ANNEXURES

Annexure 1

Proposed Syllabus for Small-Scale Fish Farmers Course

1. Introduction

What is fish farming?
Why do we raise fish?
What do you need to raise fish?
How do we begin?

2. The Pond

2.1. Planning a pond

Where to put your fish pond?
Water
Place
Soil
Testing soil
How large should your pond be?

2.2. Building a pond

How to build a pond?
The inlet
The outlet
A better outlet
The overflow
A siphon
Screens

3. How to use well your pond

Filling your pond with water
Fertilizing the water in your pond
Putting fertilizer into the crib
When is your pond ready?
Taking care of your pond.

4. Growing the fish

Putting the fish into your pond
Feeding your fish
Taking care of your pond when fish are growing.
Harvesting your fish
After harvest how to maintain your pond.

5. Know more about your fish

Growing your own baby fish
Feeding the fish in your nursery pond
Moving your baby fish
Carrying your baby fish
Putting baby fish into your pond
Feeding your big fish

6. Taking care for your fish

7. Harvesting your fish

Harvest without draining the water
Harvest by draining all the water
Harvest by draining part of the water
What to do with your big fish
What to do with your baby fish

8. What fish is best to grow in Zambia?

• Learn to identify good fish
• Learn some behaviours of your fish.

9. How to integrate your livestock on your fish ponds

With ducks
With pigs
With chickens

10. What fishing equipment can you use when you harvest?

• Seine Nets
• Hand Nets
• How to repair your nets

Annexure 2

REPORT OF A MISSION TO STUDY THE FEASIBILITY OF HAVING FISH PONDS IN NAMALOMBWE - WARD - LUSAKA WEST

Following the meeting held on 9th May, 1987 at Tubalange Primary School in Namalombwe Ward over the issue of assessing the potential for the establishment of fish ponds in the ward, the mission composed of the Aquaculturist, the Assistant Fish Culturist and the Scout visited the ward from 2nd September to 8th September, 1987.

However, due to limited time, transport and distance plus area of the ward, not all the persons in the ward were visited. Never the less, the few visited could serve as models and examples to others.

GENERAL:

In general, Chunga stream though deep has enough water for fish ponds and other irrigation purposes. The soil along the stream is good for making fish ponds and the elevation along the stream is also suitable for fish farming though mostly as of now is being used in vegetable gardenings.

The Malyukuyoka (Manyeka) stream has quite some waters though most of the stream its being blocked by individual farmers for irrigation purposes. The soil along the stream is sandly loam although is not so good as comparing the chunga stream even though isolated areas has good land elevation.

The Mumpilu (Tubalalange) stream has no enough water due to individual blockings of the stream by farmers. The soil is also sandy loam. The elevation along the steam is not so good in comparison to chunga though isolated places like for the co-operative area is fine.

In terms of fish, the ward is denied fresh fish which has become a scarce commodity unless the farmer have to go to Lusaka, where the fish is too expensive.

FARMS AND PEOPLE VISITED:

The mission started with the Ward Chairman who showed a very keen interest in having fish pond. The site survey was c conducted at Mr. Mondela farm plot 23/24. Mr. Mondela who is situated almost at confluence of malyukuyulu and mumpilu had a dam which was washed away. The soil was tested and it was found to be sandy loam. In terms of water, the streams has not very enough water especially to mumpilu (Tubalalange) stream which showed no water at about 0.5km. although water was seen at the co-operative who share the same stream. However, if there was enough water, he has enough good area to make ponds. As of now, an area where there was a dam was eyemarked for at least 500m² pond. But this would be useless if the dam wall would be reconstructed and then alternative area would be found.

Another farm plot 5/3 of Mr. Chibuye was visited by the mission. Mr. Chibuye has a viable land as he is situtated along the chunga stream. He has enough water and the soil is good for fish ponds. Also the land elevation is good. However, Mr. Chibuye showed luck of money, security and interest. If he will think of making fish ponds, he has to pump the water from the stream and think of the security of the place as his house is far away.

Mr. Salare, who is also in the chunga stream has a potential area. He was advised to clear off the banana plantations which he feels is of no benefit to him. The irrigation pipes passes through the area eye marked for the pond which willserve him with no difficulties. At least ⅓ ha pond could be made from the area. He was advised to start immediately if possible.

Mr. Rye's farm was also visited as he is also along the Chunga stream. He has all the potentials of having a fish pond and was advised to build a 500m² pond as soon as he feels like doing so.

Another farm who had the potential is Mr. Mulwanda who is along the malyukuyuka (Manyika) stream. He has the dam which has a valve to eater for irrigation purposes, but he has thought of making fish ponds. His land has the sandy loam soil and he can at least build about 3 ponds of 500²m. He does not need to pump the water as he has the furrow which would give him water to the ponds from the weir.

Mr. Shuula and Mason are situated along the same stream as Mr. Mulwanda. His soil is good for fish pond and has enough water. The place chosen seemed to have been a dam. He was advised to make a 500²m pond. However, he has to pump water into the pond.

Adamson (Mrs Phiri) who is a neighbour of Mr. Shuula's area is in the same area and she was also advised to start with the 500²m pond and water is by pumping.

The co-operatives were also visited by the mission. They are depending on the Mumpilu (Tubalalange) stream. The water is just enough as they are using it for irrigation but need of more means of having water should not be over looked. The soil is sandy loam and they have enough land to make ponds. They can at least start with 2 – 3 ponds of 500²m by pumping the water into the ponds.

The school as its situated on high land, was very difficult to find a suitable place to make a pond. However, it was resolved altogether, the mission and the staff that only concrete pond can be made there. Hence the mission marked 15 × 25 metres pond. The sources of water is the bore hole.

OTHER AREAS:

Other places were also visited. Mr. Sakala has the interest of having the fish pond but unfortunately the place has no water. He has no bore hole at the moment. He also has no good elevation of land as his home is situated at a hill.

Mr. Simwawa has an abandoned swimming pool and was advised to renovate the swimming pool, clean it and put fish.

Mrs. Tungenengene has also an abandoned swimming pool which should be renovated cleaned and put fish in it.

Mrs. Kancheya has a reserevoir which has fish in stocked by the Fish Farm people and was advised to crop the fish as it was over due and crowded.

Mrs. Mackiyo has a reservoir tank which he would like to turn into a fish pond and was advised to clean it, manure and put fish.

GENERAL CONCLUSION:

As from the observations, the Agricultural Extension Officer has a lot of work to encourage the farmers in taking up fish farming. There is a big need of the department of Water Affairs to look into the problem of water into the streams mentioned above as there is no communal dam to serve the needs of the farmers. The stream as of now has individual people blocking it hence, others have water while others have non which could serve for both irrigation and fish farming.

