Water temperature
Surface and bottom water temperature should be measured by using a standard mercury thermometer capable of being read to 0.1 °C. Bottom water temperature measurements will require the use of a suitable water sampling bottle.
Salinity
Surface and bottom salinity should be measured using a temperature compensated salinity refractometer capable of being read to 1.0 ‰. During the final 12 months of the second survey, salinity measurements should be taken at hourly intervals during one complete tidal cycle at each field station (minimum six) selected for more detailed investigation.
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Surface and bottom dissolved oxygen content should be measured using a portable oxygen meter capable of being read to 0.1 mg l-1. During the final 12 months of the second survey, dissolved oxygen measurements should be taken at hourly intervals during one complete tidal cycle at each field station (minimum six) selected for more detailed investigation. Depending on the length of the oxygen electrode lead, it may be necessary to utilise a suitable water sampling bottle for the bottom measurements of dissolved oxygen.
Turbidity
Relative turbidity should be measured using a Secchi disc and the depth at which the disk disappears from sight recorded to the nearest whole centimetre.
Tidal and Water Flow Measurements
Tide poles marked in centimetres should be used to record the relative water level at those field stations selected for more detailed investigation (minimum six). Current velocities at the surface and bottom should be measured with a portable direct-reading current meter.
All shrimp fry should in the first instance be separated into genera: Macrobrachium, Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis, etc using suitable keys or larval descriptions. All fry particularly those belonging to the genus Macrobrachium and the Penaeidae should be positively identified to species. Suitable references for the identification of shrimp fry are included in the bibliography appended to this proposal (Devarajan et al, 1978; Hasan & Haq, 1975; Mohamed et al, 1978; Muthu, 1978, 1982; Muthu et al, 1978a-e; Nagabhushanam & Joshi, 1986; Shenoy et al, 1982; Silas et al, 1978; Suhakaro, 1978).
All shrimp fry should be measured from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson in order to provide information on the distribution and abundance of different sizes of fry.
At the end of the initial 12 month survey, distribution maps will be prepared for each of the shrimp species encountered during the study. These maps may be revised towards the end of the project in the light of additional data collected during the subsequent surveys. It is recommended that Butler et al (1986) should be consulted for advice on the preparation of the maps.
Although it may be possible to locate the approximate areas of spawning of Macrobrachium spp, it will not be feasible to locate the spawning grounds of penaeid shrimp, since these will almost certainly be located in the Bay of Bengal and would require full scale fisheries and plankton surveys using a shrimp trawler or fisheries research vessel.
Attempts will made to provide approximate estimates of the quantities of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp fry available in Bangladesh. These figures will be compared with the latest estimates of the quantities of shrimp fry utilised by the shrimp farming industry and likely future demands. Recommendations for the protection and conservation of shrimp fry resources will also be made.
Specialist Equipment Requirements
The following specialist equipment and supplies will be required:
The project will require the following manpower:
| - | Principal investigator (team leader)* | 1 |
| - | Shrimp biologist | 1 |
| - | Field/laboratory technicians | 3 |
| - | Boat operator | 1 |
| - | Driver | 1 |
* Shared with the other two shrimp fry projects (0–02 & P-03).
It is recommended that the same principal investigator should be appointed for the following three projects in order to ensure efficient co-ordination of the related tasks, on the premise that all three projects should be undertaken at the same time or at least should overlap:
The budget estimates will be prepared by BS/FRI staff at a later stage.
The principal investigator (team leader) will be responsible for the day to day technical and administrative management of the project under the overall direction of the CSO of the BS. Until such time that the BS is fully operational, laboratory and administrative support will have to be provided by the FRI at Mymensingh.
Assignment of individual work tasks and the timing of those tasks will be the responsibility of the principal investigator in collaboration with the CSO of the BS and the principal investigators of other projects. Since the BS will not be operational for some time, the project will need to utilise laboratory facilities of the FS at Mymensingh and MS at Cox's Bazar. The success of the project will therefore be dependent in part on the degree of co-operation between BS, FS and MS scientific staff.
Efficient co-ordination between the CSOs of the BS, FS and MS will permit the shared use of facilities and equipment until such time that the BS becomes fully operational. Where project staff are not required on a continuous basis, they should be temporarily assigned to other projects in order to make the most effective use of their time. It may be possible to combine field sampling and other field work with related projects in order to use FRI and BS resources as efficiently as possible.
