612. Sukumaran, C.T. 1992. Joint ventures in aquaculture development. In: de Saram, H. and Singh, T. (eds.). Shrimp ‘92, Hong Kong. Proceedings of the 3rdrd Global Conference on the Shrimp Industry. Hong Kong, September 14-16, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Intergovernmental Organization for Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Asia and Pacific Region. pp. 99-105. [Mar. Prod. Export Dev. Auth., MPEDA House, Panampilli Ave., P.B. No. 1663, Cochin 682 015, India]

"The technology of farming aquatic animals and plants has been developing rapidly and the Asian countries have made commendable progress in the last ten years. Some developing countries, however, are trailing behind for want of awareness, appropriate technology and finance. There is, therefore, much scope for joint ventures, particularly in technical cooperation between countries advanced in aquaculture and those which are not, for the mutual benefit of the parties concerned. India is one of the few countries with great potential for aquaculture in terms of unpolluted water bodies, vast stretches of virgin land and sea, periodic monsoon rains, temperate to tropical climate and a variety of cultivable species. The economic policy reforms currently being implemented by the Government of India provide an excellent opportunity for overseas companies to invest in India, particularly in integrated aquaculture projects. Some of the incentives are that the overseas parties can hold majority shares in the company and repatriate profits. Units set up as 100% export-oriented operations will enjoy duty free import of capital goods and 100% convertibility of export realization. A major attraction to setting up farming projects in India is the relatively low level of wages, for both skilled and unskilled manpower." [Abstract]

613. Sun, P.L. 1995. The feasibility and strategy of aquaculture investments in mainland China. In: Liao, D.S. (ed.). International Cooperation for Fisheries and Aquaculture Development. Proceedings of the 7thth Biennial Conference, IIFET Taipei ‘94, July 18-21, 1994. Vol. 2. pp. 1-13. [Inst. of Fish. Econ., National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei Ning Rd., Keelung, Taiwan (P.C.) and National Pingtung Polytechnic Institute, China]

"Based on a project supported by the Mainland Affairs Council, two trips totalling three weeks were made to coastal provinces of mainland China between February and April. First-hand information was collected from these trips from Taiwan’s aquaculture investors, local farmers, fish bureaus and local government officers, as well as from related university and research institute staff, through direct interviews and panel discussions. In addition, much information was collected by person or by mail.

From this collected information, we predict the outlook for mainland fishfarming business development, make suggestions for items which are feasible for investment, and describe the present status of Taiwan’s fishfarming business investment in the mainland, giving a strategy for fish-culture business invested in mainland China.

This report also shows that mainland China is the first choice for fish-culture investment for Taiwan’s investors. From this investigation, the report also suggests cooperation in fish culture techniques, rather than a ban on the transfer of techniques. The establishment of the Taiwan Fishculture Investors Association is also suggested.

We hope that this report can let our fishculture investors make a more accurate decision for their investment in the mainland. This report is also offered to our Government as a reference for fish-culture investment policy overseas." [from Abstract]

"Indonesia has an excellent opportunity to develop its aquaculture industry since a great potential of mangroves, coastal areas and open water areas are available. The role of aquaculture in Indonesia is getting more important to meet domestic fish consumption and international market demand. The share of the fisheries sub-sector to the national economy or to the primary industry in Indonesia is still relatively low, only 1.96% and 7.7% respectively in 1987. It has, however, increased during 1980-1987, i.e., from 1.67 and 6.85% in 1980 to 1.96 and 7.70% in 1987. In the some period, fisheries production rose from 1.8 million t to 2.7 million t, an average rate of 6% per year. Meanwhile, aquaculture production grew from 100.4 thousand tons in 1980, becoming 376 000 in 1987; an average increase of 9.4% annually. The prospects of aquaculture development in Indonesia is quite good, since the country has vast natural resources and a comparative advantage due to its tropical climate where fish can be cultured throughout the year." [from Abstract]

"One of the technologies of intensive fish culture in the ASEAN region which has recently been developed in Indonesia, particularly in West Java, is running water fish culture. Fish farmers have been using various forms of culture ponds including the rectangular, triangular and circular shapes. Recent practices have included the oval- shaped ponds and polyethelene drum system. Due to its adaptable characteristics and command of high price in the market, the only species that has so far been used in running water culture is the common carp. According to the experience of the Freshwater Aquaculture Development and Training Centre of Indonesia and of some fishfarmers, the growth of common carp in this system is quite satisfactory. In three months of culture, fed with prepared pellets of 3-4% body weight/day, the 100 g fish can grow to 750-1,000 g consumption size. The conversion rate is about 2 square root 1 (feed to fish flesh.)." [Abstract]

Details are given of various fishery development programmes in Thailand which aim to increase aquaculture production both in the freshwater and marine sectors, considering in particular those projects intended to increase the living standards of the rural poor.

"The major cause for lower levels of production in aquaculture is lack of finance. Therefore, adequate credit support is necessary to boost fish production. The present study was taken up to understand the influence of credit on the adoption behaviour of fish farmers. In Madurai District of Tamilnadu, 38 fish farmers selected by the probability proportional sampling technique provided the data required in direct personal investigations, involving the use of a structured interview schedule. The level of feeding adopted by fish culturists is compared with that recommended by aquaculture scientists. The gap in production is assessed. Such a gap of 60% resulted in lower levels of adoption of recommended practices in feeding and fertilization as revealed by the study. Provision of input loans for the purchase of feeds and fertilizers as available for agricultural seeds is needed and such loans may be advanced by the commercial banks through the FFDAs." [Abstract]

"Coastal inhabitants’ life-cycle in some areas in Indonesia are still concerned with traditional cultural heritage. Rapid development next to coastal land for varieties of utilization seriously threaten the sustainability of fisheries production. Issue-related fishery resources sustainability in Indonesia have actually long been realized by some coastal communities, where both male and female inhabitants have always respected the need to maintain and conserve resources. Sound resource-use practices are promoted through community-based related fisheries management in several areas in Indonesian water including Panglima Laot (‘Sea Commander’ in Aceh Province; Lubuk Larangan or ‘Prohibited Fishing’ areas in North Sumatra; Lebak Lebung System in South Sumatra; Sasi in Malluscas, and Macera at Tempe Lake, South Sulawesi). This paper would like to explore coastal women’s abilities, their condition and some constraints faced by them for their active participation in fishing community development in Indonesia." [from Abstract]

"Aquaculture, especially polyculture systems, has been developed and is well- known to most coastal inhabitants in Indonesia. Marine shrimp culture since 1980 has been modified from traditional extensive management using natural feeding into intensive culture with nutrition and artificial feeding. Recently, shrimp polyculture includes marine coastal fishes such as Siganus spp., Lates carcarifer and Chanos chanos or milkfish for live bait fish. Improving culture technology seems not to guarantee a successful culture business, because parts of the owners behaviour is still highly oriented to social prestige." [Abstract]

"This book is a comprehensive summary of some important status papers presented at a Workshop on Sustainable Management of Coastal Ecosystems. The major topics of articles are based on an integrated approach to the ecological security of coastal regions and livelihood security of coastal communities." [Abstract]

"This paper firstly presents an overview of the state of coastal resources available in Thailand. It then highlights the pollutants and their causes which jeopardize the preservation and protection of these resources. The Government’s efforts to maintain a favourable coastal environment rest with several planning, policy making and implementing agencies. The Government mechanism through the various agencies is also featured. Case studies, past and present, directed on coastal resource management are discussed and constraints of implementation are pinpointed." [Abstract]

"The study was an attempt to establish the technical input-output relationships in simultaneous rice-fish culture production systems in parts of Luzon, Philippines. Individual output and composite output production functions in Cobb-Douglas functional form were estimated using cross-sectional data. On the basis of the estimated composite production functions, the economics of optimization in the use of production inputs are discussed. Cost and return analyses were also undertaken and showed that simultaneous rice-fish culture could be a profitable venture. The study had the limitation of using farmers’ recalled input-output data. It is recommended that further study on the input-output technical relationships in simultaneous rice-fish culture be undertaken with the use of more reliable farm production data." [Abstract]