To those not visited, the extension officer from Agriculture can visit them and where he does not understand, can contact the Department of Fisheries for more advice. In terms of those who are to start as soon as possible - by making the 500²m “ZIBA” pond, the extension officer from Agriculture would be able to help as he showed that he knew how to mark the ponds through the mannal of FAO Training series.

All in all co-operation among the farmers is desired to combat the problem of water in the streams, as individual efforts would not warrant any results.

Annexure 3

REPORT OF A MISSION TO STUDY THE FEASIBILITY OF HAVING FISH PONDS IN NYAMBE WARD, LUSAKA WEST

Following the meeting held on 16th May 1987 at Nyambe ward office by the Project Manager and Co-Project Manager over the issue of assessing the potential for the establishment of fish ponds in the ward, the mission composed of the Aquaculturist, the Assistant Fish Culturist, and the Fish Scout visited the ward from 17th to 23rd November 1987.

Despite the distances from the Lusaka West Primary School in various areas, most of the places intended to were visited, though few were not visited because of the places being far as the mission were walking to visit the places. Nevertheless the ones visited and showed potential could serve as examples to others.

GENERAL

Generally, the mission was interested to see whether the individual farmer had enough WATER to sustain the fish ponds. Then soil was determined whether it could hold the water and the topography of the land whether it was suitable for making fish ponds. Usually the mission was interested in the nature water streams and soils. However where not possible, necessary advice was given.

The ward though having some streams were almost all dry - due mainly to the drought season of the year. Most farmers said the season has been bad for them as most streams in the past had water running throughout the year. The only stream which had water running was Malyukuyuku which has a spring at the source. The soil varied according to the vegetation of the areas. However most of the soils south of the old Mumbwa Road was sandy soil and a lot of rocks.

As regards to fish, the mission did not eat any, a sign that the ward is denied fresh fish. The dried Kapenta fish which was seen at the market opposite Makate Shop was too expensive to buy considering that its in Lusaka rural.

FARMS AND PEOPLE VISITED

With the help of the Vice Youth Chairman Mr. Simuya the mission walked to Mr. Makate Farm No. 1956 Plot No. 41. Mr. Makate is daming a stream which is passing through his farm using the Appollo Company who are making a road. The mission was told that the stream usually has water year round when the rains are good. The purpose of daming the stream is to conserve water for irrigating his garden.

He told the mission that he thought about fish to put into the dam. The mission advised him to clear out the trees in the stream otherwise he would not be able to collect his fish once they grow. Also he was advised to have provision of the overflow of water as people down stream would be denied water.

Mr. Makate has a very good place where he would establish fish ponds below his dam. He was advised that, in future, when he thinks of making fish ponds, the area below the intending dam is viable - getting water from the dam. However, there is doubt over the source of water.

The mission then proceeded to visit Mr. L. Mbaimbai Farm No. 1956 Plot Sub Division 2. The mission found that Mr. Mbaimbai has a dam which was being repaired and weeds removed. The dam serves the purpose of irrigation. Mr. Mbaimbai complained of his dam being destroyed and the fish washed away when the Appollo were making the road.

Nevertheless, he was advised to clear off the weeds in the dam for him to have access to the fish. He requires fish to stock and the dam to be manured as when the mission visited it the water was turbidy. He further told the mission that he is planning to introduce the ducks in the dam and portion the dam into two for the purpose of fish farming.

Next to Mr. Mbaimbai, was Mr. C. Chivuwe. Mr. Chivuwe has a pond with approximate area of a Ziba (500m²). The pond is situated just below the dam of Mr. Mbaimbai. However, the pond has no inlet and outlet. The mission was told that the pond holds water in the reany season for almost six months. Then the farmer was told to clear off the weeds which were in the pond. Then he could liase with Mr. Mabimbai so that he can have water from the dam outlet into his pond and in dry season, use an engine pump. He will have to come to buy the fingerlings from Chilanga.

Mr. Maine who is contaplating commercial fish farming was visited also. He has a Manager Mr. Sakala who shows interest in fish farming. Mr. Maine has dug some fish ponds which others are badly sited while others are on a good site. The Manager Mr. Sakala was asked why some big ponds were dug at a wrong sight. However, the Manager said that the advice was from the Chief Fish Culturist at Chilanga. Well the mission could not advise anything as the damage has already been done. Nevertheless, the Manager was told to try and convince the boss to put ponds on a dambo part where if possible could hold water. The ponds which had water and fish in where too over manured and there is likelyhood of fish dying. The manager was advise to fence around the fish ponds for fear of thieves.

The next visited was Mr. Kanda J.S. Farm No. 1956 Sub No. 59. Mr. Kanda has visited the fish farm at Chilanga and he showed a very big interest in fish farming. He told the mission that he developed the interest while in Livingstone. Unfortunately Mr. Kanda is situated in the area where the soils are not suitable and water from streams not available. However since Mr. Kanda showed keen and willing interest, he was only advised to build a concrete fish pond using a borehole as a water source.

Mr. Chintu being a neighbour of Mr. Kanda has the same problems and the only advice is to make concrete ponds using borehole.

Mr. Banda Martin and Mr. Ng'ambi were also visited and unfortunately the place of Mr. Band is too rocky and sandy while that of Mr. Ng'ambi is sandy. Both of them have no boleholes which, may be, could entice them to build concrete ponds. Mr. Ng'ambi talked of the stream being dry only this year, but when he was told that the place even if dug, will meet rocks, he agreed. He was encouraged to find suitable place if he was very keen or if he could manage destroying the rocks and that he would have a good source of water.

Mrs. Chepman dug a pond after consulting people from Mt. Makulu to do soil survey and the Ministry of how to go about making fish ponds. Unfortunately the place they chose has a lot of rocks. Although she has already dug the pond, without putting concrete, it cannot hold water. Hence she was advised:-

1. to stop digging further as the pond was already dip enough - about 2 metre
2. to break the rocks in the pond to give enough space for the fish
3. to concrete the pond in order to hold water
4. to find a good outlet place for draining the pond

The source of water as usual is the borehole and since she is a poultry farmer she can utilize the manure for fish.

Mr. Phiri is a neighbour of Mrs. Chepman and the situation of the farm is almost the same. The daughter of Mrs. Phiri was advised to build a concrete pond if they could manage destroying the rocks underneath.

Another farmer who by sheer lucky the mission found the farm was Mr. Masaka. He has two concrete fish ponds, one with water and fish while the other was dry. The mission asked the daughter who was found at the place whether they had any problems with the fish they had. The mission was told that at one time when they had transfered the fish from one pond to another, there were mortalities of fish in the pond where the fish was put. By further enquiring, it was gathered that, the pond was under repair and they did not clean out the cement which could have caused the mortalities plus handling of the fish. The mission further advised them to try and crop out the fish or put into another pond as the other pond was over crowded. The source of water to the pond is the borehole. Another observation is that it is not known what kind of fish (though it is tilapia) is being grown and where it was taken from.