The principal investigator will be responsible for the initial planning of the field investigations, monitoring of the data collection and analysis, and in conjunction with the other members of the team, interpretation of the results and report preparation. The principal investigator should meet with his project team on a weekly basis to ensure schedules are being met and to resolve problems or other project-related issues.
Quarterly progress reports and a final project report should be prepared by the principal investigator with assistance from the other team members. The responsibility for the quality of the quarterly and final reports and their submission on time will be the responsibility of the principal investigator alone. It must, however, be recognised that administrative support to achieve this end will need to be provided by the FRI until such time that the BS is fully operational, after which it will become the responsibility of the CSO of the BS.
The CSO of the BS will also be responsible for reviewing the progress and final reports and making sure that the individual activities of the project have been completed properly and on time. Delays and other problems affecting the success of the project should be identified as early as possible so that corrective action can be taken.
[It should be noted that the bibliography contains not only those references cited in the text of this proposal, but also suggestions for additional background reading prior to the start of the project.]
Achuthankutty, C T & S R S Nair, 1982. Penaeid prawn population and fry resource in a mangrove swamp of Goa, India. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 190–195.
Ahmed, N, 1967. Prawn and prawn fishery of East Pakistan. Government of East Pakistan, Directorate of Fisheries, Dhaka, 43 pp.
Ali, M Liaquat, 1983. Shrimp farm survey in coastal area of Bangladesh, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Anonymous, 1979. Draft final report, Annexe B. Proposed fisheries components for an agricultural credit project. Agricultural Credit Studies Project. Prepared by Nathan Associates, USA on behalf of the Bangladesh Bank, Dhaka.
Anonymous, 1984a. National Water Plan Project. Second interim report, vol VII - Fisheries. Master Plan organisation, Ministry of Water Development and Flood Control, Bangladesh. Prepared by Harza Engineering Co Int.
Anonymous, 1984b. Bangladesh coastal aquaculture project engineering study. Draft report, vol 1. Prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of the World Bank.
Anonymous, 1985a. Delta Development Project: Bangladesh-Netherlands Joint Programme under the Bangladesh Water Development Board. Shrimp culture in the semi-saline zone of the delta. Technical report no 13, volume I, 60 pp. Arnhem and The Hague, The Netherlands.
Anonymous, 1985b. Delta Development Project: Bangladesh-Netherlands Joint Programme under the Bangladesh Water Development Board. Shrimp culture in the semi-saline zone of the delta. Technical report no 13, volume II, 102 pp. Arnhem and The Hague, The Netherlands.
Anonymous, 1985c. Report on tidal areas study. Draft report prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services & Associates Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of FAO.
Anonymous, 1985d. List of projects for the Third Five Year Plan. Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh.
Anonymous, 1985e. Report on engineering study. Vol 1: Bangladesh coastal aquaculture project. Prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of the World Bank.
Anonymous, 1985f. Twenty year fishery development plan for Bangladesh. Prepared by John C Marr & Associates on behalf of FAO/UNDP.
Anonymous, 1986a. Bangladesh Second Aquaculture Development Project. Preparation report. Prepared by Aquatic Farms Ltd, Hawaii, USA on behalf of the Government of Bangladesh and the Asian Development Bank.
Anonymous, 1986b. Draft feasibility report on package 1: Khulna Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (TA no 665-BAN). Vol I. Prepared by Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC), Seoul, South Korea in association with Associated Consulting Engineers (Bangladesh) Ltd.
Anonymous, 1986c. Draft feasibility report on package 1: Khulna Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (TA no 665-BAN). Vol III. Prepared by Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC), Seoul, South Korea in association with Associated Consulting Engineers (Bangladesh) Ltd.
Anonymous, 1986d. Socio-economic impact and constraints of shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, project proposal no 4, 59 pp.
Anonymous, 1986e. Brackishwater Aquaculture Research Station (BARS): design - phase 1. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 3, 22 pp.
Anonymous, 1986f. Research plans for nutrition and feed technology. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 4, 146 pp.
Anonymous, 1986g. Research plans for the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS). Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 5, 24 pp.
Anonymous, 1987a. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh. Five Year Masterplan: General research plan. FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010. Arnhem: Euroconsult BV, 149 pp.
Anonymous, 1987b. Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS): design - phase 2. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 13, 125 pp.
Anonymous, 1987c. Five Year Masterplan: Equipment and civil works (final version). Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 14, 26 pp.
Anonymous, 1987d. Advice on literature. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 15, 50 pp.