"The purpose of this study was to discuss the economic viability and highlight the problems involved in finfish cage culture enterprises undertaken in two localities in Penang, Peninsular Malaysia. The study revealed that high operating costs and the seasonality of fish fingerlings were the two major problems faced by the culturists. Other problems faced by the culturists were rising costs of construction materials (nets and floats) and the decrease in supply of trash fish which was the only type of feed used by the culturists. A sensitivity analysis undertaken by the study showed that selling of marketable fish and the survival rate were the major factors affecting the profitability of the cage culture enterprise; followed by stocking density and fingerling price. Finally, the study concluded that the potential for expanding cage culture seemed somewhat limited unless there is unlimited availability of market for live fish." [Abstract]

"Some economic aspects of the commercial fishing industry of the Philippines are presented. The characteristics of the industry structure, factors affecting the level of operational efficiency and policy implications of the industry structure and present operational efficiency are discussed." [Abstract]

625. Tan, E.S.P. and Khoo, K.H. 1980. The integration of fish farming with agriculture in Malaysia. In: Pullin, R.S.V. and Shehadeh, Z.H. (editors). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 4. Manila, Philippines, International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, and College, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, Southeast Asian Centre for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. [School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia]

"The status of freshwater aquaculture in Malaysia is reviewed with special reference to integrated farming. Case studies of pig-fruit-vegetable fish farms, and pig-fish and pig-poultry fish farms are described in detail and the kampung-style integrated farms (smallholdings involving rice, fruit, vegetable, livestock and fish production) are discussed. The main problems associated with integrated farming in Malaysia are identified as lack of technical information, lack of accurate farm records and insecurity of land tenure." [Abstract]

"The purpose of this study is to estimate the level of inefficiency of the fishcage farmers of Sampaloc Lake in the Philippines using a stochastic frontier analytical framework and, in turn, to determine the factors affecting the fishcage farmers’ inefficiency.

It is concluded that overcrowding in these fishcage operations can be remedied without necessarily reducing the number of existing fishcage farmers, while at the same time significantly improving their yield and income. This could be done through significant cage-size reduction, and utilizing higher stocking densities. It is recognized that these conclusions will not easily gain acceptance from the immediate parties concerned." [Abstract]

"Enhancement of profitability in fish farming through the use of improved quality of fish fry of preferred species will make investments in this form of aquaculture more attractive, provided fish fry is available on demand for culture in reliable farming systems. Since the reproductive requirements may vary between species, it is imperative to define clearly the needs of the fish to grow and reproduce in developing successful controlled breeding techniques where viable gametes are obtained and developing embryos raised under well-defined culture conditions till the fingerling stage, as exemplified by findings in the breeding of catfish, the carps, the tilapia, the gourami and the discus fish using either hormonal or environmental manipulations. The development of a healthy and sexually-mature broodstock in captivity is an essential prerequisite for a successful controlled breeding programme. With the availability of viable gametes on demand, it is possible to test the suitability of new strains of fish obtained by different techniques of genetic manipulations based on growth rates, disease resistance, meat quality and body conformation preferred by consumers. The potential of the hybrid catfish, the red tilapia and various new morphs of the discus developed in Penang for Malaysian aquaculture is discussed." [Abstract]

"Tilapia were raised in the ponds of 3.95 mu. The average investment per mu is 5623.4 yuan, and the net output of tilapia is 1559.7 kg. The net profit per mu is 11513.9 yuan. The experimental achievement, appraised by relevant experts, has met the advanced level in Weifang City." [Abstract]

629. Tanaka, H., Uwate, K.R., Juario, J.V., Lee, Cheng Sheng and Foscarini, R. (eds.). 1990. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Milkfish Culture Development in the South Pacific. Tarawa, Kiribati, November 21-25, 1988. Suva, Fiji, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 134 p.

"The document includes the country reports presented at the Workshop by Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands., Tonga and Tuvalu, and seven technical papers which discuss milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in the region. Abstracts of the latter are cited individually in this issue." [Abstract]

"The objectives of this study was to evaluate the production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in pen culture using various feeds. The study was conducted in six 26.33m² subdivided circular cages with stocking density of 9 fish/m² . Tilapia grew from 10.63 to 300 g in 14 months when fed with chicken pellets, from 9.13 to 93.03 g with no supplementary feed and from 21.74 g to 86.99 g when fed with fresh aquatic weed (Ceratophyllum demersum). The results of economic evaluation showed that chicken pellets gave the best production (1.74 kg/m² ) but the production cost were higher than the other two treatments. None of the three treatments was profitable. With regard to the type of feed for tilapia pen culture in Thale Noi, either no supplementary feed or feeding tilapia with fresh weed (Ceratophyllum demersum) or other suitable weed may be preferred to reduce losses." [Abstract]

The National Aquaculture Genetics Research Institute (NAGRI) was established in 1989, in order to: (i) develop truly domesticated strains of aquatic animals that are well adapted and give superior yield in aquaculture environment; (ii) distribute these superior strains to fish farmers; (iii) advise selective breeding practices and broodstock management at the farm level; and, (iv) include the research works on fish genetics in the future fisheries development plan in Thailand.

"An account is given of the fabrication and deployment of artificial reefs used in the SEAFDEC-AQ/D’s Community Fishery Resource Management project, which focused on Malalison Island located in west Central Philippines. The project aimed to apply community-based techniques of fishery resource management through the collaboration of community organizations, biologists and social scientists. The three types of reefs (building blocks, concrete pipe culvert, and modified concrete pipe culvert) were deployed at Gui ob reef covering an area of less that 1 ha." [Abstract]

"Details are given of experiments conducted in order to determine optimum conditions for the packaging of tropical aquarium fish in Singapore for air transport. The fish were packed in sealed polyethylene bags one quarter filled with water and overlaid with oxygen; the bags were placed in styrofoam boxes and then in cardboard boxes before being sent to the airport. It was found that the addition of anaesthetics was very important in the packaging of the fish; tris buffer and clioptilolite were also very useful in the removal of free ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, thus helping to reduce mortality rates." [Abstract]

"The aim of this work was to investigate the application of clinoptilolite, tris buffer and 2 phenoxyethanol in controlling the aquatic environment of a closed system involving guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in polyethylene bags containing water overlaid with oxygen. Clinoptilolite significantly reduced the concentration of ammonia in the water. Tris buffer (pH 8) was effective in maintaining a higher and more stable pH, while 2 Phenoxyethanol was effective in maintaining a zero mortality rate of guppies. A combination of 2 phenoxyethanol (0.11 g/l) with clinoptilolite

(20 g/l) or tris buffer (0.02 M) was effective in maintaining low mortality rates of guppies, but a combination of clinoptilolite and tris buffer did not work (11.7% mortality). The results of this work indicate that guppies can be transported at higher packing densities, for long periods of time, and can be received in good condition when the method developed here is applied as a packing practice." [Abstract]

"Unconditioned mullet (Liza parsia) fry gave 0.0% to 77% survival with an average of 41% after liberating in a dug-out pit. When transported to the laboratory kept in a jar for one hour after one hour conditioning, 50 fry in 1 litre brackishwater gave 36% survival. When conditioned for 24 hours, 50 fry gave 100% survival. 250 fry gave 90% survival. When packed under oxygen, 400 fry gave 100% survival." [Abstract]

"The black tiger shrimp industry in Thailand has expanded tremendously in the past few years. The quantity of exported shrimp has also increased steadily at an average of 44.9% annually from 28 182 t 1987 to 116 136 t in 1991. The major shrimp export markets are Japan and USA. Counted from the total value of shrimp export to the combined markets of Japan and USA, Thailand has become the world’s leading shrimp exporter. In this regard, the CP Aquaculture Business Group, an affiliate of the CP Group of Companies, was created in 1987. It encompasses the shrimp and fish feed mills, shrimp processing plants, cold storage and shrimp farming. It is strong on shrimp feed, shrimp culture and shrimp processing technologies. Its shrimp feed has produced more than 350 000 t in 1992, which captured market share to 75% in Thailand. In the same year, CP Aquaculture Business attained revenues totalling $US 480 million. It can be said that development of human capital and acquisition of great reserves of expertise are factors giving surge to growth in CP Aquaculture Business. Attributed to the success achieved in this sector during the past five years is the development of complex technologies suitable for shrimp industry, effectively transferred to shrimp farmers. Some 2% of gross sales has been allocated for research and development and 1% for technology transfer and extension service activities. Shrimp culture technology, its effective transfer and its role in Thailand’s shrimp industry will be presented." [from Abstract]

"The study was conducted at freshwater prawn farm at Chengleput in Tamilnadu to evaluate the economic viability of farming freshwater prawn in ponds. The report provides the results on the growth, survival and production characteristics of Macrobrachium rosenbergii reared at densities of

