9. APPENDIXES

APPENDIX 1

OUTLINE FOR STUDY ON PRODUCTION, ACCESSIBILITY AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS IN BANGLADESH

1. Sector overview - production and trends. Contribution of aquaculture to national fish and protein production and supplies. Trends. Prevalent farm size; farm ownership/tenure (family-based; private-commercial; state-owned: collective; etc.) and estimated contribution to national aquaculture production. Prevalent production system and main cultured species. Mode of operation (stand-alone; part of farming system). Objectives (subsistence; market-oriented).

2. Development policies - macro-economic policies as they may influence markets and access; export earnings vs. products for local consumption; land ownership/tenure; security; incentives and disincentives.

3. Demand characteristics - protein consumption: fish vs. other protein sources; freshwater fish vs. marine fish; consumption by income group over the last 20 years; aquaculture producers vs. non-producers; cultural preferences and geographic differences; trends; elasticities of demand: price and income elasticities; cross-price elasticities.

4. Marketing -

(a) Overview of marketing practices; market structure and channels (rural, urban); marketing margins; credit; insurance schemes in aquaculture; ownership structure (private, co-operative, municipal, state, etc.); short section on retail developments.

(b) Obstacles to market access; deficiencies in market access which may be due to low volume; lack of buyers; inadequate infrastructure and marketing facilities; economic factors such as weak competitive position and lack of bargaining power in setting prices; financial constraints; consumer attitudes.

(c) Impact of changes in production centres and methods of production on fish prices; Impact of increased industrialization of production (i.e. shift to large-scale industrial producers).

6. Conclusions and recommendations - consumption and access implications (for aquaculture products) of noted trends; policy measures; production; disposable income; marketing; analysis of future domestic market potential in view of existing and evolving consumption patterns and market developments; measures required to realize the potential; specific actions by specific actors/sectors; possible role of government.

APPENDIX 2

LIST OF DISTRICTS, UPAZILAS AND VILLAGES FROM WHERE THE SAMPLES WERE DRAWN

District	Upazila	Village
Mymensingh	Fulbaria	Naogaon Rangamatia
	Valuka	Rang Chapra Purura
	Iswargonj	Ramdi, Dau para, Caurni Khola, Barow Jora, Kumra Shasan, Thorsati
Chandpur	Kachua	Nowla, Gohat, Govindapur
Rajshahi	Putia	Hat Shibpur, Nandanpur, Naowapara, Shibpurhat
	Durgapur	Pananagar, Durgapur, Baharampur, Barail, Taripatpur
Kishoregonj	Kishoregonj Sadar	Jalowapara
Sirajgonj	Belkuchi	Jamtail, Agoria Sahapur
Gazipur	Gazipur Sadar	Bashon, Vaoraid, Chandapara Sharifpur, North Salna, Biprakata Jolarpara, Bahadurpur
Pirozpur	Shwarup Kati	Sutia Kati, Aoria, Shohagdil Pakuria, Tarabon
	Nazirpur	Deul Bari
	Banaripara	Brahmin Bari, Sat Baria

APPENDIX 3

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SPECIES OF FISH

English/Local name	Scientific name
Rohu/Rui	Labeo rohita
Catla/Katal	Catla catla
Mrigal/Mrigal	Cirrhinus mrigala
Calbasu/Kalibaush	Labeo calbasu
Grass Carp/Grass carp	Ctenopharyngodon idella
River shad/Hilsa	Hilsa ilisha
Silver carp/Silver carp	Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Aur/Aire	Mystus aor
Puntius carp/Punti	Puntius spp.
-/Chapila	Gudusia chapra
Featherback/Foli	Notopterus notopterus
Snakehead/Shol, Gozar	Ophicephalus spp.
Pomfret/Rupchanda	Pampius chinensis
Catfish/Boal	Wallago attu
Climbing perch/Koi	Anabas testudineus
Giant river prawn/Golda chingree	Macrobrachium rosenbergii
-/Gulsha	Mystus bleekeri
-/Shing	Heteropneustes fossiles
-/Mola	Amblypharyngodon microlepis
Kajuli	Ailia coila
-/Pabda	Ompok pabda
-/Tengra	Batasio tengra
-/Bachha	Eutropiicthys vacha

SOURCE: Coulter and Disney 1987, p. 41, and Aguero et al., 1989 Appendix 3.

APPENDIX 4

LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF POND FISH IN BANGLADESH (A CASE STUDY)

Culture fishery overwhelmingly dominates small-scale pond fishery (mostly integrated household farms). But some farmers have ventured into culturing single species of freshwater fishes on production levels of industrial-scale quantities. Gachihata Aquaculture Farm Limited (a Public Limited Company) is an outstanding example of such an enterprise. This farm has taken the concept of pond aquaculture into new dimension.

Information on Gachihata Aquaculture Farm.

1. Year established - 1987. Village-Gachihata, Upazila-Kotiadi, District-Kishoregonj.

2. No. of ponds 55; total area 86 ha;

total water area 65 ha (76% of total area)

i) fishery officers - 2
ii) fishery assistants - 5
iii) accountant - 1
iv) full time labour - 55 (including guard)

80 x 45 000 Tk/t = 3 600 000 (80 t Tilapia/two crop season/ha)

a. x 60 000 Tk/t = 450 000 (Small fish)