Mr. and Mrs. Milambo were visited also. Mrs. Milambo showed very keen interest in fish farming as a result she had paid a visit to the Chilanga Fish Farm before the mission visited the ward. The source of water with her is the borehole and the place shown to the mission was an ant hill. She was advised to dig a “ZIBA” 500m² pond (20 by 25m). However if the pond would not hold water then concrete should be made.

Mr. Muleya who has a spring as a source of water has the potential of having a fish pond or ponds according to his likes. However he was advised to dig one pond to start with (ZIBA) and then continue after seeing the successes or failures of fish farming. His land has potential areas and has a lot of perennial water. He could be a model of a lot of fish farming.

The mission paid a visit to the Ward Chairman Mr. Chilekwa. Mr. Chilekwa being near the stream has already contacted the Appollo people to construct a dam. The purpose is for irrigation but fish could be stocked into it. In case he would like to construct a fish pond he has to use concrete as the soil cannot hold water.

Mr. Silumesi has got ponds already made out of concrete. The mission was told that the water in the ponds is normally used for irrigation. Thus, during the night the ponds are filled and the day water is used for irrigation. However, according to the observation of the mission, the ponds are not well maintained. The water level is not adhered to as little water is left for fish. Then they were advised to maintain the water level of at least 70cm to 1 metre depth. Aslo cleaning of the ponds is necessary.

Mr. Silumesi has a potential area to develop into fish ponds without using concrete if the ponds are well constructed by stumping hard the soil. Also if he had a stream then there is no need of making concrete ponds. But if the borehole has sufficient water, the earthern ponds can still be made.

Mr. Thorncroft is making a big dam using the Appollo and will be used for irrigation. Fish can also be put into the dam once finished. The source of water is a spring about 200 to 500 metres away. In future when the dam will be holding water, there is a suitable area below the dam for fish ponds.

Mr. Mvula has a good place to develop into fish ponds. The source of water is the borehole and the stream during the rainy season. He is conterplating to having two horeholes as standby in case the stream does not have sufficient water. He was advised to start with a “ZIBA” (500m²) then see the successes or failures. He is very much interested in fish farming and he could be an example to other farmers.

Mr. Mulenga had been visited by one of the staff from the project before the mission paid another visit. The ZIBA pond marked earlier has not yet been finished due to other prohlems plus finance. Since he was very much interested in fish farming and doing irrigation, he had liased with his neighbour to use water from the stream - of which it was understood, the neighbour agreed. However after digging the furrow from the stream, he was turned down again.

His project is a very nice one of the furrow that he can be able to develop a lot of fish ponds and other farming activities using the furrow already dug if he could be given the chance by the neighbour. The mission was made to understand that the water could flow by free flow gravity from the stream and he was able to irrigate the vegetables. The mission advised him to finish his already started pond, then seek audience with the nieghbour again and may be the party over the issue of water from the stream. He was advised to get water right from the water Affairs Department and call the Ward Chairman to see his development in order to help him pursuade the neighbour to use the stream for water.

The Z.N.S. B.B. have a nice pond of about half hectare. Unfortunately there is no water in the pond as the year has been tough. Nevertheless the officers were advised to renovate the dams and remake the dam wall. In case of the drought situation, a furrow could be dag from the Malyukuluku stream to the half hectre pond.

Despite staying at the Lusaka West Primary School, the mission had no staff to discuss with. It is assumed because of Mr. Simuya who is a teacher, he will advise the fellow staff where the pond could be made because he was always with the missing on the visit.

Mr. Mizinga was advised to build a concrete pond though he has enough water.

GENERAL CONCLUSION

Most farmers expressed surprise on the streams which they said never dried up before. In view of this, Many have taken individual blocking of the streams which does not serve the purpose as when there will be a lot of rains, the barrage dams which are not well constructed will be washed away. Hence the Water Affairs people could be called in to advise most on the streams and their catchment area. Also advise communal dams to serve for the people.

The areas which has sandy and rock places the only thing to build is the concrete ponds. To those who have boreholes, they must make sure the borehole will sustain the pond also.

To those who have ponds and fish already, they should try to keep them nicel and being fed. And when they crop it, the should try to sell to the community around them so that others could be encouraged.

To those who have both enough water and good soil, it is advisable for them to start as soon as possible so that others could take example from them.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank the Ward for keeping us nicely. Special thanks to Mr. Simuya who endured together walking around the farm and keeping company. Thanks for a wonderful organization of the Ward.

Annexure 4

FAO/GRZ FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
CHILANGA FISH FARM
P.O. BOX 350034
CHILANGA

ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH PONDS
REQUEST FOR TECHNICAL ADVICE

Name and address of interested person/organization:		NEOMA ABRAHAM
		BOX 340024
		LILAY
		Phone:
Location of proposed site: (enclose map, if available)		SHANTHMBU
Water Source:		*Spring/stream/river/dam
		Area	STERM		(*ha/acre/weir)
Cultivated crops, if any:
Livestock, if any:		*Cattle/pigs/ducks/goats/chicken/others:
		DUCKS, CHICKENS GOATS
Type of fish farming proposed:		*Small/medium/large
Any other relevant information:		SMALL
Date:	22/03/89	Signature:

* Delete inapplicable items

Annexure 4(b)

FAO/GRZ FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
CHILANGA FISH FARM
P.O. BOX 350034
CHILANGA

ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH PONDS
REQUEST FOR TECHNICAL ADVICE

* delet inapplicable items

Annexure 5

FAO Fish Culture Development Project,
Chipata Fish Farm,
P.O. Box 510738,
Chipata.

19th January, 1988.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

Recently you have shown interest in the establishing of fish ponds at your farm. However it is possible that you did not get the information or assistance you wanted. In this letter we want to make it clear what kind of services can be provided by the FAO/GRZ Fish Culture Development Project.

1. A preliminary survey of your site, water, soil, topography). The results of this survey will tell you whether the proposed site is suitable or not. If your proposed area will require a specialized service such as dam designing or topographical survey contact Department of Water Affairs Box 510094, Chipata and Land Development Services, Chipata respectively in the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development.

2. The next step is the construction of ponds. Here we are able to assist you during the preparatory phase (marking, pegging and final levelling of the pond) and later on with construction techniques.

3. When the ponds are ready, we can provide you with fish seeds. Also, we would like to assist you in the farm management (stocking, fertilization, feeding, cropping, maintenance etc.)

   If you are interested in these services, please return the slip enclosed to the above address.

