CAPACITY
Practical maximum capacity is the tonnage of paper, paperboard or pulp of normal commercial quality that could be produced per year with full use of equipment and adequate supplies of raw materials and labour, and assuming full demand. No allowance is made for losses due to unscheduled shut downs, strikes, temporary lack of power, etc., which cause decreases in actual production, but not in production capacity. Capacity of paper machines which produce more than one grade is apportioned in accordance with actual production patterns or plans for future operation.
Capacity is reported in metric tons of net finished paper and paperboard, and air-dry (10 per cent moisture content) pulp.
Changes in capacity:
(i) Increases in capacity for years 1,2 and 3 of the survey should include committed plans for new machines, i.e. those underway, where ground has been broken, machinery ordered, financing obtained etc., as well as increases to existing machines. For years 4 and 5, include pulp and paper expansions which are under active consideration or seem likely to come on stream.(ii) Changes in capacity should be included only for the portion of the year which they are actually effective.
(a) Additions to capacity.For new mills and machines, data should reflect the fact that full capacity is only reached after a certain period of operation. For the first 12 months of operation, assume 70 per cent of capacity, the next 12 months 90 per cent and 100 per cent thereafter.
(b) Reductions in capacity.
Capacity of machinery which has been closed down mainly for economic reasons, with no intention of resuming production, should be excluded.
DEFINITIONS OF PULP
- Market pulp is pulp for sale in the open market and does not include pulp used in own plant or shipped to wholly owned or associated companies within the country. All pulp moving outside the producing country is considered to be market pulp.
1. WOOD PULP FOR MAKING PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
1.1 MECHANICAL PULP
Woodpulp, including reject pulp, obtained by grinding or milling into their fibres, coniferous or non-coniferous rounds, quarters, billets, etc. or through refining coniferous or non-coniferous chips. Called stone groundwood pulp and refiner groundwood pulp can include pretreatment with chemical as in chemi mechanical pulp. It can be bleached or unbleached.
- EXCLUDE: Thermo mechanical pulp, defibrated, exploded and groundwood pulp for fibre (building) board.
1.11 MECHANICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
Mechanical pulp obtained from non-coniferous rounds, quarters, billets, chips, etc.
1.12 MECHANICAL CONIFEROUS PULP
Mechanical pulp obtained from coniferous rounds, quarters, billets, chips, etc.
1.2 THERMO-MECHANICAL PULP
Pulp produced by a mechanical process in which wood particles are softened by pre-heating under pressure prior to a pressurized refining stage;
1.21 THERMO-MECHANICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
Thermo-mechanical pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.22 THERMO-MECHANICAL CONIFEROUS PULP
Thermo-mechanical pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
1.3 SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP
Woodpulp, including reject pulp, obtained by subjecting coniferous or non-coniferous wood to a series of mechanical chemical treatments and cooking in a pressure vessel, none of which alone is sufficient to make the fibres separate readily, followed by mechanical treatment. The ratio of the weight of the pulp produced to the weight of wood used is often very high. It can be bleached or unbleached.
1.31 SEMI-CHEMICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
Chemi-mechanical and semi-chemical pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.32 SEMI-CHEMICAL CONIFEROUS PULP
Chemi-mechanical and semi-chemical pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
1.4 CHEMICAL PULP
1.41 UNBLEACHED SULPHITE PULP
Sulphite pulp which has not been bleached. Woodpulp, including rejects, obtained by mechanically reducing coniferous or non-coniferous wood to chips which are subsequently cooked in a pressure vessel in the presence of a bisulphite cooking liquor. Bisulphites such as ammonium, calcium magnesium and sodium, are commonly used. It can be unbleached (code 1.41) or bleached (1.42).
- EXCLUDE: Dissolving grades having very high alpha cellulose content (usually 90 per cent or more). These should be included in codes 3 and 3.1.
1.411 UNBLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHITE PULP
Unbleached sulphite pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.412 UNBLEACHED CONIFEROUS SULPHITE PULP
Unbleached sulphite pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
1.42 BLEACHED SULPHITE PULP
Sulphite pulp which has been bleached or partly bleached. Woodpulp, including rejects, obtained by mechanically reducing coniferous or non-coniferous wood to chips which are subsequently cooked in a pressure vessel in the presence of a bisulphite cooking liquor. Bisulphites such as ammonium, calcium magnesium and sodium, are commonly used.
