Availability of fishery statistics, with (i) adequate breakdown by type of gear, species, etc., (ii) with reasonable accuracy, are the prerequisite for the planning of a rational fishery development programme, the evaluation of the progress of fishery development and stock assessment of fishery resources. In order to provide fishery statistics which satisfy the above two conditions, the following two points were always kept in mind during the planning stage of the new survey:
establishment of national fishery statistical standards;
development of suitable sample survey systems.
Although the two issues above seem to be simple, the actual work was not always an easy task, due mainly to the vast area of the country, which involves a variety of different patterns of fisheries. At first it was realized that it was not possible to tackle these two issues simultaneously. At the same time it was also realized that, without national fishery statistical standards, no fishery statistics which are really meaningful and usable for various purposes can be obtained.
Therefore, the matter of national fishery statistical standards was taken up first with the highest priority. Specifically, the new survey followed two steps for its implementation: (i) establishment of national fishery statistical standards, and (ii) design and implementation of the survey system. The work progress which followed for the implementation of the new survey is given in Table 2.
After commencement of the work in November 1973, this task alone needed nearly one full year to complete. Basically, this task was composed of two parts: (i) establishing concepts and definations of the various statistical terms used, such a capture, culture, fishing establishment, catch, etc., and (ii) the establishment of national classifications, to break down the above statistical items. In establishing these statistical standards, references were always made to existing international statistical standards proposed by the United Nations Statistical Office, FAO, etc.
WORK PROGRESS FOLLOWED FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SURVEY
1 1st national meeting, March 1975
2 2nd national meeting, March 1976
3 Marine fishery and brackishwater culture
4 Inland open water fishery and fresh water culture.
Census Area : Sumatra, Java and Bali
Non-Census Area : Area other than census area
The establishment of these statistical standards in English terms, scientific names of species, FAO terminology, etc., was not always a very difficult task. However, this work involved a great deal of difficulty in finding suitable Indonesian words. This was mainly due to the fact that the Indonesian language itself is still being standardized and developed and hence many technical terms have not yet been determined. As statistical terms in Indonesian were supposed to be used permanently once they were decided upon in the national statistical standards, careful determinations of words were made in consultation with national language authorities.
The main components of the national fishery statistical classifications were the fishing gear classification and species classification. However, “coastal area classification” was another element to be decided. In the past fishery statistics of Indonesia were compiled on a province basis only. This made it impossible to know, for example, the catch taken on the north coast and the south coast of Java separately, since most of the provinces in Java face both the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. It was also not possible to report the catch of Indonesia to FAO, dividing it into major fishing areas Western Central Pacific (71) and Eastern Indian Ocean (57). Coastal area classification was established to remove such difficulties. While this coastal area classification was being established, FAO was also planning to establish a boundary between FAO Major Fishing Area 57 and 71. Therefore, the establishment of coastal area boundaries were determined closely linked with the above FAO work.
National fishery statistical standards established for the new survey have been fully compiled in a manual entitled “Buku I, Standard Statistik Perikanan”, the contents of which are given in Table 3. Further details are seen in Appendixes 2 and 3, as the manual gives full illustrations of every fishing gear and species which were established as statistical categories in these classifications. It is now being fully utilized, not only for statistical purposes, but also for fishery administration and research.
MANUAL DEALING WITH NATIONAL FISHERY STATISTICAL STANDARDS
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL
1. Definition of Fishery
2. Broad Classification of Fishery and the Definitions
3. Survey Items and the Definitions
3.1 Fishing Establishment
3.2 Fishing Household
3.3 Fishing Labourer's Household
3.4 Fishing Boat
3.5 Fishing Unit
3.6 Number of Trips
3.7 Area of Fish Pond
3.8 Fisherman
3.9 Catch in Quantity
III. CLASSIFICATION TO BE COMMONLY APPLIED FOR BOTH MARINE AND INLAND FISHERIES
1. Fishing Establishment Classification
2. Fishing Household Classification
3. Fishing Boat Classification
4. Fishermen Classification
IV. CLASSIFICATION FOR MARINE FISHERIES
1. Fishing Gear Classification
1.1 Classification
1.2 Definition and Illustration
2. Species Classification
2.1 Classification
2.2 Description and Illustration
3. Coastal Area Classification
V. CLASSIFICATION FOR INLAND FISHERIES
1. Fishing Gear Classification for Capture in Open Water
1.1 Classification
1.2 Definition and Illustration
2. Species Classification
2.1 Classification
2.2 Description and Illustration
The study on the survey method commenced in late 1974 when the national statistical standards were more or less ready. Major difficulties encountered in the study included (i) absence of knowledges of national Indonesian fisheries, even among national counter-parts and (ii) how to secure a sampling frame at a minimum cost and in the shortest period of time.