ANSWERING SLIP

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Name & Address) would like to make use of your services (indicate: preliminary survey/pond construction/farm management). My farm is located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (address & enclose a map if possible) and has an area of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ha/acres). The water source is a (spring/stream/river/dam (area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ha/acre/weir) cultivated crops: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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If you are not living on the farm yourself, indicate name and address of person to be contacted: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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List any other relevant information: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         Signature: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annexure 6

List of cooperatives of rural farmers showing interest in fish farming

1.0 Ngabo Multipurpose cooperative

With 400 + members based around the village of Kafulafuta, this registered cooperative has subdivided into 4 separate groups for fish farming. The subgroups are designated by the name of the stream on which they wish to begin farming

1.1. Tushembe. 35 men, 13 women. The project has helped build one dam and two ponds. Potential for 40 or more ponds.

1.2. Mafota. 16 men and 8 women. Construction has yet to begin.

1.3. Mapango. 29 men 13 women. A dam has been pegged out.

1.4. Mambwe Mushenge. 30 + members, still in formation.

2.0. Shimukunami. There is one existing informal cooperative practicing fish farming with 5 men, 2 women, and the school production unit.

3.0. 3 km away from Shimukunami, an as yet unnamed cooperative is in formation with 11 farmers.

4.0. At the Mpongwe Small Holders Development Project (sponsored by EEC), plans are to create an initial 4 cooperatives of 10 members each for fish farming.

5.0. Mboyanga. An informal cooperative comprising the extended family with 7 men and 6 women.

6.0. Mibenga area. Requests have been received for help in setting up 2 fish farming cooperatives.

7.0 Chingola area. Informal request from the District Council to revitalize the women's fish farming cooperative.

8.0 Twatasha Cooperative. An informal cooperative beginning to build ponds, the Project has designed and stocked the dam.

Annexure 7

BRIEF REPORT ON FARMER'S FIELD DAY - 9/11/88 CHIPATA

1. The day was attended by 12 people (10 farmers)

2. Practical information and technical aspects related to fish culture was given, using the fish farm as a demonstration. The process of the establishment of a fish farm and services provided by the project were discussed.

3. Mr. Chikuma gave information on the construction of his two ponds, the expenses and related problems.

4. Unfortunately, representatives of the Lima Bank and the Department of Water Affairs did not come, although they were personally invited.

5. It is believed that this day has served its purpose very well. As soon as another group of 10 farmers with good sites has been selected, a day like this will be organized again.

APPENDIX 1. Programme farmers day 9/11/88.

Annexure 8

FAO FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Seminar on Fish Culture Extension, Mwekera
Nov. 8–10, 1988

AGENDA:

Tuesday 8 November.

Morning: general discussion
Afternoon: Discussion on efficient extension services.

Wednesday 7 November.

Morning:
Demonstration of filmstrip projector and presentation of filmstrip on integrated fish culture.

Afternoon: Discussion on additional information and narration on cassettes to go with the filmstrip.

Discussion on the possibility of training of agricultural extension officers and schoolteachers, Discussion on additional training of depart mental extension officers.

Thursday morning: Discussion on recommendations of the workshop.

MINUTES.

Tuesday morning

General discussion

Major points:
Lack of feedback and communication between headquarters and fieldstaff.
Need for consistent prizes of farmproducts all over Zambia
Need for more information on experimental results on fish, duck and pig management.

Description of extension services by province.
All provinces mentioned the lack of sufficient trained personnel

Tuesday afternoon

- Further discriotion of extension services

- Discussion on the availability of information material. It was generally felt that there could be more information available. The reaction of Dr. Gopalakrishnan on this topic was that a lot of the information supplied disappears

- Discussion on the efficiency of the Fish scout training in Kasaka.

It was felt that a general training as is given at present is not necessary since there is little movement after the training between the different disciplines of work. It was therefore suggested that the training of fish scouts should be more adjusted to the needs of the fish culture stations. Instead of looking for an outside agency to fund an extra training there is the possibility of letting the students choose halfway the course for a specialisation in either research, capture or culture Fisheries. Also there is the possibility of giving the Fish scouts an in service training at a fish culture station to give a fish scout a more practical training aimed at his or her future work.

It was recognized that in general the people with the best grades have the highest chance of going to work at head quarters. It was suspected that this has a negative effect on the quality of the fish culture extension service in Zambia.

- Discussion on the information to the public through mass media.

There are several radioprogrammes that can bring subjects in fisheries Headquarters should stimulate and coördinate this information.

Wednesday morning

Demonstration of projector for slides and Filmstrips by Mr. Jere. Lecture on the use of filmstrips.

Filmstrips have the advantage over slides that they are easier to handle and that the sequence can not get lost.

The fan from the projector has been removed. This makes it necessary to switch of the projector as soon as the showing is finished or whenever there is an interuption.

Wednesday afternoon

Discussion on the need for background information to go with the filmstrip on integreted farming. It was felt necessary to produce a pamphlet with the basic information required to ensure most that the personal experience of an extension officer can not be replaced by any pamphlet. Also that the filmstrip not be the end of the extension but more a start and a stimulus for potential fish farmers to become more involved and interested.

Discussion on the need for a cassette in each of the major 8 languages spoken in Zambia. Each filmslide projector should be accompanied by a cassette with the narration of the filmstrip in english and all languages of the area in which the projector is used. It was pointed out that the further distribution of filmstrip projectors and possibly cassetteplayers might depend on the feedback to headquarters concerning the experiences and the number of people attending the filmstrip showing.

Discussion on the training of agricultural extension officers First priority should be given to the block officers, next will be the camp officers. Main emphasis in the lectures should be on basic knowledge about site selection and fish culture possibilities to clear existing misconceptions. Immediate action has to be taken to reserve time for fisheries subjects in agricultural training courses since the calender for courses is compiled before half december 1988. Training for North-western province can be scheduled in April. For Central province in June and for Luapula in August.

Training of school teachers:

Contacts with potential schools can be made through the chief educational officer. Before further actions first the experiences from the training in Chipata in december will be evaluated. Before advise is given to a school it should be realised that mistakes are hard to correct once made but that refusal of help will be difficult to justify.

Training of departmental extension workers.

In northern province the need is only felt for training in duck rearing.

In north-western province training for farmers and local staff is given simultaneously. With extra funding and some coöperation with outside staff for certain topics the course for local staff could be given separately and on a higher level.

The training for central province will be at Chilanga or Kasaka. A training course in Mwekera for 2 fish scouts from every province is seen as useful also for next year.

Thursday morning

Discussion on the recommendations to be handed over as a result of this workshop.

Closing of the workshop.

General:

Representative from each province was given one TMC-150 Compact projector with accessories, 2/3 film strips, printed narration for the film strips and 20 copies of the new manual for fish farming production units in schools.

Recommendations and resolutions adopted by participants.

1. The Director of Fisheries is urged to insure that experimental findings and results are promptly communicated to Provincial Fish Culturists.