- EXCLUDE: Dissolving grades having very high alpha cellulose content (usually 90 per cent or more). These should be included in codes 3 and 3.1
1.421 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHITE PULP
Bleached and semi-bleached sulphite pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.422 BLEACHED CONIFEROUS SULPHITE PULP
Bleached and semi-bleached sulphite pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
1.43 UNBLEACHED SULPHATE PULP
Sulphate and soda pulp which has not been unbleached. Woodpulp, including rejects, obtained by mechanically reducing coniferous or non-coniferous wood to chips which are subsequently cooked in pressure vessel in presence of sodium hydroxide cooking liquor (soda pulp) or mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide cooking liquor (sulphate pulp).
- EXCLUDE: Dissolving grades having very high alpha cellulose content (usually 90 per cent or more). These should be included in codes 3 and 3.1.
1.431 UNBLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE PULP
Unbleached sulphate and soda pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.432 UNBLEACHED CONIFEROUS SULPHATE PULP
Unbleached sulphate and soda pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
1.44 BLEACHED SULPHATE + SODA PULP
Sulphate and soda pulp which has been bleached or partly bleached. Woodpulp, including rejects, obtained by mechanically reducing coniferous or non-coniferous wood to chips which are subsequently cooked in pressure vessel in presence of sodium hydroxide cooking liquor (soda pulp) or mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide cooking liquor (sulphate pulp). It can be unbleached (code 1.43) or bleached (1.44).
- EXCLUDE: Dissolving grades having very high alpha cellulose content (usually 90 per cent or more). These should be included in codes 3 and 3.1.
1.441 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE AND SODA PULP
Bleached sulphate and soda pulp obtained from non-coniferous wood.
1.442 BLEACHED CONIFEROUS SULPHATE AND SODA PULP
Bleached sulphate and soda pulp obtained from coniferous wood.
2. OTHER FIBRE PULP FOR MAKING PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
2.1 STRAW
Pulp obtained from straw by any method. It may be bleached.
2.2 BAGASSE
Pulp obtained from residue from processing sugar cane by any method. It may be bleached.
2.3 BAMBOO
Pulp obtained from bamboo by any method. It may be bleached.
2.4 OTHER (reeds, esparto, rags, etc.)
Includes pulp obtained by any method from such materials as esparto and other reeds and grass, cotton linters, flax, hemp, rags, other textile wastes. It may be bleached.
- EXCLUDE: Dissolving grades. These should be included in code 3. Pulp made from recovered paper.
3. DISSOLVING PULP (wood and other fibrous raw materials)
Highly bleached chemical pulp (sulphate, soda or sulphite) from coniferous or non-coniferous wood, rags, cotton linters, etc., of special quality, with very high alpha cellulose content (usually 90 per cent and over) readily adaptable for uses other than papermaking. They are used principally as a source of cellulose in the manufacture of products such as man-made fibres, cellulosic plastic materials, lacquers, explosives, etc.
3.1 NON-CONIFEROUS DISSOLVING PULP
Dissolving pulp made from non-coniferous wood.
3.2 CONIFEROUS DISSOLVING PULP
Dissolving pulp made from coniferous wood.
DEFINITIONS OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
The paper products included under this heading are in rolls, strips or sheets. The rolls and strips exceed 15 cm in width and the sheets have no side less than 36 cm.
- EXCLUDE: Paper and paperboard cut to any shape other than rectangular.
4. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
4.1 NEWSPRINT
Uncoated paper, unsized (or only slightly sized), containing at least 65 per cent mechanical or thermo mechanical wood pulp (per cent of fibrous content), of the type used mainly for the printing of newspapers, usually weighting not less than 40 g/m2 and generally not more than 57 g/m2.
+ INCLUDE: Rotonews
4.2 OTHER PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Paper, except newsprint, suitable for printing, writing or other graphic purposes, made from a variety of pulp blends and with various finishes. It may be uncoated and have been subjected to sizing, calendering, supercalendering, glazing, water-marking or similar simple processes, or it may be coated on one or both sides with coating material such as barium sulphate, clay (beneficiated kaolin), gypsum or zinc oxide, often supplemented with supercalendering, etc.