20 000/ha and 30 000/ha in monoculture systems. The high production of 630 kg/ha has been obtained with a feed combination of groundnut oilcake, rice bran and fish flesh. For farming M. rosenbergii in ponds, it is evident that a stocking density of 30 000/ha is optimum for a production of 600 kg/ha/6-7 months." [Abstract]

"A review is presented of shrimp production in India under the following headings: Catch patterns and levels of exploitation; Indian position in world production; Species composition; Supply prospects - inshore capture, deep-sea fishing, aquaculture; Domestic consumption and export markets; processing factories - capacity, methods; Quality control; Marine Products Export Development Authority - its role and contribution; and, Indian shrimp - its strength, weaknesses and future." [Abstract]

"Tilapia farming in Viet Nam was rapidly developed after introduction of Mozambique tilapia in 1951. However, because of the small size of marketable fish production of this species has step-by-step decreased. Nile tilapia was introduced in Viet Nam in 1973. Unfortunately, Nile tilapia has been uncontrollably crossed with Mozambique tilapia, and the quality of the hybrids has not satisfied the requirements of the fish farmers and the consumers. After re-introduction of some new strains of Nile tilapia, especially the GIFT strain, tilapia culture in Viet Nam has been strongly encouraging. The demand for GIFT tilapia fingerling is rapidly increasing. It is necessary to develop a strategy for maintaining and further improving genetic quality and to work out a plan of dissemination for GIFT tilapia in Viet Nam to meet the requirements of fish farms and farmers." [from Introduction]

"The authors live on Tongareva (also known as Penrhyn) in the Cook Islands. They review the development of the cultured pearl industry and the effects of traditional fishing and recent economic factors on that development. Prior to 1992, the majority of the residents on Tongareva were either uninterested or opposed to pearl farming. A large share of the adult population feared loss of local control over lagoon tenure rights and increased control in all lagoon affairs by the central government. As many as 5% of adults in the village of Omoka feared pearl seeding would induce a biological catastrophe on the scale of a nuclear explosion with the consequent necessity to evacuate their homeland. This was apparently due to the incorrect association of the word ‘nucleus’used to refer to the beads used in spherical pearl seeding, and the word ‘nuclear’ used in regards to the contamination experienced at Bikini and Enewetak atolls in the Marshall Islands. In March 1993, the Penrhyn Island Council shifted from a policy of opposition to supporting pearl seeding, although public opinion remained highly divided on the issue. By November 1993, pearl seeding licenses were initiated and prospective pearl farmers were required to apply for a permit from the Island Council. The economic potential of pearl farming was the overriding factor which influenced people to support commercial farming. The recent collapse in the copra industry due to reduced world market prices, and the steadily declining price for pearl shell have obviously been influential. From November 1993 to January 1994, support for pearl farming and commercial seeding ran at about 95% of the adult population in the village of Omoka. There is still lower support for pearl culture at the village of Tetautua because of a greater reliance on regular harvests of pearl shell for basic subsistence. It is anticipated that opposition for establishment of reserve areas, or for a total ban on wild harvesting, could come from Tetautua." [Abstract]

"An account is given of the mother of pearl industry in the Solomon Islands, which involves mainly the species Pinctata margaritifera and P. maxima. Data from export records compiled by the Fisheries Division and data from primary collections of spat in the Solomon Islands are presented. Between 1984 and 1993, relatively high numbers of P. margaritifera were exported from the Solomon Islands. The finding of average numbers of 3 and 4.4 spat per collector indicated that pearl farming could be economically viable in the area. It is therefore believed that the possibility of establishing small-scale farms at three sites with the greater abundance of spat should be investigated." [Abstract]

"This monograph is based upon research undertaken over the period 1989-1992, financed primarily by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) through its Research Project No. 8823, ‘Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture’. The University of Queensland was the commissioned organization. The project involved considerable cooperation with those involved in ACIAR Project No. 8873, ‘The Culture Of The Giant Clam (Tridacnidae) for Food and Restocking of Tropical Reefs’, for which James Cook University was the commissioned organization.

The contributions to this book are based principally on an edited selection of working papers that appeared in the series Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture between November 1989 and May 1992. The series was distributed by the Department of Economics of the University of Queensland. The papers selected for inclusion here are only a portion of those completed, but are those which relate most directly to the southwestern Pacific. By presenting this selection in revised and edited form, it is hoped that these research contributions will be of more lasting and comprehensive value as reference material. It is hoped to publish, at a later time, an additional monograph including papers with a different geographical focus.

"An overview is provided of the domestic and international trade in giant clam shells. Observations on the shell trade in the Philippines, Indonesia, the Pacific islands, and Japan and other countries are followed by a consideration of the characteristics of shells permitting their use for purposes ranging from ornaments to floor tile manufacture. The chapter concludes by considering the likely con-tribution of shells to the commercial success of giant clam mariculture enterprises." [Abstract]

"There have been two major studies of the use of giant clam meat for food in Taiwan (Dawson and Philipson 1989; Shang et al.,1991). The purpose of this paper is to provide some additional information about the demand for and use of giant clam meat for food in Taiwan, especially given the changing supply situation. It also gives specific recipes used in Taiwan for preparing dishes using giant clam meat. These are of two-fold interest, because: (i) a survey of Asian restaurants in Australia found that they were interested in using giant clam meat in their cuisine but had no recipes and little knowledge of how to prepare it; and (ii) the range of recipes indicates that although the Taiwanese prefer clam adductor muscle, they do have dishes which use clam mantle and dried clam meat. It was also found that a considerable Taiwanese market may exist for the raw meat of young clams. These findings have favourable implications for farmed giant clams for which there is likely to be an economic advantage in harvesting them at a young age." [Abstract]

"Successful development of aquaculture not only requires appropriate natural environmental conditions and availability of workable technical methods but also receptive and supportive socio-economic conditions. Socio-economic conditions influence the type of aquaculture which can be developed successfully in the species suitable for culture, appropriate methods of culture, and the end purpose of aquaculture products (e.g., whether they are suitable for non-exchange subsistence needs), local and domestic markets, or foreign markets.

Socio-economic influences on the development of aquaculture are specified. On the economic side, needs (desires), markets, availability of suitable resources, appropriate systems of property rights, and enterpreneurship are seen as important. Significant social influences include the following: security of property; types of social mechanism used for resource allocation and determination of resource use; the legal system; the political system; taste; and social values.

Socio-economic factors (attributes) are identified which should influence choices of species for aquaculture and methods employed in their aquaculture. The extent to which cost benefit analysis can provide a useful guide to the above is discussed. It is difficult to generalize about the socio-economic consequences of aquaculture. This difficulty is illustrated by the contrasting socio-economic impacts of seaweeds cultivation and shrimp culture." [Abstract]

"Open access fishery has led to problems of overfishing and dissipation of resource rent. Among fishery biologists, maximum sustainable yields are preferred. To economists, the optimal level of fishing is at maximum economic yield where resource rent and consumer surplus are maximized. Nevertheless, conventional management schemes by central authority are inefficient among tropic coastal state countries with multi-species, multi-gear fisheries, so community-based fisheries management (CBFM) is then in an option for a better cost-effective management scheme. Resource rent can be maximized while resources will be more abundant, but at the cost of decreasing consumer surplus. There is a plausible ‘underfishing’ in adopting CBFM. Supportive institutional framework, strong local organization, exclusivity of fishing against outsiders, sedentary/inshore fisheries, and recognition of fishermen’s social status are positive factors of CBFM. Negative factors are heterogeneity of fishermen and problems in equity if fishing. The economics of CBFM is actually the distribution of control of power due to market failure. There are external elements given to the local fishermen who can only control their internal decisions. The optimum is obtained where marginal benefit is equal to marginal cost. Factors to be considered are transaction costs, including exclusivity and governance costs. In adopting CBFM, maximizing resource rent must be combined with minimizing transaction costs for an optimum fishing level." [Abstract]

"Foreign exchange earning from export of frozen shrimp increased rapidly during the later half of 1980s and early 1990s. Mangrove had been converted into shrimp farm induced by the high return. Nevertheless, the productivity of these shrimp farms tended to decrease rapidly due to worsening environment and overcrowded activity. Pak Panang was selected as a study site for an answer on the loss from the shrimp farm. Results from the study revealed that the shrimp farm in the southern part of Thailand could not be profitable in the long run due to: lack of effective resources and pond management. Small shrimp farms were developed induced by high market return, converting the mangrove into shrimp farms. The development was finally greater than the environmental carrying-capacity, thus lowering the yield and then incurring loss from shrimp farming. Among the seven villages covered in the study the most profitable two were large farms and the farms with better management. Without proper management those small-scale farms lose within a few years after enjoying high returns at the early stage of development." [Abstract]

Following a brief account of measures introduced in China in order to enhance the inland fishery industry, an examination is made of the present status of this sector. Pond fish culture, lake fish culture, reservoir fish culture, river fish culture, inland capture fishery and fish introductions are discussed.