Anonymous, 1988a. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Fisheries Research Institute (FRI): Revised project. Mymensingh: Fisheries Research Institute, 112 pp.
Anonymous, 1988b. Project of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Integrated resource development of the Sundarbans reserved forest. UNDP project document, BGD/84/056/A/01/12, 27 pp plus annexes.
Anonymous, 1988c. Regional overview, status of facility and coastal aquaculture research proposals. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 19, pag var.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1986. 1986 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 1048 pp.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1985. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh 1984–85. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 654 pp.
Blasco, F, 1975. The mangroves of India. Institut Français de Pondichery, Travail de la Section Scientifique et Technique, (14): 175 pp.
Bose, S V C & V Venkatesan, 1982. Prawn and fish seed resources of Marakanam Estuary. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Asociation of India, (6): 196–201.
Butler, M J A, C LeBlanc, J A Belbin & J L MacNeill, 1986. Marine resource mapping: an introductory manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (274): 256 pp.
Chapman, V J (ed), 1976. Ecosystems of the World. I: Wet Coastal Ecosystems. New York: Elsevier.
Chowdhury, A Q, 1986. Fishermen community and development of closed water fishery in Bangladesh. [Mimeographed.]
Dave, H B, M Bhaskaran, N D Chhaya & K D Mulia, 1982. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 183–186.
Devarajan, K, J S Nayagam, V Selvaraj & N N Pillai, 1978. Larval development: Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 22–30.
Euroconsult BV, 1985. Government of Bangladesh and FAO/UNDP. Second Agricultural Research Project - Fisheries Component. FAO/UNDP TA-Project BGD/83/010. Technical assistance report no 1 (revised version). Arnhem: Euroconsult BV, 90 pp.
FAO, 1982. Management and utilisation of mangroves in Asia and the Pacific. FAO Environmental Paper, (3): 160 pp.
Funegaard, P, 1986. Shrimp seed - Any to sell? Come to Satkhira, Bangladesh. FAO Bay of Bengal News, no 22.
Goulding, M, 1980. The Fishes and the Forest. Berkley: University of California Press, 280 pp.
Hasan, H & S M Haq, 1975. Developmental stages of commercial penaeid prawns of Pakistan. 2: Post-larvae of Metapenaeus. Agriculture in Pakistan, 26 (2): 219–231.
Karim, M, 1986a. Site selection for the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS). Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 11, 44 pp.
Karim, M, 1986b. Integrated farming of shrimp, fish, paddy and goat at Satkhira. FAO Bay of Bengal report, Madras, India.
Karim, M, 1986c. Brackishwater shrimp culture demonstration in Bangladesh. SIDA/FAO Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India, report BOBP/REP/35, 40 pp.
Karim, M, 1987. Brackishwater aquaculture in Bangladesh: A review. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 12, 36 pp.
Karmakar, H C, 1982. A regression model for the prediction of availability of Penaeus monodon Fabricius seed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 206–210.
Kartha, K N K (ed), 1978. Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 90 pp. [Individual papers cited separately.]
Kibria, C, 1983. Prawn and shrimp resources of Bangladesh, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Kungvankij, P, 1984. Overview of penaeid shrimp culture in Asia. NACA, Bangkok, 28 pp.
Mahmood, N, 1986. Effects of shrimp farming and other impacts on mangroves of Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Third Session of the IPFC Workshop on Inland Fisheries/Mangrove, 22–25 June, Bangkok, Thailand.
Majumder, M R, 1983. Shrimp culture status and extent in Cox's Bazar area, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Mohamed, K H, M S Muthu, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978. Larval development: Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius). In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 50–59.
Motoh, H, 1977. An annotated list of scientific and English common names of commercially important penaeid prawns and shrimps. SEAFDEC Technical Report no 2, 15 pp.
Motoh, H, 1985. Biology and ecology of Penaeus monodon. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, 4–7 December 1984, Iloilo, the Philippines, edited by Y Taki, J H Primavera and J A Llobrera, pp 27–36. Iloilo: SEAFDEC, 199 pp.
Muir, J F, 1989. Finalisation of engineering plans, Brackishwater Research Station, FRI, Paikgacha. FAO/FIRI report, 5 pp.
Muthu, M S, 1978. Larval development: Specific identity of penaeid postlarvae found in brackishwater areas. In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 86–90.
Muthu, M S, 1982. Laboratory rearing of the larvae of Parapenaeopsis acclivirostris Alcock. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 420.
