Scope
References
Definitions and Abbreviations
Outline of Requirements
The standard provides details for the conduct of pest risk analysis (PRA) to determine if pests are quarantine pests. It describes the integrated processes to be used for risk assessment as well as the selection of risk management options.
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, 1994. World Trade Organization, Geneva.
Glossary of phytosanitary terms, 1999. ISPM Pub. No. 5, FAO, Rome.
Guidelines for pest risk analysis, 1996. ISPM Pub. No. 2, FAO, Rome.
Guidelines for surveillance, 1998. ISPM Pub. No. 6, FAO, Rome.
International Plant Protection Convention, 1992. FAO, Rome.
New Revised Text of the International Plant Protection Convention, 1997. FAO, Rome.
Principles of plant quarantine as related to international trade, 1995. ISPM Pub. No. 1, FAO, Rome.
Export Certification System, 1997. ISPM Pub. No. 7, FAO, Rome
Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas, 1996. ISPM Pub. No. 4, FAO, Rome.
Determination of pest status in an area, 1998. ISPM Pub. No. 8, FAO, Rome.
Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest-free production sites, 1999. ISPM Pub. No. 10, FAO, Rome.
Area |
An officially defined country, part of a country or all or
parts of several countries [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; based on
the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures] |
Commodity |
A type of plant, plant product or other article being moved
for trade or other purpose [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
Consignment |
A quantity of plants, plant products and/or other articles
being moved from one country to another and covered, when required, by a single
phytosanitary certificate (a consignment may be composed of one or more
commodities or lots) [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
Country of origin (of a consignment of plant
products) |
Country where the plants from which the plant products are
derived were grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
Country of origin (of a consignment of plants) |
Country where the plants were grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM,
1996; CEPM, 1999] |
Country of origin (of regulated articles other than plants and
plant products) |
Country where the regulated articles were first exposed to
contamination by pests [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
Endangered area |
An area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a
pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss [FAO,
1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
Entry (of a pest) |
Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present,
or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [FAO,
1995] |
Establishment |
Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an
area after entry [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997; formerly
Established] |
Introduction |
The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment [FAO, 1990;
revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997] |
IPPC |
The International Plant Protection Convention, as deposited in
1951 with FAO in Rome and as subsequently amended [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM,
2001] |
National Plant Protection Organization |
Official service established by a government to discharge the
functions specified by the IPPC [FAO, 1990; formerly Plant Protection
Organization (National)] |
NPPO |
National Plant Protection Organization [FAO, 1990; revised
ICPM, 2001] |
Official |
Established, authorized or performed by a National Plant
Protection Organization [FAO, 1990] |
Pathway |
Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest [FAO,
1990; revised FAO, 1995] |
Pest |
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic
agent injurious to plants or plant products [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC,
1997] |
Pest categorization |
The process for determining whether a pest has or has not the
characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest
[ISPM Pub. No. 11, 2001] |
Pest free area |
An area in which a specific pest does not occur as
demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this
condition is being officially maintained [FAO, 1995] |
Pest free production site |
A defined portion of a place of production in which a specific
pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where
appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained for a defined period
and that is managed as a separate unit in the same way as a pest free place of
production [ISPM Pub. No. 10, 1999] |
Pest risk analysis |
The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and
economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the
strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it [FAO, 1995;
revised IPPC, 1997] |
Pest risk assessment (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread
of a pest and of the associated potential economic consequences [FAO, 1995;
revised ISPM Pub. No. 11, 2001] |
Pest risk management (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk of
introduction and spread of a pest [FAO, 1995; revised ISPM Pub. No. 11,
2001] |
Phytosanitary certificate |
Certificate patterned after the model certificates of the IPPC
[FAO, 1990] |
Phytosanitary measure |
Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the
purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests [FAO, 1995; revised
IPPC, 1997] |
Phytosanitary regulation |
Official rule to prevent the introduction and/or spread of
quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine
pests, including establishment of procedures for phytosanitary certification
[FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; ICPM, 2001] |
Post-entry quarantine |
Quarantine applied to a consignment after entry [FAO,
1995] |
PRA area |
Area in relation to which a pest risk analysis is conducted
[FAO, 1995] |
Prohibition |
A phytosanitary regulation forbidding the importation or
movement of specified pests or commodities [FAO, 1990; revised FAO,
1995] |
Quarantine pest |
A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered
thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and
being officially controlled [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997] |
Regional Plant Protection Organization |
An intergovernmental organization with the functions laid down
by Article IX of the IPPC [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; formerly
Plant Protection Organization (Regional)] |
RPPO |
Regional Plant Protection Organization [FAO, 1990; revised
ICPM, 2001] |
Spread |
Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an
area [FAO, 1995] |
The objectives of a PRA are, for a specified area, to identify pests and/or pathways of quarantine concern and evaluate their risk, to identify endangered areas, and, if appropriate, to identify risk management options. Pest risk analysis (PRA) for quarantine pests follows a process defined by three stages:
Stage 1 (initiating the process) involves identifying the pest(s) and pathways that are of quarantine concern and should be considered for risk analysis in relation to the identified PRA area.
Stage 2 (risk assessment) begins with the categorization of individual pests to determine whether the criteria for a quarantine pest are satisfied. Risk assessment continues with an evaluation of the probability of pest entry, establishment, and spread, and of their potential economic consequences.
Stage 3 (risk management) involves identifying management options for reducing the risks identified at stage 2. These are evaluated for efficacy, feasibility and impact in order to select those that are appropriate.