2. New prices for farm products which have been approved by the Director should be promptly communicated to the field. Minor adjustments to the prices should be allowed on a provincial basis to allow for differing input costs (manure, stockfeeds, etc.)

3. To avoid distortion of information to the mass media, the Provincial Rural Information Officers are urged to liaise with Provincial Fisheries Officers to verify information before release.

4. The initial fish scout training is currently inadequate for the needs of fish culture. It is recommended that half of the training course be over general fisheries topics, and during the second half trainees should specialize in either Fish culture or other areas of fisheries.

5. There is a need for more standardized printed information to be used by extension agents.

6. There is a need for separate film strips on pond construction and pond management under Zambian conditions.

7. In order to strengthen extension efforts, there is a need for cassette recordings in local languages.

8. In order to increase exposure to fish culture and avoid misconceptions, there is a need for training agriculture extension officers in basic fish farming technology.

9. Before further training of school teachers in fish farming techniques, the results from the training exercise now underway in Eastern Province should be evaluated.

10. There is a need to expand the Fish Scout Refresher Courses organized by the FAO to other provinces.

11. Low maintenance transportation such as bicycles for fish scouts and small motorcycles for supervisors will substantially increase extension impact.

12. In conditions where several fish farmers are located in one area, an extension agent should be based with the farmers.

13. A seminar, conducted by specialists in the topics of effective extension pond and duck management, data collection, and fish seed production would be benificial. Attendance could include participants from other sectors such as banks, agriculture, etc.

Annexure 9

SEMINAR ON EDUCATIONAL FILMSTRIPS & SLIDES FOR FISH FARMING

1. INTRODUCTION

This report focusses on the participation of the Development Support Communication (DSC) Section of the Rural Information Services, otherwise called the National Agricultural Information Services (NAIS), in the seminar on producing and using teaching materials, specifically filmstrips and slide programmes, that was held at Mwekera Fish Farming Training Centre in Kitwe from the 8th to the 11th of November 1988.

The seminar was organised by the Fish Culture Development Project (FCDP) of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

1. PARTICIPANTS

The participants were drawn from various fish projects under the Department of Fisheries. They were as follows, including the organizing staff:-

3. OBJECTIVES

1. Prior to this seminar, the DSC Section had produced a full colour filmstrip for the Department of Fisheries entitled Intergrated Fish Farming (Using Pekin Ducks). This had been reproduced into 93 copies.

2. Narration booklets had also been printed to go with the filmstrips and the Fish Culture Development Project had acquired some equipment for using the filmstrips in extension training programmes in the rural areas.

3. Additionally, a manual on Fish Farming for School Production Units, which the DSC section has assisted in producing, was by this time ready for distribution.

   The DSC Section was invited to the seminar to assist the FCDP in distributing the equipment and the teaching materials and to advise the participants on the correct usage and procedure in the operation and maintenance of the equipment.

4. TOPICS

The Audio Visual Producer (who is the author of this report), who was physically and professionaly involved in the planning and execution of all the above mentioned items, was assigned to the seminar to do the following:-

1. Introduce the equipment to the participants;

2. Lecture on the application of teaching aids in rural extension;

3. Identify future requirements of the Department of Fisheries in the area of teaching materials.

5. EQUIPMENT

The equipment purchased by the FCD Project consisted of TMC slide and filmstrip projectors and accessories. Coming first on the seminar agenda, the Audio Visual Producer touched on the following topics with respect to equipment:-

1. General information on slide and filmstrip projectors;

2. Advantages of the TMC slide and filmstrip projector over other models;

3. General nomenclature of the TMC slide and filmstrip projector (lens, slide and filmstrip adapters, lamps and sources of power);

4. Operation: (a) on mains (b) on 12 volt battery

5. Maintenance,

An elaborate, five page, fully illustrated handout on the TMC slide and filmstrip projector was given to each participant during the lecture.

6. SLIDE & FILMSTRIP PROGRAMMES

The topic was tackled on the 8th November, 1988. The following topics were discussed:-

1. Identification (Types: half frame and full frame);

2. Advantage of slides over Filmstrips, and vice versa;

3. Transformation of filmstrips into slides (Practical)

4. Screening of Slide Programmes and Filmstrips (Practical);

5. Narration (writing, translation and usage).

7. DISTRIBUTION

During the Seminar, the Audio Visual Producer assisted to distribute the equipment and materials to the participants. Each one of them recieved the following:-

1. TMC Slide Filmstrip/Projector

2. TMC Slide adapter

3. TMC Full-Frame Filmstrip Adapter bulbs

4. TMC 220V × 1000 Watts Projector bulbs (2)

5. TMC 12V × 1000 Watts Projector Bulbs (2)

6. 13 Amp Mains Adapter

7. Filmstrip on Intergrated Fish Farming

8. Filmstrip on Tilapia Nilotica

9. Narration booklet for Integrated Fish Farming

10. Narration booklet for Tilapia Nilotica

11. Manual for Fish Farming for School Production Units

8. FUTURE PROJECTS

The Seminar resolved that, apart from the above, the DSC Section should assist the FCD Project in the following areas:-

1. translation of the narration for the filmstrip on Integrated Fish Farming into vernacular (seven languages)

2. professional recording on audio cassettee of both the English and Vernacular versions of the narration for field use;

3. production of two additional filmstrips related to fish farming vis:-

   1. Pond Construction

   2. Pond Management

9. CONCLUSION

The seminar was dually advantegeous.

1. The participants were mostly being formally introduced to audio visual aids for the first time. They had a lot to learn on their effective usage.

2. The DSC Section had the rare opportunity of being able to analyse the acceptance of its products by recepients who were actually going to use them in the field themselves.

Filius Chalo Jere
Audio Visual Producer

DSC Section
Rural Information Services

9th November, 1988.

REPORT ON THE FIRST PHASE OF FISH CULTURE COURSE FOR DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS HELD AT KATOPOLA FARMERS TRAINING INSTITUTE, CHIPATA EASTERN PROVINCE
(FROM 18TH TO 22ND MAY, 1988)

INTRODUCTION.

The FAO/GRZ Fish Culture Project conducted an informed course in fish farming to train District Agriculture Officers from all districts in the province. The main objective was that these extension workers assis in facilitating awareness and interest in fish farming especially at family/village level through their established extension system. The Party and its Government having realised that capture fisheries in becoming limited in putting fish farming as a priority alongside agriculture.

The Department of Fisheries apparently does not have adequate extension staff to carry out the work. The role of Agriculture extension personnel to help in disseminating fish farming at village level using T and V system in this province is a matter of trial and if it succeeds would be spread to other areas. However the few existing extension people the department has in this area, would work alongside their counterparts in extension work to initiate execution of the programme.