" A brief review of mussel (Perna viridis) culture in the Philippines is presented with reference to cultivation methods, economic returns, problems and recommendations."[Abstract]

"The marketing channels through which tilapia passes are relatively short on Luzon Island, Philippines. This may be due to the fact that the geographical location of the production area and the trading activities are relatively close in most localities. Another reason is the relatively small supply compared to other fish species. The seasonality of supply affects to a large extent the price of tilapia. However, size and freshness are also factors that affect the price. The quality of the fish that reach the market also affects the demand as indicated by consumer preferences.

That there are no overwhelming problems in the marketing of tilapia implies that prospects for its culture as a source of income and a help to augment food protein availability in the country are indeed bright." [Abstract]

A pilot project for the pen culture of Tilapia nilotica and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) in an irrigation canal was initiated in Barangay Cauayan, Pototan, Iloilo. The project, the Cauayan Social Laboratory, involves cooperators from the community and other government agencies with the aim of improving the quality of life of the rural poor while at the same time increasing fish production through aquaculture.

"A paddy drying system utilizing both solar energy and waste heat from an engine is described. A prototype dryer with a throughput of 10 t/day of paddy was designed, constructed, and evaluated at a rice mill in West Java, Indonesia. It was found that, in addition to the dryer providing increased drying capacity compared with sun drying, the solar dried paddy provided both an increase in milling yield and rice of improved quality for which premium prices were paid. Fuel consumption of the dryer was 29% less than that of a conventional flat bed dryer. Financial analysis showed that the improvements in milling yield and rice quality more than compensated for the high- fixed and variable costs of the dryer with a payback period of three years." [Abstract]

"Using either phosphatic or nitrogenous fertilizers and aquatic weeds, yields of the order of 9.7-12.3 kg and 13.5-14.7 kg/ha/day were realized in 1981 and 1982, respectively, in carp polyculture at input costs of Rs 1.13-1.77 ($US 0.09-0.15). High yields ranging from 12.3 to 15.1 kg/ha/day were also obtained with aquatic weeds alone at remarkably low input costs of Rs 0.93-Rs 1.42 ($US 0.08-0.12) per kilogram of fish when grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was the dominant species. The newly- developed, low-cost, labour-intensive technology could be recommended for extensive adoption in rural areas, especially in the Third World, where submerged aquatic vegetation such as Hydrilla, Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum or terrestrial vegetation like grasses or fodder are abundantly available." [Abstract]

"Production aspects of composite (polyculture) systems are described. The majority of the farms that were studied reared various species of exotic carps and local Indian varieties and produced high yields every year. However, maximizing production will not maximize profits. Feed is identified as the major component of cost, and extensive data on feed input levels and observed output levels are reported. Wide variations in yield occur even for similar feeding levels. Optimum input levels for feed are determined using the total cost, total revenue approach." [from Abstract]

"With increasing research and development activities as well as investments, the Indian aquaculture sector has come to play a significant role in the national economy not only in the State of West Bengal, but also in the non-traditional fish culture areas like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Attention is being focused on aquaculture productivity of catfishes, prawns, and molluscs with particular reference to pearl culture; biofertilizers; growth hormones; unconventional feed ingredients; vaccines; cryopreservation of gametes; hormone implants; genetic engineering and growth hormone gene injection; aquatic microbiology; nutrient energy interactions; seriodiagnostics; and fish immunology. These aspects were discussed in a National Symposium under the title ‘New Horizons in Freshwater Aquaculture’." [Abstract]

"Farm-gate prices for 26-30 count black tigers averaged $US 8.30 per kilogram in recent weeks, while 31-35 count tigers earned farmers about $US 7.10/kg. The majority of the farm-raised shrimp fell into the latter category. Generally, for semi-intensive farms (stocking densities of 15-20 post-larvae/PLs per square metre/m ²) and intensive farms (30-40 PLs/m ²), pond survival averaged 60 and 50%, respectively. Survival over 70% is considered exceptional. It was clear that intensively-managed farms were achieving mediocre results, while at the same time requiring added inputs to sustain results. Use of antibiotics, both as a prophylactic measure and as a curative, either applied directly to the pond or administered through feed, is still taking place. Use of zeolite (500 kg/ha/application) to control ammonia levels, and related algal blooms, also contributed to costs, though not as significantly. Notwithstanding the fact that prices for shrimp are firming, the health of the industry is in question. Reportedly, farmers in east Java have been stocking Penaeus merguiensis instead of P. monodon in an effort to break the cycle of disappointingly low yields. Although farm-gate prices are lower for P. merguiensis, inputs are significantly less, culture periods are shorter and survival has been measurably better." [Abstract]

"It is estimated that about 2 400 000 t of wet seaweed worth hundreds of millions of dollars have been produced annually in the four main Oriental countries, namely, China, Japan, Korea and the Philippines, just by modern seaweed cultivation, and about 670 000 people have been involved. Because macro-algal commercialization is still developing in Oriental countries, it is worthwhile to assess and summarize the history, present situation, conditions, development patterns and models, experiences and problems in these countries. This is worthwhile not only for those four countries, but also for countries with the potential and interests in developing their own macroalgal industry." [Abstract]

"Cage culture has been practiced in the Mekong River in Viet Nam for three decades. Recently, the industry made many changes in term of technology, management and economics. In 1991, the Faculty of Fisheries at the University of Cantho organized and performed a survey to measure and analyze the changes of the industry in this region.

Data, via questionnaires, were collected from 91 cage owners and/or their technicians around Chaudoc town. Also, the Department of Agriculture in Angiang province was surveyed for the political and management aspects of the industry. Results show that among the 649 cages in Angiang province, the 91 cages located around Chaudoc town were mostly used for grow-out operations (80%); the rest (11%) were used for nursery work. The two main stock species in this area were 95% catfish (Pangasius) and 5% snake head (Channa micropeltes).

The highest single production of the year was 270 kg/m ³, but the average was only 87.4 kg/m ³/yr. Three models of ownership (i.e., individual, cooperative, and state) were recorded during our survey. Ownership greatly affects the production, as well as the benefits, of this industry. Individual owners recorded the highest production figure, followed by the cooperatives, and then the State. Detailed figures in terms of the technical, economic, and social aspects are presented and discussed in this paper." [Abstract]

661. Tugsinavisuitti, S. 1987. An economic analysis of oyster (Grassostrea Sp) farming in Thailand. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, Asian Fisheries Social Science Research Network.

"This research report is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the objectives, the methodology and literature review. The second chapter describes the way of culture in general, as well as that found from the survey. The social and economic condition of oyster farmers in Thailand is also described in this chapter. Investment in oyster farming and the cost of production and returns are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents the analysis of the efficiency of each rearing method and the comparison between methods of cultures. A Summary of the results and recommendations are given in the last chapter." [from Preface]

"The history of Myanmar’s pearl culture industry is 40 years old. It is significant that the whole operation of pearl cultivation, from fishing, through seeding, to harvest, has been carried out by Myanmar citizens for three decades. In accordance with its market economy system, local and foreign companies are interested in pearl cultivation in Myanmar." [Abstract]

"Some 40 out of the existing 52 brackishwater prawn farms in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh State were surveyed to study their costs and returns, resource use efficiency, and marketing. On an average, the total cost of production per crop per hectare was Rs 87 389.86; it showed an inverse relationship to farm size. On an average, the yield obtained per crop per hectare was 1 161.2 kg and the gross and net incomes were Rs 1 33 538.00 and Rs 46 148.14, respectively; they were directly proportional to the farm size. The average unit cost of production per kg of prawns worked out to Rs 75.25. The resource use efficiency analysis (MVP/MFC ratios) indicates that there is further scope to increase the investment on all the significant independent variables except feed, which is overutilized. The breakeven output on an average is found to be 226.38 kg/crop/ha. The price spread reveals that the producer’s share in the consumer’s price is only 57.50%. The study reveals that brackishwater prawn farming is highly capital-intensive rather than labour-intensive, and that the large farms derived the scale economies." [Abstract]

"A discussion is presented on the economics of milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in the Pacific Islands, considering in particular the findings of a study conducted to examine the economic performance of milkfish culture in Tarawa, Kiribati. Problems involved in aquaculture development projects are examined briefly." [Abstract]

"Economic development is a priority of Pacific Island nations. Since fisheries are the primary resource of these islands, their rational development and management are of paramount importance. Aquaculture (the culture of aquatic organisms) is closely tied to fisheries development and management.