The former was of an administrative nature but was indispensable data for the planning of sample surveys. For example, during the earlier planning stage of the new survey, even the number and name of districts involved in the marine fishery were not clearly known, until a map showing the borders of districts was found at the CBS. It was mentioned above that, in principle, a fishery extension officer is stationed at each subdistrict. Such basic but indispensable information needed for the planning of sample surveys was not known, until an ad hoc mail survey with respect to the number of statistical personnel was made with the Provincial Fisheries Services. How far fish auction markets have been developed was also indispensable knowledge but very little was known of this.
One major objective of the 1973 fishery census, which was undertaken by the CBS, was to provide a sampling frame to the new survey. However, the 1973 CBS fishery census covered only half the area of Indonesia, i.e., Sumatra, Java and Bali. This caused a great problem for the establishment of a sampling frame in the rest of Indonesia; the 1973 CBS fishery census was supposed to provide an ideal sampling frame for every subsector of a fishery. Further, when the sampling frame was formulated for the marine fishery and brackishwater culture based on the outcomes of the fishery census, it was noted that many simple errors occurred in the established frame. Details of the survey system for the construction of the sampling frame of the 1973 CBS fishery census are given in the report “1973 Fishery Census of Indonesia” 1.
Because of the incomplete area coverage of the sampling frame of the 1973 CBS fishery census, the most crucial issue which had to be decided during the planning stage of the new survey was the area coverage of the survey. The most practical solution was that the new survey limit its scope to the marine fishery and brackishwater culture in the three islands. It was, however, noted later on that, if the new survey was implemented by limiting its scope in such a way, it was not sure when the new survey could be implemented for the entire area of the country. This was due mainly to the limitation of the budget available for holding a national meeting on fishery statistics.
To implement the new survey, two national meetings of ten days each were held in March 1975 and in March 1976. For each meeting two participants from each province, the chief of the planning division and the chief of the statistics subdivision of every provincial fisheries service, were invited at the expense of the DGF. In fact, these two meetings were really milestones in the history of fishery statistics in Indonesia.
As referred to in paragraph 3.1 above, fishery statistics would have to be improved in two ways: (i) the introduction of national fishery statistical standards, and (ii) application of standard sample survey methods. The basic idea of the two national meetings exactly followed these two principles. Therefore, in the first meeting, national fishery statistical standards were introduced through “Interim Reporting System” and, in the second meeting, standard survey methods were introduced for implementation.
The idea of the Interim Reporting System was to assemble fishery statistics which are comparable between provinces. Only a set of reporting forms and national fishery statistical standards were delivered to the provincial fishery services. The system was applied to the entire country. As fishery statistics comparable among all provinces were urgently needed, the system required the reporting of fishery statistics going back to 1973. At the time when the system was introduced, fishery statistics for 1973 and 1974 were supposed to have been available at every fishery service either at its provincial or district office. It was, therefore, requested that such statistics be broken down by the new national fishery statistical standards, based on any record available or any knowledge gained in day-to-day work. Although the system was a fairly simple one, it made it possible for Indonesia to provide FAO with data which are internationally comparable. Some further details of the interim reporting system can be seen in Appendix 4.
The standard survey methods of the new survey, the details of which are illustrated in Section 5 below, was implemented through the second meeting. This second meeting was to have been held in November or December 1975 in order that the new survey could be fully implemented from January 1976. However, for various unforeseen administrative reasons, the meeting was postponed until March 1976.
The problem of establishing sampling frames which are not obtainable from the 1973 fishery census was solved through both the first and second national meetings. Through the first meeting a marine village survey was implemented to establish sampling frames for both the marine fishery and brackishwater culture in the area not covered by the 1973 fishery census, and through the second meeting, an ad hoc frame survey was implemented to establish sampling frames for both the inland open water fishery and freshwater culture for the entire of the country.
As sampling frames for both the marine fishery and brackishwater culture were available at the time of the second national meeting, actual sampling design of the new survey for each province was determined in consultation with the respective provincial officials. Hence, actual surveys for these two subsectors of a fishery commenced from April 1976. However, as sampling frames for both the inland open water fishery and freshwater culture became available by the end of 1976, actual surveys for these two subsectors of a fishery took place from January 1977.