An introductory aspect of the course delivered in form of lectures included systems of fish farming, principles of fish farming, factors involved in choosing suitable areas and required facilities and infrastructures. The lectures were followed by showing slides, field visits and discussions.

SYSTEMS OF AQUACULTURE.

The main issues discussed were categories of fish farming in Zambia, the methods followed, fish production accessories, and an overall discussions on village level, aquaculture placing, emphasis on a ZIBA PROGRAMME. Participants were told that village or family ponds, small scale holdings. (up to 5ha.) and commercial fish farm a(above 5ha.) are main categories of fish farming. The methods employed are extensive, (100kg/ha. of fish) semi-intensive (2–4tons/ha.) and intensive. For the purpose of this course emphasis was on semi-intensive. Extensive farming centred mainly on production of fish from dams. In order to produce fish cheaply participants were told that traditional manuring (crib method), supplementary feeding (using agro-by products eg. maize bran and integrated fish farming (cultivating fish with pigs, ducks chicken) were appropriate.

On village level aquaculture, they learnt that rural community would benefit by being self sufficient in food, increased income from fish, availability of cheap fish food and organic manure, and increased agricultural production using pond mud as fertilizer. To achieve the above “ZIBA” scheme was a better weapon for intensive operation of village level fish culture as it has been found economically suitable for rural sector.

Following this lecture slides on fish farming were shown and a visit to Chipata fish farm was undertaken to enable participants see facilities and infrastructures available to assist them assimilate what fish farming involved.

PRINCIPLES OF FISH FARMING IN ZAMBIA.

The main remarks made wore about the status of capture and culture fisheries in Zambia, the government strategy and the situation of fish farming and its supporting services in the Eastern Province. Participants were informed that the current production of fish from major fisheries is 75,000 metric tons while from culture fisheries was about 1,000 metric tons. Meanwhile demand for fish by 1990 will be 90,000 metric tons. This obviously shows ta deficit. Since capture fisheries were dwindling (reached maximum sustainable yield) the government in its successive National Development Plans (Fisheries - Subsector) has seen that the only alternative is to develop fish farming as a prominent and significant role in increasing fish supply in protein starved areas far from capture fisheries and it can also contribute to meet the predicted demand. Participants were then told that this called for establishment of fish seed production and distribution centres in different parts of the country, provision of necessary inputs and disseminating technology through-well developed and co-ordinated extension services (like T and V followed by Department of Agriculture in the Province raise fish farming into an organised industry and training.

Coming to Eastern Province participants were made aware of the strong indicators favourable for fish farming in the province. The supporting services were already existing from Department of Fisheries and FAO international projects on fish culture.

The lecture was concluded by establishing that we were all serving one person, the farmer and as such there was need to collaborate and support the programme induced in Extension Services. Thus incorporating the Department of Agriculture staff in fish farming extension through their establish T and V system was found inevitable.

Following this lecture, a visit was made to three institutional ponds and one private owned by an old lady. Critical obsevation made by participants were discussed with resource personnel. This was meant to familiarise them with different situations likely men in the field.

REQUIREMENTS FOR FISH FARMING

Participants were mainly taught the important basic requirements in fish farming ie. water quality, soil and topography. They were also exposed to simple methods of assessing quality of water and the amount needed for fish farming. Also important were simple methods of assessing suitability of soil for fish farming taking into consideration water retension. On topography, emphasis for selection centred on 2.5% slope as the best for easy filling and draining of the pond by gravity.

This lecture was followed by a visit to a new site of Fish Farm by a private farmers where participants tested soils using simple methods they had learnt.

FISH POND CONSTRUCTION

The lecture was based mainly on outlining the supporting structures of a fish pond, the use of topographical maps, the design and procedures followed when digging a pond. Specifications and dimensions of important structures for a fish pond were taught. Above all, the participants also learnt about simple materials which can be used in construction of fish ponds. The field visit after this lecture took participants to Magweno where they saw a pond for private farmer, under construction and also discussions on management aspects on the school production unit ponds. In all these situations the participants sitimulated discussions based on what they had learnt in class and a practical aspect in the field. These were handled together with resource personnel.

GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON LECTURES, FIELD VISITS AND COURSE EVALUATION

1. It was generally agreed that a farmer be encouraged to use manuring system in order that the induces fish food in his pond. Integrated fish farming could be adopted only by those capable of doing it as fresh manure was richer than dry manure.

2. Instead of depending on capture fisheries it is necessary to develop fish farming. Information for people in areas lacking factors for fish farming is useful for it can be passed on to other people in suitable areas.

3. Awareness and interest on fish farming be made in communities.

4. Treated as a technical aspect careful select of sites must be ascertained by use of simple tests.

5. A fish pond must be properly constructed in order to create an environment favourable for fish growth and also safeguard long life of the pond.

6. Fish farmer be advised to acquire tools for use in fish farming either on self basis or through credit facility.

Annexure 11

REPORT ON THE SECOND PHASE OF FISH CULTURE COURSE FOR DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS HELD AT KATOPOLA FARMERS TRAINING INSTITUTE, CHIPATA - EASTERN PROVINCE FROM 9TH MAY TO 13TH MAY 1988

INTRODUCTION

The second course in fish farming to District Agriculture Officers from different districts in the province was conducted from 9th to 13th May 1988. This was a follow-up to the first course conducted from 18th to 22nd April 1988. All the participants who took part in the first course turned up for the second one.

The second course was to highlight more on what goes on in a pond so that the Agriculture Extension Officers get acquinted that a pond is not just a hole with a pool of water but that a pond has minute animals which are food for fish hence the pond biology as the first lecture. The next topic was fish seed production, followed by the pond management, then, Integrated, lastly the people's participation in rural aquaculture development.

The participants were welcomed by Mr. G. Z. Sinkala who thanked them for once again taking part in the course to complete the programme.

POND BIOLOGY

The main issues discussed were temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, planktons and the taxonomy of fishes. The temperature range which should be maintained in order that the fish in the water should survive - to eat and live well was mentioned to be between 18° to 30°C. This temperature range should facilitate; feeding, breeding and growth of Tilapia, the fish grown in Zambia. Emphasis was mentioned that there should be no marked difference between the temperature of the fish and that of water (i.e. 0.5° – 1°C) It was also discussed that the temperature affects the bacteria and other aquatic organisms in the pond. These organisms are food for fish either directly or indirectly.

pH in water was also discussed under the pond biology. It was mentioned that too low pH is harmful to the fish as acidic water decreases the pH value of the fish blood resulting in the fish gasping for air due to inability of the fish blood carrying oxygen. pH will also influence the phytoplankton and Zooplankton in water. To high pH was was also very discouraged. The range was put at between 6.5 – 8.5 for fish.

Alkalinity was mentioned also that the lower the alkalinity the lower the fish yield from the pond. Also when its too high more that 3.5mg/l it is bad. Thus the range was between 1.0 – 3.0 mg/l.