Socio-economics is essential for efficient management and effective development of fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific Islands region. The objective of this paper is to increase awareness on this topic through the presentation of four case studies.

By addressing socio-economic issues, successful management and development of fisheries and aquaculture in the region may be realized. When they are ignored, project failure too often results. This wastes time and resources in island nations that can ill afford the luxury of inefficient management and ineffective development of their primary resource." [Abstract]

"South Bihar has numerous ponds suitable for fish-cum-duck farming. Poor soil fertility status, weed growth and predatory fishes can be overcome by remedial measures. Details of mixed carp culture and duck sample economics of a typical venture are considered." [Abstract]

"The mean on-farm yield in the culture tanks of the study area was 880 kg/ha, against the demonstration tank yield of 3 000 kg/ha and the experimental station yield of 8 000-10 000 kg/ha. The constraints responsible for the wide yield gaps were analyzed in depth. The present study identified various resource constraints, production constraints, management constraints and marketing constraints. The results were discussed and policy options identified." [Abstract]

"The importance of making accurate estimates of cost in the financial evaluation of prawn farming problem areas are discussed." [Abstract]

"While the emphasis on shrimp culture in India would naturally be on the raising of large-sized prawns such as Penaeus monodon and P. indicus or quality fishes, there are several other species of smaller prawns/fishes which could also be reared and produced in large quantities. Modern technology has shown the way for utilizing even such small-sized prawns, whose only demerit is that they are too small to be handled and marketed profitably in the conventional way. The present paper discusses these and allied problems of diversification in the marketing of fisheries products, based on shrimp and fish, produced by aquaculture practices." [Abstract]

The conversion of mangrove areas into fishponds and the introduction of aquaculture technology have created anxieties among the mangrove dwelling and mangrove dependent people in Oriental Mindoro. The livelihood of the shell gatherer (magsisihi), crabber (mag aayama), nipa gatherer (magsasasa), fishermen (mangingisda) and baroy gatherer (mamamaroy) will be threatened by the effects of the fishpond construction on the ecological balance of the mangrove environment. Inhabitants have their own concept of the preservation and utilization of the mangroves. The introduction of fishpond technology will tend to conflict with the socio-cultural values of these people. Therefore, attempts must be made to improve on and modify the local technology which suits the mangrove dwellers’ culture, so that the mangrove resources could be further exploited. Consideration of socio-cultural factors in the management and utilization of mangrove resources will assist in avoiding cultural disintegration of the mangrove society.

A sample survey to study the socio-economic conditions of the chank fishermen community in Tuticorin was conducted to ascertain the effect of the developmental programmes in improving the living standards of the fishermen at a later date.

"Declining marine fishery production has prompted the Government of India to focus on aquaculture. While India has vast potential for aquaculture, the industry presently suffers from inadequate infrastructure, administrative bottlenecks, an absence of technology transfer, large capital outlays and irregular seed supplies. This paper identifies the resource, cultivable species, infrastructure, culture technology, administration finance, insurance, research and development, and development assistance." [Abstract]

The Ban Don Bay coastline of Thailand covers about 1 100 km² and that of Phangnga Bay covers 1 180 km². Rapid development is affecting land use in both bays. Common use conflicts include brackishwater aquaculture development in the mangrove/estuarine areas and agriculture in coastal habitats or in inappropriate land and unplanned urban development. The project surveyed existing land uses; established criteria for land uses vis-à-vis land-use capability; developed map overlays and zonation plans; and formulated strategies for implementation. In Phangnga Bay, mangroves are relatively intact except in those areas used for traditional exploitation (e.g., charcoal making). In this bay, the mangroves should be maintained because of their unsuitability for pond culture. Cage fish and mollusc culture can be promoted instead. Sedimentation caused by tin mining should be regulated. All deforestation should be stopped. For Ban Don Bay, it was concluded that pond culture development, which has replaced 77 km²of mangrove and 20 km² of paddy land since 1967, should be stopped. A zonation plan is recommended that preserves all remaining mangroves, allows continual pond culture and shows potential areas for brackishwater culture. Pond culture should be sustainable with respect to soil and water conditions, ecological impacts on the soil and the downstream water quality from pond culture. Education of the local population and law enforcement are recommended to implement such a zonation plan. [Abstract]

"SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department assessed training requirements, available manpower and areas or fields of aquaculture training most needed in the Philippines and other countries in southeast Asia in 1994 1996. Over all, the short-term training areas are ranked as follows: (i) brackishwater aquaculture; (ii) freshwater aquaculture; (iii) aquaculture management; (iv) fish health management; (v) aquaculture research methodology; (vi) culture of natural food organism; (vii) fish nutrition; (viii) marine fish hatchery; (ix) shrimp hatchery operation; (x) aquaculture extension methodology; (xi) integrated fish farming; (xii) fry collection, handling and storage; (xiii) sanitation and culture of tropical bivalves; (xiv) artemia culture; (xv) management of aquatic resources and the environment; (xvi) intensive farming systems; (xvii) aquaculture economics; (xviii) fish genetics." [from Abstract]

"The intensive culture of the Asian catfish Clarias batrachus, as practised at the research facilities of the Faculty of Fisheries, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, takes place in a breeding house and fish ponds. Techniques for the artificial reproduction of C. batrachus and for the rearing of fry and fingerlings are described. Results of semi- and super-intensive culture of C. batrachus in ponds and flowthrough tanks are presented as well as the fish diseases encountered and their control. The economics of the intensive culture of C. batrachus fingerlings are calculated." [Abstract]

"The various combinations of pig, duck, goose, pigeon and fish farming in Hong Kong, China are reviewed with particular emphasis on production data and marketing. In 1978, fish production from integrated farms ranged from 1.5 to 4.7 t/ha. The increasing demand for land in Hong Kong may limit future expansion, but integrated farming has advantages over other food producing systems as it is efficient in both land and water utilization. Research needs to increase this efficiency are discussed.

The paper includes two case studies on duck-fish and goose-fish farms with detailed economic analyses. The returns on capital invested were 15 to 19% for the duck and goose farming and 43 to 58% for the fish-culture components." [Abstract]

"A simple floating hatchery system with partially submerged tanks (bags made of flexible, plastic-coated fabric) was used to rear the larvae of Penaeus indicus. A total of 1.96 million active nauplii were reared in 6000-1 tanks at average densities of 67 nauplii and 42 nauplii/1 of tank capacity. Development time from spawning to metamorphosis was nine days and the average survival rate of nauplii to age PL 6 was 49%. From age PL 6, post-larvae were reared in nursery net cages (6x3x0.6m) in the sea. At densities of 50 000-60 000 post-larvae/cage, the average survival rate from age PL6 to age PL 20-22 was 78%; from age PL 20-22 to age PL 37-44 at densities of 25 000/cage it was 83%. The costs of producing post-larvae and juveniles using the floating hatchery and nursery net cage system and of producing live prawns of marketable size by net cage culture were calculated. Modifications in the net cage culture techniques employed are recommended to improve growth and survival rates and reduce production costs." [Abstract]

678. Wang, Chin Yaw and Sun, Johnson Chien Fu. 1994. Fishery statistics of Taiwan. In: Sulit, V.R. and Inoue, K. (eds). Status of fishery information and statistics in Asia. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Fishery Information and Statistics in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand, January 18-22, 1994. Volume 2: Papers presented at the workshop. Bangkok, Thailand, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre. pp. 248-260. [Taiwan Fish. Bur., Taiwan Prov. Gov., Taipei, Taiwan (P.C.)]