Per hectare revenue = 4 050 000
Total revenue Tk 40 50 000 x 65 ha

= Tk 263 250 000
= Tk 263.25 million

i)	Nilotica fingerlings (on average 12 per cubic meter) 1 ha 177840 piece Tk 88 920/ha (own production) (7 t/ha fry stocking per crop)
ii)	Pond preparation
	Lime	Tk 185/ha
	Cultivating land	Tk 618/ha
	Cow-dung	Tk 370/ha
	Chem. Fertilizer	Tk 495/ha
	Labour (12 men-day/ha)
	Material costs	Tk 1 665 x 65 = 108 420
	+ fingerlings (i + ii)	Tk 5 779 800
	Total	Tk 5 888 220
iii)	Ice for 1 t of fish Tk 1000, Total = 5 200 000 (boxing/packaging included)
iv)	Transportation/handling cost
	(Gachihata to Dhaka)	Tk 5 200 000
	by van or train	Tk 1000/t
v)	Feed - 1 t	Tk 22 500
	Total	225 000 x 80 x 65 = 117 000 000
	(1 kg fish production needs 2.25 kg feed)
	(received locally by tender)
	All total	Tk 122 992 220
vi)	Interest paid on operating capital (@ 14% per annum)

6. Fixed costs for one year

i)	Salary (including bonus)
	Fishery Officer 1	Tk 216 000
	Fishery Officer 2	Tk 90 000
	Fishery Asst. (5)	Tk 300 000
	Accountant (1)	Tk 60 000
ii)	Full-time labour (55)	Tk 1 650 000
iii)	Telephone (55 x 112 x	Tk 2500)
	Entertainment	Tk 60 000
iv)	Electric equipment maintenance	Tk 420 000
	Total fixed costs per year	Tk 2 796 000
	Fixed costs + variable costs (8+9) =	Tk 125 788 220
	Interest paid on operating capital (@ 14% per annum)	17 610 351
7.	Total costs of the farm	Tk 143 398 571
8.	Net profit of the farm	Tk 119 851 429
9.	Benefit-cost-ratio	1.84

10. Own sales shops - two in Dhaka

i) Cantonment - 1
ii) Baridhara - 1
In addition, three Arats of Kawran Bazar supplied daily

(Daily disposal of 2-3 t minimum during off-peak season)

12. Future plans

• Supplying fresh fish to more markets
• Making kitchen-ready processed packets
• Exporting nilotica

13. Reasons for monoculture of Nilotica

i) Risk of production is low, nilotica are hardy fish, changes in water pH. affect them relatively little

ii) Few diseases

iii) After three months under culture, nilotica can be sold (carps requires 8 months to reach a marketable stage).

APPENDIX 5

DEFLATED WHOLESALE FISH PRICES (BY FISH SPECIES) FOR DHAKA DURING THE PERIOD 1989/90 TO 1995/96

Year	Rui		Catla		Hilsa		Shrimp		Koi		Shingi
	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.	Mid-May	Mid-Nov.
1989-90	16.27	13.35	11.30	10.82	6.24	4.98	8.14	6.00	11.77	11.22	10.19	10.15
1990-91	16.98	14.99	12.48	11.67	7.21	5.82	7.18	7.62	15.24	9.13	13.06	9.13
1991-92	14.96	14.78	10.59	10.57	8.15	6.80	8.81	7.15	10.82	-	9.55	8.63
1992-93	18.62	22.71	12.96	15.44	12.72	8.49	9.75	11.24	15.38	26.34	14.58	14.31
1993-94	22.76	20.75	16.73	14.06	13.39	7.70	11.11	4.69	-	10.04	18.74	10.04
1994-95	22.90	17.81	16.54	13.36	11.45	7.95	7.39	10.18	17.18	12.09	12.72	10.81
1995-96	17.11	13.45	13.45	14.06	7.64	7.03	11.01	7.95	24.45	12.22	19.56	11.01
C.U.	0.16	0.20	0.16	0.13	0.28	0.16	0.17	0.27	0.28	0.43	0.26	0.16

SOURCE: Weekly prices Bulletin, Department of Agricultural Marketing various issues from 1989/90 to 1995/96.

APPENDIX 6

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE PER CAPUT IN BANGLADESH IN 1995/96.

Size of land owned	Monthly per caput av. exp.	Monthly per caput av. income (Tk)	Family size (Tk)	Per caput expenditure on major food item (Tk)	Per caput expenditure on fish
Landless	549	522	4.45	362	35.11
0.01 - 0.04	485	485	4.24	335	32.83
0.05 - 0.49	559	570	4.90	372	40.18
0.50 - 1.49	660	697	5.30	412	47.38
1.50 - 2.49	749	795	5.67	449	49.84
2.50 - 7.49	868	962	6.72	471	53.22
7.50 +	1 177	1 350	8.48	574	65.44
All	662	697	5.25	407	44.77

SOURCE: BBS Household Expenditure Survey 1995/96, p.35 and p. 38.

APPENDIX 7

TWENTY-TWO FISH TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED AND RELEASED SO FAR BY THE BFRI

1. Breeding of Rui (quality) and hatchery management

2. Nursery pond management for carps

3. Collection of pituitary gland and preservation for artificial insemination

4. Polyculture of high yielding fish in pond

5. Artificial insemination and production of Thai Pangas

6. Culture of Pangas in pond

7. Culture of Gift Tilapia/Red Tilapia in seasonal ponds

8. Culture of Raj Punti in pond

9. Integrated duck and fish culture in pond

10. Poultry rearing and fish culture in pond

11. Fish culture in rice field

12. High breed Magur production and culture

13. Pabda breeding and fingerling production

14. Gulsha breeding and fingerling production

15. Pan culture of fish

16. Fish feed production with local materials and application

17. Improved management and preservation of Hilsa resources

18. Fry production of Golda Chirngri in Homestead hatchery

19. Culture of Golda Chingri in pond

20. Improved management of Bagda Chingri in gher (Shrimp enclosure)

21. Identification of common fish disease, prevention and health care

22. Improvement and management of fish resources in floodplains.