Hardness of water was tackled. It was discussed that soft water was not good for the fish to grow. By using soap and if there is fast leather it means the water is soft.

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) is the most important thing in pond biology as many animals depend on it. Hence even in water oxygen is important. The oxygen is critical in water compaired to land as oxygen has to diffuse in water. It was discussed that 60% of farmed fish die because of shortage of oxygen directly or indirectly. The source of oxygen was discussed to be due to the photosynthesis in the pond by the presence of phytoplankton during the day. And at night the oxygen is consumed by the fish and the phytoplankton. Thus during the early morning, there is low oxygen in a pond. The remedy was by adding fresh water to the pond when you see fish gasping for air.

Plankton which is the food of fish was discussed. The main planktonic discussed were the phytoplankton, planktonic bacteria and the zooplankton. In short, thegreening of the pond is a good sign that the pond has food for fish, unlike when you are seeing the fish or seeing the bottom of the pond.

The biology of Tilapia being the the fish grown in Zambia was discussed. Also the reasons for choosing Oreochromis among the other fish to be grown was been discussed. Since the qualification for fish culture were discussed to be fast growth, fast reproduction, high yield, etc, the oreochromis andersonii qualified. It was mentioned that the growth of this fish in Chipata is at 1.4 grammes per day under the integrated fish farming.

The afternoon was spent at the fish farm looking the microscopes to determine the plankton available in the pond. Also dissolved oxygen was measured from the same concrete pond and a plankton net was shown. pH was also determined and a secchi disc demonstrated.

The next subject was on Fish seed production. Main emphasis was put on the O. andersonii the fish proved to grow well. Other fishes like cyprinus carp (carp fish) and the clarias were discussed briefly on their breeding habits.

The reproductive biology of the Tilapia in general was discussed to make the participants know in theory how a male looks from a female. Then the spawning behaviour and the parental care of the Tilapia was also mentioned with more emphasis on the Oreochromis andersonii.

Having talked on the breeding habits, the stocking density of the broodstock which could yield adequate fry/fingerlings was discussed putting the ratio of 1 male to 4 females or 1 male to 5 females - a total of 30 broodstock per 100m². This also was on O. andersonii. The period of stocking was mentioned, being in the warmer season as the fish does not breed in colder season.

The method of harvesting fry/fingerling and transfering to rearing ponds and or transporting them to other farmers was also discussed. Emphasis was on handling of the fry/fingerling especially conditioning before transporting them and the causes of mortalities. The last issue on the topic was methods of packing them.

The afternoon was spent at Chipata fish farm discussing practically duck management. The trainees were told how the Pekin ducks are managed from eggs, ducklings to duck meat or to breeders. However it was an easy issue as the participants were conversant with poultry farming and it was a sharing of ideas. Discussion was focussed on the feeds from ECU which gives low egg production, deformity of ducklings, may be due to concentrates of vitamins. As issue was raised of why a whole maize was given to ducks as their digestion is short. Also management of breeders was discussed as this could result in inbreeding if they are not in age groups.

The next day a Wednesday, the participants were taken to Chipata fish farm for practical of transportation of fry/fingerling. Practical seining of the pond and practical seining and sampling of the fish. The participants were shown also the exotic carp and how fast it grows. The pond was encouraging as both the O. andersonii and C. carpio were growing very well and fast.

The afternoon was a lecture on fish pond management where emphasis was on the depth of water in the pond to be 40 to 100cm deep, the stocking of 250 fish/100m² and the manuring of the pond at a rate of 0.5 to 1 kg per 100m² per day of any from chicken, ducks, cow, etc. Supplemental feeding was discussed and the rate was 0.5 to 1 kg/100m²/day. The management of fertilization using inorganic fertilizers were discussed. It was emphasised that complete draining and drying after six months should be done when harvesting and excess mud removed, repairs done.

Integrated fish farming lecture came on Thursday morning. The participants were told that with integrated fish farming you can benefit. Here you are feeding the animals and the waste is the food for fish either directly or indirectly. The main advantage of this system is that the farmer only feeds his animals and ends up selling both animals and fish.

The participants were then taught in theory the duck-cum-fish culture with emphasis on Pekin ducks. Other integrated animal/fish culture systems like the use of domestic waste, the integrated crop/fish culture etc. were discussed. Polyculture which is just being started in Chipata with common carp and Tilapia were discussed.

In the afternoon the participants were taken to Mtemang'ombe Fish Pond. This was in line with people's participation in rural aquaculture development programme. Critical observations made by participants were discussed. There was a noted fear of source of water and the expansion of the programme.

The next programme was on Friday with ALCOM resource personnel. In this lecture the participants were told how ALCOM operates. Their approach to extension work is by not forcing the farmer but by helping him how to develop. It was learnt that they meet local leaders both party, and traditional and put forward the idea of fish farming. Then it is up to them to take it or not after showing them slides. A follow up programme will be to find out their interests. In the discussion the participants were told that a maximum of 8 people would gather together and manage a fish pond. It was also learnt that the problem arise when a question is asked as to who will be responsible for stockings, feedings, cropping and money after sales.

GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON LECTURES, FIELD VISITS AND COURSE EVALUATION

It was generally agreed that the course was conducted perfectly as both theoratical subjects and practical subjects were well married together though some technical problems which were beyond the organization of the programme. These were left to the Provincial Agriculture Officer and the counterpart, the Provincial Fish Culturist to be sorted out.

Having discussed the managerial issue, it was agreed that:-

1. Courses be conducted by the D.A.O's to the block supervisors so that they in turn train farmers.

2. The Uthenga Bulletin to be utilized by the Department of Fisheries.

3. Funding should be made available to organize the courses to block supervisors.

4. The FAO Fish culture Development project to help with enough literature on Fish Farming.

5. The feed back to be extended to the FAO Fish Culture project and the Department of Fisheries.

6. Farmers should be motivated to build their ponds which could serve as demonstration pond to others.

7. ALCOM to extend its services to other districts when the staffing is adequate from the Department of Fisheries and when the project will have enough transport.

8. A package of some loan should be considered from the FAO Fish Culture project though as of now farmers should not be made to think in this line.

9. Need of funds for training and visits.

Annexure 12

THE ORGANIZATION AND THE OPERATION OF THE T AND V SYSTEM IN EASTERN PROVINCE

The farm families have contacts with the agriculture field workers, stationed at the agriculture camps. These extension workers are Agricultural Assistants. The area covered varies with the number of farmers in the area and distances within the area may range from 5 to 22 km.

Three to four Agricultural camps are supported by a block supervisor who is a Senior Agricultural Assistant or an Agricultural supervisor (NRDC Diploma) The block supervisor has also a close contact with the farm families.