"The Taiwan Provincial Fisheries Bureau plays a major role in activities regarding the compilation of fishery statistics and information covering the whole country. An account is given of data collection, compilation and processing regarding statistics of the marine capture fishery, the inland capture fishery, aquaculture, prices, economics and trade. The disposition of catch and data obtained during fishery surveys are also considered. Problems and constraints to be overcome in order to improve the current statistical system are highlighted." [Abstract]

"A technique for high yield in ponds with the total area of 1 038 mu by model farming fish was studied. After taking a series of measures such as releasing many kinds of fingerlings with a big size, utilizing compound pellets and scientific adjusting and controlling water quality, the total output of fishes reached 4 780 t. The average per mu yield reached 460.5 kg. The result, appraised by experts, has met the advanced level at home in area, in per mu yield, in comprehensive culturing technique and economic and social benefit." [Abstract]

"Seaweeds of commercial importance in China include Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Gelidium, Gracilaria, Eucheuma and Macrocystis. Details are given of production techniques for the culture of Laminaria. Harvesting, processing, utilization and marketing of the species are also described." [Abstract]

"A discussion is presented on cooperation between China and Taiwan regarding fisheries development. Since marine fishing is a traditional industry in both countries, the key to a continuing strong economy is the cooperation of the fishery economy and relation between the two sides. Cooperation in trade, deep-sea and ocean fisheries, marine aquaculture, aquatic product processing and in science, technology and education is examined." [Abstract]

"The present paper reports the major species, techniques and status of Porphyra production in mainland China. The progress of new research on nori cultivation made in the recent years is also included. The biotechnology of seaweeds have greatly developed. The extensively cultivated Porphyra were first selected by scientists from many countries as research materials for seaweed biotechnology. This paper also introduces studies on breeding technique with somatic cells from P. yezoensis and its application. According to the experimental results, the author compared new breeding methods with traditional ones in technique, economic benefit and social benefit to emphasize its importance, and present some new ideas and advice on the development of Porphyra culture in the future." [Abstract]

"The aquaculture industry in Taiwan (P.C.) has faced many development problems both in the production and the demand side. The industry needs to make immediate adjustments for further development. Both monoculture and polyculture are widely practised by inland aquafarms, but polyculture capture has some advantages of improving the productivity of scarce resources such as land or water. Also, polyculture diversifies the operation risk by reducing the production cost and stabilizing farm revenues. To determine whether polyculture is an effective strategy for adjusting the future production structure of aquaculture in Taiwan, this study attempts to discover and analyze the characteristics of technology and the efficiencies of resource use for the major types of polyculture aquafarming in Taiwan. A multiple-product multiple-input translog cost function model is developed for three major species polycultured in Taiwan: milkfish, grass shrimp and clam. Empirical results indicate that milkfish polyculture should be extended in the future; grass shrimp polyculture does not have the cost advantage but diversifies the production risk. No consistent conclusion can be made about the cost advantage of clam polyculture." [Abstract]

"Artificial reefs have been used by many countries to increase fisheries productivity and develop tourism. It has been proved that artificial reefs can also benefit local fishermen. The bottom of the coastal waters of Jumeluk, east Bali, consist of hard black sand about 180 000 m² (5 to 40 m in depth). It was good as a fishing ground for small-scale fishermen and as a tourism area. i.e., diving and fishing. In this area it is possible to construct and develop the artificial reefs, since the water is clear (transparency more than 10 m), the current is not too strong (less than 0.80 knot), the temperature is 26.70° C to 30.10° C, the salinity is 32.5-35.0 ppt, and the area is free from boat traffic. The coastal artificial reefs’ development was used as rehabilitation; the installment of artificial reefs in these waters could increase production and fish density to more than 5 inds/m³ and 11.2 kg/m³/year." [Abstract]

"After a brief introduction to catfish culture in Thailand, this paper deals with cost structure, profitability and production technology. The emphasis is on the dominance of feed, and particularly trash fish, in the cost structure and the profit differential between small and large farms as well as between inexperienced and experienced farmers. It is concluded that there is inefficiency in input use (too much fry and trash fish and too little broken rice and fuel used), and it is recommended that more credit be given to small farmers and that research and extension be intensified to determine optimum feed formulas and ways to control disease." [Abstract]

"The socio-economic characteristics of small farm households in the rural aquaculture sector of the Mekong Delta region are documented and analyzed using survey data from 365 farm households in Cantho and Vinhlong provinces, the central area of the region. The surveyed farm households were classified according to the four farming systems that are most typical in the region: (i) aquaculture in ponds and garden canals (A); (ii) aquaculture integrated with animals and/or trees and other non-rice crops (AC/VAC); (iii) aquaculture integrated with ice cultivation (AR); and (iv) no aquaculture (non-fish). Most of the surveyed farmers are subsistence farmers, i.e., their produce is mainly for household consumption. In most cases, only rice and aquaculture products are marketed. Little processing and storing activities takes place." [from Abstract]

"Integrated farming systems in Thailand are summarized on a province-by- province basis and their present and future importance are assessed. The advantages of integrated farming are clear from data, which indicate that a 6 rai (9,600m²) farm integrating crops, livestock production and fish culture can make an annual profit of Baht (B) 24 770, compared to B 6 500 from rice culture alone. A detailed case study on a 15 rai chicken-fish farm in Chachoengsao Province lists the annual profits as B 89 694 from chicken eggs and B 13 966 from fish (Sarotherodon niloticus) sales. The respective returns are 36% and 188% of total variable costs." [Abstract]

"The general culture practices of the freshwater giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in the central plain on Thailand are reviewed. The preliminary survey revealed that culture in ponds is the most popular and commercial technique. An economic analysis of ponds was made by the case-study method. Four farms were selected for the study. Data obtained from individual farm reviews and based on the 1979 production year are given. Analysis showed that the farm size of 12.48 yielded the highest return compared to smaller sized farms (0.48, 1.2, and 2.34 ha)." [from Abstract]

"Coastal aquaculture and its development in Phang Nga is discussed with respect to a project to extend cage culture and shellfish culture to small-scale fisherman." [Abstract]

There is a great opportunity for coastal fisheries development, as the coastal area has many functions. These proceedings state the need for integrated land-use planning, and that for fisheries resources’ management there is a need for shared authority between provincial and central government.

This paper analyzes the demand for live marine fish in Hong Kong, China and the manner by which these are harvested and marketed. A list of the common species cultured and their corresponding prices are given.

"A review is presented of the current status of fish diseases in the Malaysian aquaculture industry covering the period 1983-85, describing the various disease outbreaks which occurred and also examining their economic impact on the industry." [Abstract]

"This study is undertaken to determine the economic viability of shrimp pond culture in Malaysia. The data used in the analysis were derived from a cross-sectional sample survey of existing shrimp farms in south Johore during the 1987-88 crop year. Our study revealed that the majority of the farms in the study area were engaged in the monoculture of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) on an intensive to semi-intensive culture system. Stocking density ranged from

16 pieces/m² for semi-intensive farms to 33 pieces/m² for intensive farms. Production averaged at 2.58 t/ha/crop and 1.71 t/ha/crop for intensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively. The total investment cost was estimated at $M 39 000/ha for intensive farms as against $M 22 225/ha for semi-intensive farms, with the cost of pond construction accounting for almost half of the total. Total operating costs worked out to be $M 33 514/ha for intensive farms as compared to $M 24 222/ha for semi-intensive farms. The estimated cost to produce 1 kg of shrimps was $M 14.50 and $M 15.90 for intensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively. In terms of profitability, our analysis showed that intensive farms were generally more profitable than semi-intensive farms. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that the farms were highly responsive to changes in production and price. As expected, the farms require higher production and price levels to break even. The optimum farm size was estimated to be 20 and 80 ha for the intensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively." [Abstract]

The paper seeks to determine the economic viability of brackishwater pond culture, with specific reference to a semi-intensive culture system for tiger shrimp. The study analyzes the cost and earning structures of the shrimp farming enterprise, and assesses the economics of investment using various profitability indicators. It also examines the farm’s sensitivity to changes in production and price on the farm’s net income.

