ISSN 0254-6019
FAO
ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER
149
Edited by
Guo Tingshuang
Former Vice-Director
Animal Health and Production Bureau
Ministry of Agriculture,
People's Republic of China
Manuel D. Sánchez
Animal Production Officer
Animal Production and Health Division
FAO, Rome, Italy
and
Guo Pei Yu
Researcher
China Agricultural University
East Campus
People's Republic of China
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome 2002
|
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
ISBN 92-5-104639-5
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© FAO 2002
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS
A grain-saving strategy to develop animal production in China
Arguments for a strategy for herbivores in China
Methods for improving the feeding value of crop residuesExtension of technology and herbivore development
Sheep and goat raising
Buffalo production
Dairy production
Deer rearingAPCR can save large amounts of feed grain.
APCR favours agriculture
Reducing environmental pollution
Benefits in terms of meat availability
Helping farmers to leave povertyThe main successful extension experiences
Highly relevant theme for national conditions
Practical work was essential for rapid success
Equal emphasis on all benefits
A complete project
CHAPTER 2 - COMPOSITION, NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UPGRADING OF CROP RESIDUES
Introduction
Botanical structure and cell wall chemical compositionBotanical structure and digestion differences
Chemical composition of cell wallsNutritive value of crop residues
Factors affecting the nutritive value of crop residuesImproving feed value by processing or treatment
Traditional processing and feeding methods
Physical treatment
Chemical treatment
Biological approach
CHAPTER 3 - AMMONIATION OF CROP RESIDUES
Introduction
The principle and effects of straw ammoniation
Ammonia sources for straw ammoniationAnhydrous ammonia
Urea
Ammonium bicarbonate
Aqueous ammonia
Other sourcesMethods for ammonia treatment of straw
Stack method
Silo or bunker method
Oven method
Other optionsFactors influencing effectiveness of ammoniation
Ammonia dosage
Moisture content of straw
Temperature and treatment time
Quality of material being treated
PressureQuality evaluation of ammoniated straw
Animal experiments with ammoniated straw
Feeding experiments with beef cattle
Feeding dairy cows
Feeding sheep
CHAPTER 4 - ENSILING CROP RESIDUES
Control of moisture content in raw materials
Chopping, compaction and sealing
Factors influencing silage qualityBacterial cultures
Mineral or organic acids
Inhibitors of aerobic deterioration
NutrientsSubjective methods of evaluation
Chemical methods of evaluation (laboratory methods)
CHAPTER 5 - FEEDING AND INDIVIDUAL SUPPLEMENTATION
Quantity of straw offered to ruminants
Meat type (beef cattle, heifers, sheep and goats)
Dairy cowsSupplementation with concentrate and protein
Effectiveness of protein supplementation
Response of supplementation with untreated and treated strawSupplementation with green forages and readily digestible fibrous feeds
Effects of supplementation with green forage
Supplementation with readily digestible fibre
CHAPTER 6 - MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR UTILIZATION OF CROP RESIDUES AS FEED
Technology flow and equipment
Collection, loading and transport equipment
Collection, loading and transport equipment for long and loose straw
Balers
Harvesting machine for maize silageCrop residue processing machines
Choppers
Grinders
Kneading machines
Kneading and cutting machines
Pelleting equipment
Wafering machinery for roughageAmmoniation equipment for ambient conditions
Heating equipment for ammoniationAmmoniation with anhydrous ammonia
Safety operation of anhydrous ammonia equipment
Physical and chemical characteristics of ammonia, and safe operation
Safety supervision of ammonia containers
Regulations for safety in straw ammoniation
CHAPTER 7 - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION BASED ON CROP RESIDES
Introduction
Status of the utilization of crop residues in China
Progress on development of Straw for ruminant feed in China
Economics of cattle production on ammoniated crop residuesBasic factors influencing the economic benefits
Implications of major input and output elements and their value
Estimation of economic benefits of use of crop residues for ruminants
Cases influencing input/output ratioComments on production studies
Design of the study
Economic analysis of different ammonia sourcesCase study on the economics of crop residues for ruminants at household level
Introduction to the household survey
Situation of straw utilization and the cost of processing and treatment
Overall economics at household level
Economics of different feeding scales at household level
Economics of different straw treatment techniques
CHAPTER 8 - THE FUTURE CHALLENGE
ANNEX - NATIONAL SCHEME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF "ANIMAL PRODUCTION BASED ON CROP RESIDUES" 2001-2010
A. Targets of project development
B. Regional layout of APCR project
C. Relevant policies for the 2001-2010 APCR project
D. Strengthening the management of APCR project.