Table 4 summarises the dietary imbalances which have resulted in the manifestation of six major nutritional pathology conditions: scoliosis/lordosis; cataract; fin erosion; fatty liver; exopthalmia and skin/fin haemorrhage. With the possible exception of the studies of Ketola, Poston, Rumsey, Hughes and co-workers at Cortland and Cornell (USA) on the characterisation of dietary salmonid cataracts, there has been no serious attempt to date to individually characterise these conditions in fish. It is hoped that this preliminary review article will stimulate further studies to be conducted under practical farming conditions so as to increase our understanding of dietary related pathology in fish.
Table 4. Major dietary induced nutritional pathologies
|
Pathology condition |
Dietary imbalance |
|
SCOLIOSIS/LORDOSIS |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Tryptophan |
|
Magnesium |
|
|
Phosphorus |
|
|
Vitamin C |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Lead |
|
Cadmium |
|
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
Oxidized fish oil |
|
|
CATARACT |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Methionine |
|
Tryptophan |
|
|
Zinc |
|
|
Magnesium |
|
|
Copper |
|
|
Selenium |
|
|
Manganese |
|
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
Riboflavin |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Choline |
|
Oxidized fish oil |
|
|
FIN EROSION |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Lysine |
|
Tryptophan |
|
|
Zinc |
|
|
Riboflavin |
|
|
Inositol |
|
|
Niacin |
|
|
Vitamin C |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Lead |
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
FATTY LIVER |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Choline |
|
Essential fatty acids |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Oxidized fish oil |
|
EXOPTHALMIA |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Pantothenic acid |
|
Niacin |
|
|
Folic acid |
|
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
Vitamin E |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Oxidized fish oil |
|
FIN/SKIN HAEMORRHAGE |
|
|
Deficiency of |
Riboflavin |
|
Pantothenic acid |
|
|
Niacin |
|
|
Thiamine |
|
|
Inositol |
|
|
Vitamin C |
|
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
Vitamin K |
|
|
Toxicity of |
Oxidized fish oil |