"Over the last five years, shrimp mariculture has become one of the most important coastal commercial activities in Malaysia. Depleting natural stock from capture fisheries, combined with strong demands for shrimp in the international market and proven commercial viability of shrimp culture have made this mariculture practice attractive not only to private investors, but also to government development agencies. In this paper, a brief review of the rapid development of shrimp mariculture in Malaysia over the last few years is attempted, and the impact of this development on the coastal ecosystem is discussed. Next, the economic implications of shrimp mariculture development are analyzed referring particularly to industry concentration in the hands of a decreasing number of firms, inequitable distribution of benefits, marginalization of small-scale producers, and accessibility and ownership implication, as a result of the rapid development of shrimp mariculture. Forming the conclusion is a discussion of alternative strategies and policy options for developing shrimp mariculture on an environmentally sustainable and socio-economically justifiable basis." [Abstract]

"Recent years have witnessed the impressive and rapid development of brackishwater shrimp pond culture in Johore, Peninsular Malaysia. According to official estimates, there were some 236 brackishwater ponds in operation, spanning an area of 336 ha in 1984. By 1987, the number of ponds had increased to 365 while the area developed was 490 ha. Some 2 500 ha of mangrove areas have been studied for aquaculture potential. Recognizing the tremendous potential for brackishwater pond culture in Johore, there has been an upsurge of interest by the private sector to invest in the aquaculture business, especially in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming. A study was carried out to determine the economic viability of brackishwater pond culture, with specific reference to tiger shrimp farming on a semi-intensive culture system. It analyzed the cost and earning structures of the shrimp farming enterprise, assessed the economics of investment in shrimp farming using various profitability indicators, and examined the farm’s sensitivity to changes in production and price levels and the impact of changes in production and price on the farm’s net income. The data in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of brackishwater pond operators in Johore during the 1987/1988 crop year." [Abstract]

"Since 1970, the marine fisheries of the Republic of Korea has followed a marked growth. For the period from 1970 to 1992, the total fishery production increased by 3.5 times from 930 000 mt to 3.3 million mt. This increased production was greatly attributed to the rapid and steady development of distant water fisheries and coastal aquaculture, which went along perfectly with the then government policy for national economy to enhance a foreign exchange earning industry. Conversely, coastal and offshore fisheries achieved little progress due to the limited resources available in her adjacent waters. What is more important is that in recent years, the catch of both coastal and offshore fisheries has began to decline due to the depletion of resources as the result of the overinvestment to these two sectors." [Abstract]

"The necessity of planning management in integrated fish farming systems, in order to ensure economic efficiency, is discussed in detail. There are three main objectives of planning management: firstly, the plan should mesh with the national plan and the market; secondly, all production activities on the farm should be comprehensively balanced; and, thirdly, the planning should aim at an overall optimal efficiency." [Abstract]

"According to the outcomes of an economic survey on Zhangzhuang Aquafarm, Wuxian County, Suzhou and two Helei aquafarms, Wuxi, the main approaches to raise the economic benefits of pond fish culture are: (i) proper stocking pattern: if herbivorous fish accounts for more than 50% of the total stocking weight, the economic returns are the best; (ii) optimum stocking weight: if the stocking weight ranges from 2 400-2 550 kg/ha, the net production will reach about 12 630 kg/ha, the highest in theory; (iii) the peak profit is 9 216 yuan/ha when net production reaches 12 630 kg/ha; (iv) cost control: if the cost is controlled below 16 470 yuan/ha, the profit will be the maximum. In addition, the technical measures such as harvesting and stocking in rotation, rearing fingerlings in grow out ponds and reasonable prophylaxis of fish diseases are also effective measures to get more profit." [from Abstract]

"An assessment is made of the current situation regarding the tilapia fisheries in Malaysia. The yields and management inputs of both the capture fisheries and culture- based fisheries are discussed. The improvement of tilapia broodstock and the economics of culture operations are detailed. Future prospects for further expansion of the tilapia fisheries in Malaysia are also examined." [Abstract]

"This paper provides the results of a late 1982 survey of 80 privately-operated tilapia hatcheries in the Laguna and Rizal provinces of the Philippines. Sample hatcheries represented approximately 20% of the total enumerated hatcheries in these two provinces. The ‘experimental’ nature of fingerling production practices is documented, particularly variability in broodstock management, supplementary feeding and rates of fertilizer application. Average costs and returns are reported for various hatchery sizes, all of which reported positive net revenue. The average hatchery in these two provinces in 1982 was 3 900m² in size, produced 488 200 fingerlings and earned a total revenue of p 66 170. After deducting all costs of p 31 390 (including that of feeds which made up 39% of variable costs), the average hatchery earned a residual return to operator’s own and family labour, capital, management and risk of p 34 780 or approximately p 890/100m². (p 11.00 = $US 1.00).

In the near term, these high returns can be expected to continue to attract both small-scale and large-scale investors into the business. Coupled with problems of inadequate broodstock quality control among the hatcheries surveyed, however, this increased competition is going to make it difficult for the Rizal and Laguna hatcheries to maintain their present competitive advantage and high rates of return. The paper concludes with a recommendation for intensified public-sector efforts in the areas of research, extension and information dissemination to improve broodstock management practices and reduce production costs." [Abstract]

"The main problem of achieving the optimum structure of fishery production in a hilly agriculture area is to adjust the composition of fish species to be stocked and fully use the forage resources to improve fish productivity. In Guan Shan village in Hunan Province (China), after an optimum fishery structure was adopted, the proportion of phytophagous fish in ponds, has risen from 3.4 to 40%, and the utilization rate of vegetation has risen from 0.8 up to 5.33%. Under the restriction of the overall optimum model of agriculture at the village, there are 9.93% of the whole forage resources which can be used in fishery production. Therefore, a favourable ecological circulating pattern was formed, in which agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery production will benefit each other, and a harmonious development will be maintained." [Abstract]

"The aim of this study is to explain, by applying compensation theory, the damage to fisheries caused by external factors. Externally caused economic damage to a cultivating fishery may be of a kind which results in decrease in quantity or a decrease in quality, or both. In the case of a qualitative decrease, we therefore have to consider compensation, and so apply compensation theory. We shall also introduce in the case study a simple method of projecting the quality compensated price." [Abstract]

"It is observed that fish culture industry both in Japan and Korea has a distinct contrast in terms of production, marketing, consumption, and trade. This paper aims to find out the natural, social and economic conditions which distinguish yellowtail and red seabream cultures between Japan and Korea." [Abstract]

"China’s coastal ocean uses have played a leading role in the rapid growth of the nation’s economy during the past decade. An urgent task is to prevent and control the adverse environmental impacts and related socio-economic consequences accompanying the accelerated development through improving coastal ocean management. This paper offers a national overview of some typical examples for those impacts and consequences, illustrating that China’s major estuaries and bays in particular are home for many ‘use conflicts’ in terms of competition for limited resources/space and the consequences of pollution by various sources and mechanisms. The conflicts between mariculture and seaport/shipping development, tidal land reclamation and wetland resource uses, coastal mining and protection against erosion, waste disposal and protecting ecosystem and human health, offshore oil development and fisheries, and coastal underground freshwater and land uses, are particularly serious on either the national, regional or local levels. The conflicts and their consequences call into question the adequacy of the existing efforts in research, monitoring, assessment and management, and in dealing with related scientific or information uncertainties, thus offering a rationale for improving the existing management systems." [Abstract]

"This research conducted in subtropical hilly Jiangsu Province, China, was aimed at developing intensive fish farming systems for better use of local resources, while achieving ecological and economic benefits. A semi-intensive system with moderate inputs (crop-hog-fish-agroecosystem) was found to be more profitable than extensive or intensive fish culture systems and yielded twice as much as cropping alone. The techniques for fish culture in the crop hog fish system consisted of a polyculture of fish, pondwater management, green forage supply and food supplements. Targeting gross weight output of 6 t/ha or a net output of 5 t/ha, the crop-hog-fish system consists of a 1-ha fish pond, 0.5 ha cultivated grassland to support the herbivorous fishes, 0.5-ha cropland to provide fish food, and 2.5 heads of hog. The hog manure is used to fertilize the pond water. The external energy subsidies include 1 000 kg fish fry, 400 days of labour, certain chemicals and electricity. The total energy input is 193.5 GJ/ha, while the energy output is 34.3 GJ/ha, yielding a transfer rate of 0.177. The output value is 2.57 times the production costs. The authors believe the recommended model is adaptive and viable to small farms with appropriate resources, especially in subtropical and temperate areas." [Abstract]