+ INCLUDE: Such papers as: bank note, bible or imitation bible, book and magazine, box lining and covering, bristols, calculator papers, computer paper, duplicating, envelope stock, folder stock, label, lithograph, manifold, offset, onionskin, photographic base paper, poster, stationery, tablet or block, tabulating card stock, typewriter.
4.21 COATED PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Printing and writing papers, except newsprint, which have been coated on one or both sides with coating materials such as clay (beneficiated kaolin), barium sulphate, gypsum or zinc oxide, often supplemented with supercalendering, etc.
+ INCLUDE: Coated paper produced at the paper mill from base paper manufactured for own use or purchased, together with all paper made and coated in a single operation on the papermaking machine.
4.211 COATED WOOD CONTAINING PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Coated printed and writing papers, containing 10 per cent or more mechanical wood pulp.
4.212 COATED WOODFREE PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Coated printing and writing papers, containing less than 10 per cent mechanical wood pulp.
4.22 UNCOATED PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Printing and writing papers, except newsprint, which have been subjected to sizing, calendering, supercalendering, glazing, water-marking or similar simple finishing processes, but not to coating.
- EXCLUDE: Coating base paper for own use or for sale to other paper mills.
4.221 UNCOATED WOOD CONTAINING PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Uncoated printing and writing papers, except newsprint, containing 10% or more mechanical woodpulp.
4.222 UNCOATED WOODFREE PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Uncoated printing and writing papers, except newsprint, containing less than 10% mechanical woodpulp.
4.3 OTHER PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
Paper and paperboard other than codes 4.1 and 4.2.
4.31 HOUSEHOLD AND SANITARY PAPER
Absorbent paper, creped or uncreped, sometimes embossed, made from bleached or unbleached pulps, recovered paper or combination of these. This type of paper should be sufficiently strong to avoid disintegration or tearing in use. Other important characteristics are high absorptive capacity, retention of absorbed fluids, softness, freedom from lint and unpleasent odours. It is made in white and a variety of colours and in single, double or more plies.
+ INCLUDE: Types of creped and uncreped papers such as disposable tissues, facial tissue, napkin, sanitary wadding, toilet tissue towelling, wiper stock.
4.32 WRAPPING AND PACKAGING PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
Paper and paperboard designed for wrapping and packaging purposes made from pulps, recovered paper and any combination of these.
4.321 LINERBOARD
Paperboard made either from sulphate pulp (unbleached or bleached) or principally from recovered paper used as facing material on corrugated or solid paper or paperboard boxes and containers.
4.3211 KRAFT LINER
Linerboard made wholly or principally of bleached or unbleached sulphate pulp.
4.32111 UNBLEACHED
Kraft liner made wholly or principally of unbleached sulphate pulp.
+ INCLUDE. Mottled kraft liner.
4.32112 BLEACHED
Kraft liner made wholly or principally of bleached sulphate pulp.
+ INCLUDE: White lined kraft liner.
4.3212 OTHER LINERBOARD
Linerboard other than kraft liner.
4.322 FLUTING MEDIUM
Paper or paperboard used mainly as a corrugating medium in the production of corrugated board. It may be produced wholly or principally from semichemical wood pulp or from other materials.
4.3221 SEMI-CHEMICAL
Fluting medium made wholly or principally of semichemical woodpulp.
4.3222 OTHER FLUTING MEDIUM
Fluting medium other than semi-chemical woodpulp.
4.323 KRAFT WRAPPING AND PACKAGING PAPER
All other papers made wholly or principally from bleached and unbleached sulphate pulp used in the manufacture of single or multi-wall sacks or for other wrapping and packaging purposes.
4.3231 SACK KRAFT
Bleached and unbleached kraft wrapping and packaging paper used in the manufacture of single or multi-wall sacks.
4.3232 OTHER KRAFT WRAPPING AND PACKAGING PAPER
Bleached and unbleached kraft wrapping and packaging papers, other than sack kraft.
4.324 FOLDING BOXBOARD
Paperboard with good stiffness, scoring and folding characteristics. These paperboards are made from pulp, recovered paper or any combination of these. They may be plain or coloured throughout the mass, solid, single or multi-ply, coated or uncoated. They include folding, milk carton and food service boxboard.
+ INCLUDE: Such folding boxboards as: white or coloured lined duplex and triplex, solid bleached board, chipboard (plain or coloured), folding unbleached kraft board.
- EXCLUDE: Non-folding board for shipping cases, which are included in code 4.3252.