Muthu, M S, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978a. Larval development: Penaeus indicus H Milne Edwards. In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 12–21.
Muthu, M S, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978b. Larval development: Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers). In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 30–40.
Muthu, M S, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978c. Larval development: Metapenaeus affinis (H Milne Edwards). In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 40–50.
Muthu, M S, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978d. Larval development: Parapenaeopsis stylifera (H Milne Edwards). In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 65–75.
Muthu, M S, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978e. Larval development: Pattern of penaeid larval development and generic characters of the larvae of the genera Penaeus, Metapenaeus and Parapenaeopsis. In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 75–86.
Nagabhushanam, R & P K Joshi, 1986. Larval culture of the penaeid prawn, Parapenaeopsis stylifera. In: Biology of benthic marine organisms: Techniques and Methods as Applied to the Indian Ocean, ed M-F Thomson, R Sarojini & R Nagbhushanam, pp 355–358.
New, M B & S Singholka, 1985. Freshwater prawn farming: A manual for the culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (225): 118 p. [Revision 1.]
Pande, J N, 1984. Some ecological observations leading to a new source of seed of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 81 (2): 489–493.
PCARR, 1978. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mangrove and Estuarine Area Development for the Indo-Pacific Region. Manila: Philippines Council for Agricultural and Resources Research.
Rackowe, R, H Branstetter, D King & G Kitson, 1983. The international market for shrimp. ADB/FAO Infofish Market Studies, 3: 79 pp.
Rahman, M A, 1986. Socio-economics of aquaculture development. Country paper - Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Workshop on Socio-Economics on Aquaculture Development sponsored by NACA, 28–31 October 1986, Bangkok, Thailand.
SEAFDEC, 1986. Important fish and shrimp fry in Philippine coastal waters: Identification, collection and handling. SEAFDEC Extension Manual no 10.
Selvakumar, R A, M J George, C T Achuthankutty & S C Goswami, 1977. Penaeid prawn larval abundance in the Mandovi Estuary, Goa. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 6 (2): 160–162.
Shenoy, S, K N Sankolli, D R Jalihal & G B Almelkar, 1982. Postlarval and juvenile comparison of the two giant freshwater prawns Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (Milne Edwards) and M rosenbergii (de Man): An aid in seed selection. Proceedings of the Synposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12– 18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of Indian, (6): 417–418.
Silas, E G, M S Muthu, N N Pillai & K V George, 1978. Larval development: Penaeus monodon Fabricius. In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 2–12.
Smith, P E & S L Richardson, 1977. Standard techniques for pelagic fish egg and larva surveys. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (175): 100 pp.
Smith, W G, 1982. The tidal study area. A preliminary report. Fisheries Resources Survey System FAO/UNDP, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Sudhakaro Rao, G, 1978. Larval development: Metapenaeus brevicornis (H Milne Edwards). In: Coastal aquaculture: Marine prawn culture. Part 1: Larval development of Indian penaeid prawns, ed K N K Kartha. CMFRI Bulletin, (28): 60–64.
Suseelan, C & M Kathirvel, 1982. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 173–182.
Taki, Y, J H Primavera & J A Llobrera, 1985. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, 4–7 Iloilo City, Philippines. Iloilo: SEAFDEC, 199 pp.
Thampy, D M, M J Sebasian, S E Abraham & C G Rajendran, 1982. Relative abdunacne and distribution of the postlarvae and juveniles of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in the Cochin backwaters and the prospects of their utilization in culture. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 223–228.
Trivedi, Y A, N D Chhaya & P K Koshy, 1982. Observation on seasonal abundance of prawn seed in Shetrunji Estuary at Sartanpur, Gujarat, India. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, 12–18 January 1980, Part 1: Prawn Culture. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, (6): 187–189.
Vasudevan, S, T Subramoniam, Y Taki, J H Primavera, & J A Llobrera (ed), 1985. Seasonal abundance of penaeid prawn seed in the Enmore Estuary, Madras in relation to hydrography and lunar phase. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, Iloilo City, 4–7 December 1985, p 175.
Wickens, J F, 1976, Prawn biology and culture. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 14: 435–507.
6 Annexe
Proposed locations for Field Samples
Figure 1. Proposed locations for the initial field study samples (minimum of 250 in the Khulna-Satkhira area and 50 in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar) for the investigation of the availability of shrimp fry resources.