"Floating net cage aquaculture (FNCA) was introduced to the 5 660 ha Saguling hydropower reservoir as a resettlement option for the 1 500 of 10 664 families displaced. By December 1988, 1 236 cages were built and aquaculture production was 2 544 t/year of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FNCA has increased by an estimated 20% the regional production of freshwater fish to Bandung, a city of 2 million. In March 1989, one cage cost an average Rp 491 200 to build including labour (US$ 1= Rp 1 742). Improved construction techniques have reduced costs Rp 182 500 to 218 000. Net financial returns ranged from Rp 458 661 to 1 093 718/cage/year during monitoring in 1987-88. Problems are the concentration of cages in areas of good access, ‘turnover’, fingerling shortages, and unbalanced distribution of benefits." [Abstract]

"In order to raise the farmed fish in the warm, running water, facilities for farming fish with the circulated cooling water from power water plant and techniques for comprehensive cultivation of fishes were studied and improved. In 1991 and 1992 the average annual output of adult fishes and fingerlings was 104 068 kg in the warm running water ponds with the total area of 1484m², due to application of the improved facilities and techniques. The profit and tax were 353 714.3 yuan. The amount of the increase production in two years was 68 568kg and the increased profit and tax were 231 074 yuan, compared with the three-year average output before experiment. The conclusion drawn in check before acceptance was that the improved technique and comprehensive benefit were in the lead at home." [Abstract]

711. Zhang, Jiansen, Sun, Xiaoyi, Shi, Yonghon, Wang, Jianxin, Gong, Yongsheng and Zhu, Genrong. 1994. Studies on the characteristics of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian). In: Zhang, Jiansen and Sun, Xiaoyi (eds.). The selected paper of breeding in Jian Carp Cyprinus Carpio Var. Jian Jianli Yuzhong Yanjiu Lunwenji. Beijing, China, Science Press. pp. 27-39. [Freshwater Fish. Res. Cent. CAFS, Wuxi 214081, China]

"Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) is a good new variety developed with the combined breeding technique, which demonstrates some excellent characteristics such as long figure and greyish colour. It has outstanding growth superiority which shows that Jian carp is higher in the individual weight increment and group weight gain than Hebao red carp (Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis), Yuankiang carp (C. carpio yuankiang) and Heyuan carp by 141.55-250.82%, 80.46-96.71%, 40.34-42.53%, 154.41-256.70%, 93.30-100.38% and 41.72-44.57%, respectively, and much higher than other common carp and hybrids by 30%. Jian carp can grow up to marketable size in the same year from its fry. This carp also possesses good meat quality and delicious taste, high meat content, high catching rate, low feed coefficient, and docide nature. It has self-reproduction and stable genetic characteristics, of which the stability and identity of some main items have reached above 99%. It has been also proved that Jian carp is a new variety with the biochemical hereditary property and stability by the electrophoresis isozyme experiment. It has been popularized in twenty five provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions and has shown a high economic and social return in recent years." [Abstract]

"In order to raise the survival rate in the transport of the live fish, a positive crossing experiment (L9(34) was made to transport the live Jian carp first immersed in water with the concentration of 100 x 10-6 carbonic acid, and later taken out to be put into the closed water-filled container containing different concentrations of the selected NaCl, H2O2 and Terramycin. The result showed that in seven groups the survival rate of Jian carp was 80% on an average, and only the survival rate of the second group reached 100% in the water in the proportion of 0.2% NaCl, 170ml H2O2 and 20 x 10-6 Terramycin. The positive relativation appeared apparently between the dissolved oxygen and the survival rate; although the oxygen resource, the variety of anaesthetic and medicine could more and less effect on the survival rate, there was yet no marked difference between the factors and the concentrations effecting on the survival rate." [Abstract]

"Based on the data of resources, environment and foundation of production, applied principal components analysis and cluster analysis, the maritime area of the Chang Shan Islands (Huanghai Sea) are divided into three regions of agricultural pasturalization: (i) the northern part of the maritime area of Wang Jia and Shi Cheng islands. Main productions are cultivation of prawn and molluscs of seabeach, shallow sea floating raft culture of mussel and scallop, and sea cucumber breeding in submarine; (ii) middle-western part of the maritime area of Da Chang Shan, Guang Lu and western part of Xiao Chang Shan Islands. The main productions are shallow sea floating raft culture of mussel and scallop, breeding of sea cucumber and scallop in submarine, development of seabeach molluscs, and cultivation of prawn and algae; and (iii) the southeastern part of the maritime area of the eastern part of Xiao Chang Island, Hai Yang and Zhang Zhi Islands. The main productions are shallow sea floating raft culture of Chlamys farreri gulf scallop, development of Patinopecten yessoensis, and breeding of abalone, sea cucumber, algae and fish." [Abstract]

"In most provinces of China, trout production is severely limited by a shortage of good quality, cold water suitable for fish farm use. Qinghai province, however, is well-endowed with suitable sites, thus showing potential to become the foremost rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) producing area in China. The provincial Government is planning a rapid development of trout production, the success of which would completely transform and revitalize the fisheries sector of the province. Following a general description of the Chinese market for fish, a short account is given of the trout market. Recommendations to improve the current situation are included. Problems regarding Chinese trout culture are identified and the processing of Chinese trout is described. Details of a Five-Year Marketing Strategy and of a Five-Year Production Plan for Qinghai trout are provided." [Abstract]

"On the basis of water environmental investigation information obtained in the seventh five year period, we studied the contradiction between the distribution of the water utilization functional zone at present and the condition of the water environmental functional zone, brought forward the regulating method of the current functional zone and the division of water environmental functional zone, and pointed out that the prospects of the aquaculture, one of the most important function of Lingding Sea, would certainly bring about great benefits to the local society." [Abstract]

"The deployment and distributional status and the development of artificial reefs for fishes, sea cucumbers and other high commercial-value aquatic produce off the China coast are reviewed. The problems involved in managing the reefs at various stages are summarized. Taking social, economic and ecological effects into account, the paper probes the rational ways of exploiting coastal waters for developing and managing the new industry from a perspective viewpoint. Countermeasures for tackling the existing problems are put forward." [Abstract]

"The culture of catfish in China began in the mid-1950s. Today Clarias fuscus, C. batrachus, C. lazera and their hybrids are commonly cultivated. It became a profitable undertaking with low investment, low cost, and quick results. The propagation areas are mainly in South China. In this paper, recently developed methods and techniques used in artificial propagation, rearing of fingerlings, and adult fish culture for several catfishes are described." [Abstract]

"A dike pond system is a particular artificial ecosystem of land water interaction, and also a special stero-cultivating breeding system, so it has the characteristics of both the terrestrial ecosystem, and freshwater ecosystem. The dike pond system has a complicated structure and multi-levels, including land-cultivating levels and waterbody breeding levels. Regarding the cultivation forms, it may be one of the production structures with the most levels and the highest form. The input and output of substances and energy of the dike pond system are basically balanced. The sections of the system coordinate and promote each other. Because each unit of area can give various agricultural and aquatic products, and high production yield, it is one of the most important ways of saving farmland." [Abstract]

"Production of marine fisheries is forecasted by making a GM (1,1) model based on statistical data of the production of marine take and culture in seawater. It is estimated that the production of marine take will be 7751.4 thousand tons in 1995 and 11 437.3 thousand tons in the year 2000, while the production of culture in seawater will be 3221.9 thousands tons in 1995 and 6771.7 thousand tons in the year 2000. By analyzing the status quo, problems and forecasting result. Measures to increase production are proposed." [Abstract]

"A high yield, 13 988.25kg/ha of Tilapia nilotica and T. Mossambica (improved breed of fishes) was obtained in seawater with progressive shift from fresh water seawater and fertilization. This is the highest production level of these cultured tilapia in seawater in China recently." [from Abstract]

"Kappaphycus alvarezii was cultivated on floating frames in Majuro Lagoon, Marshall Islands to determine the feasibility of establishing a carrageenan industry. Productivity (Pmax) averaged 1.67 mg C/gdw/h. There was minimal seasonal variation observed in Pmax of plants of the same approximate age. Cuttings averaging ca. 100 g doubled their weight about every 10 days - an increase of about 7%/d. Yields of plants growing for periods of 40-50 days averaged 17.0 kg wet wt/m². Thus, an annual crop of six harvests of air-dried plants with ca. 35% water content would yield ca. 20 mt/yr, which is above the average yields (14 t/yr) reported by Philippine growers in 1988. It appears the Marshall Islands could have a viable carrageenan industry, provided the world market price of Kappaphycus were sufficiently high to offset the production and shipping costs and allow a reasonable profit to investors and farmers." [Abstract]