4.3241 PULP BASED
These folding boxboards are made wholly from chemical pulp or from a combination of chemical and mechanical and/or thermo mechanical pulps.
4.32411 BLEACHED CHEMICAL PULP BASED
These folding boxboards may be either single-ply boards of bleached chemical pulp or multiply boards with bleached chemical pulp on both sides.
4.32412 OTHER PULP BASED
These folding boxboards are either single-ply, made from an unbleached pulp furnish, or multiply, made from a combination of chemical and mechanical and/or thermo mechanical pulps.
- EXCLUDE: Multiply boards with bleached chemical pulp on both sides which are included in code 4.32411.
4.3242 RECOVERED PAPER BASED
Folding boxboard manufactured from recovered paper or a combination of recovered paper and pulp.
4.325 OTHER WRAPPING AND PACKAGING PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
Paper and paperboard designed for wrapping or packaging purposes, not included elsewhere.
4.3251 OTHER WRAPPING PAPER
Papers such as:
(i) Vegetable parchment, greaseproof and glassine.
Papers made from chemical pulps or from mixtures of chemical woodpulp, cotton fibre pulp treated (e.g. highly hydrated or hard beaten) to render the resulting paper resistant to oil, grease and water. The papers are used primarily for packaging of frozen, moist or greasy materials like butter, margarine, meat or fish, as pan liners, release paper, sterilising bags, parchmentising stock and imitations of parchment.
- EXCLUDE: Papers that have been rendered greaseproof or waterproof by coat, impregnating or similar processes after manufacture of the paper.
(ii) Wrapping an packaging papers not included under (i) or under code 4.3232.
4.3252 OTHER PACKAGING PAPERBOARD
Packaging paperboard not included under codes 4.3211, 4.3212, 4.3241 and 4.3242.
+ INCLUDE: Straw paperboard, non-folding board for shipping cases, set-up boxes, etc.; board used in the manufacture of cores, tubes, cans and drums.
- EXCLUDE: Corrugated board which is considered as converted paperboard, straw paper and paperboard used for corrugated boxes (which is included in 4.3212 and 4.3222).
4.33 OTHER PAPER AND PAPERBOARD, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED (N.E.S.)
Paper and paperboard not used for packaging purposes manufactured principally from furnishes other than sulphate pulp and not included elsewhere.
4.331 OTHER PAPER (N.E.S.)
Papers such as:
(i) Special thin paper
These papers are made for special purposes, their common characteristics being their relative thinness. The papers included may be made from mechanical or chemical pulps, bleached or unbleached. The principal characteristics of some of these papers are uniformity of surface and caliper, freedom from pinholes, strength, close formation, opacity, low permeability and chemical purity, all related to special uses,
+ INCLUDE: Such special thin papers as: carbonising tissue, condenser and capacitor paper, electrical paper and tissue, cigarette paper, lens tissue, stencil tissue, pattern tissue, tea bag paper.
- EXCLUDE: Thin printing and writing papers such as: bible and imitation bible, manifold, onionskin, airmail stationary stock.
(ii) Kraft paper used for waxing, asphalting, water-proofing, laminating, impregnating, spinning or twisting, gumming, etc.
- EXCLUDE: Folding kraft board which is included in code 4.32411.
(iii) All other grades of paper not included under earlier headings.
+ INCLUDE: Cable paper, blotting paper, filter paper, rope and jute paper, wallpaper base stock.
4.332 OTHER PAPERBOARD (N.E.S.)
Paperboards not included elsewhere, such as:
(i) Construction paper and paperboard
Papers, paper felts and paperboards used in construction of buildings and other structures for insulation, vapour seal, roofing and flooring underlay etc. They are made from fully refined material such as woodpulp, recovered paper, other vegetable pulp and mineral fibre. Low thermal conductivity, moisture resistance, fire resistance, permanency, insect and vermin resistance are desirable characteristics of these materials.
- EXCLUDE:
a) Papers, paper felts or boards impregnated, saturated, laminated or further manufactured in any way (i.e. converted)b) Fibreboard (fibre building board) in the form of insulating board, medium hardboard and hardboard.
(ii) All other grades of paperboard not included under earlier headings
+ INCLUDE: Beer mat board, gasket board, index pressboard, matrix board, panelboard (automotive), press textile board, shoe board, transformer board, trunk and suitcase board.