The District Agricultural Officer is responsible for 3 to 5 blocks.

The nine Districts in the Province are controlled by the Provincial Headquarters in Chipata (Provincial Agriculture Officer) who is himself supported by the National Headquarters.

Table 1. Blocks, Camps and Districts in Eastern Province (1987)

Table 2. Blocks, camps and Districts in Copperbelt (1988)

2. The Training of the Extension staff

The efficiency of the extension service depends on the regular training of the staff.

A block level training is organized regularly by the District Agriculture Officer together with the District Subject Matter Specialists like. District Crop husbandry Officer, District Animal husbandry Officer, District Land Use Planning Officer, Female Extension Officer, District Rural Information Officer, District Cotton Officer, Youth Extension Officer, District Agricultural Engineering Officer.

The team is called the District Training Team. There is a similar team at Provincial level whose main task is to prepare a monthly bulletin for the use of the extension workers.

The schedule of training is as follows:

1. Production of the bulletin,
2. Training of the District Training Team by the Provincial Training Team and issue of Bulletins to the District Training Team,
3. Block training of camp staff by the District Training Teams.

3. The camp staff visit to farmers

All T & V units are divided into eight contact groups of villages and each group has up to 12 contact farmers. Groups are numbered one to eight and each group is visited every two weeks as follows:

Two Fridays each month are set aside for training days. The other two Fridays are used for the preparation of reports or other duties.

Shantumbu Programme

As a result of a workshop on fishculture by the project for agricultural extension officers a new potential area for fish farming was found near Chilanga in April 1989. Mr. Wamundila, attendant of the workshop and block supervisor of Chipapa block showed the potential and the interest of farmers for fish farming.

Shantumbu area is characterised as a hilly area in which a lot of springs are located which from small streams and some water locked areas. About 4,000 people are living in Shantumbu. The main activity is farming by animal draught power. Most of the farmers are characterised as small scale farmers. Typical for the area is that quite a few farmers, those who have access to a spring or a stream, grow vegetables during the year.

Summary of extension activities April 1989–January 1990

In close collaboration with Mr. Wamundila, site selection was done in the area. Five farmers and Shantumbu Primary School were taken into the programme of pond construction. Although some farmers said they would start in August, most of the farmers started construction in October and November 1989. Two farmers dug the ponds by hand, the other farmers used a bulldozer which in most cases was borrowed from Mr. Miller, a commercial farmer from Lilayi. For most farmers most of the construction work was completed in January. Generally it became clear in the dry season that most farmers had exaggerated the estimation of the expected water supply in the dry season.

Activities January–May 1990

An overview of the fish farming activities in Shantumbu area May 1990 is given. From January, Mr. Habamba a new agricultural extension officer assigned for Shantumbu area became attached to the programme. Mr. Habamba was given a day course on site selection and pond construction in April 1990. In January it was observed that most farmers had the same starting problems such as seepage and fertilisation.

A meeting was held for the farmers at Shantumbu Primary School. There were 11 attendants. The following subjects were discussed:

• seepage problems and solutions
• inlet and out let, overflow
• pond preparations
• principles to grow fish

Fish farming activities in Shantumbu Area -May 1990

Annexure 14

FAO FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
GCP/ZAM/038/NET
P.O. Box 350034, Chilanga, Zambia

PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL SEMINAR ON “AQUACULTURE AS AN INDUSTRY” HELD AT CHILANGA, 12–15 OCTOBER 1987

PROGRAMME

Inaugural Function

Dr. V. Gopalakrishnan, Project Manager, welcomed the gathering and spoke on the importance of aquaculture development in the country and the main objectives of the seminar.

Mr. P.K. Mushinge, Deputy Director, Fisheries Department, officially inaugurated the seminar. In his address, the potential for fish farming development in the country was highlighted. He stated that the deliberations during the seminar are expected to contribute significantly towards planning the department's aquaculture development strategies.

Dr. P.M. Chipungu, Chief Fisheries Research Officer, Fisheries Department, proposed vote of thanks.

Technical Sessions

1. Dr. V. Gopalakrishnan, Project Manager, initiated discussions on the aims and objectives of the seminar. In his presentation the following topics were discussed:

   1. History of fish culture operations in Zambia
   2. Main species cultivated
   3. Fish culture systems
   4. Case studies on private commercial fish farms
   5. Economic considerations
   6. Constraints for the development of fish farming in different sectors

   In the general discussions that followed, several points of interest were highlighted and definite areas for detailed discussions during the course of the seminar were identified. Necessity to give adequate emphasis on extension and training programmes, adaptive research problems including fish diseases, price structure for farmed fish, possibilities of expanding activities with trials on more species and water supply problems were pointed out by the participants.

2. Presentation of working papers from Provinces:

   1. Aquaculture development in Mwinilunga District, By J.N. Kaoma
   2. General Fish Culture in Central Province: By J.B. Phiri
   3. Aquaculture in W. Province; By K.N. Kapanda
   4. Fish Farming development in Copperbelt Province: By C. Maguswi
   5. Fish farming in Luapula Province: By C.I. Tembo
   6. Aquaculture development in Eastern Province: By A.J. Rothuis

   7. Fish farming in Southern Province: By S.H. Velemu

3. Presentation of reports/papers from other projects:

   1. Intensive fish farming on a commercial scale as developed at Nakambala Sugar Estate: By I. Chishiba
   2. The Fish ponds project for Refugees in N.W. Province: By E. Fruchtnicht

   3. Fish farming in Lusaka East using water from a sewage-fed river system: By E. Cayron-Thomas (Ms)

4. Discussions on development of fish farming industry in the private sector:

   1. Fish ponds in National Assembly Motel (Initiated by S.M. Kaimba and J.M. Mashata
   2. Private fish farms ponds in Lusaka Region
   3. Private fish farms in Copperbelt Region
   4. Irrigation Dams in Southern Province
   5. Private enterprises in other Provinces

   6. Research potential and opportunities

5. Objectives of the new FAO Regional Project on Aquaculture in Rural Community Development Programmes: By B. Haight

6. Presentations from FAO Fish Culture Development Projects:
   Fry rearing: By K.P. Banda
   Proposed credit scheme: By V. Gopalakrishnan
   Proposed extension and training programmes: By V. Gopalakrishnan

7. Recommendations:

   1. Since the present aquaculture extension services in the country are inadequate, urgent action is necessary to strengthen them with provision of more staff, funds, transport facilities, equipment and extension materials.

   2. Retraining of majority of the currently employed extension personnel and further training of new personnel should be considered as a priority requirement.

   3. Standarised methods of fish seed production should be adopted throughout the country. Programmes to initiate, develop and improve fish seed production and distribution centres may be implemented in all the districts/provinces.

   4. The lack of proper credit systems for fish farmers is a serious constraint and it is therefore necessary to establish suitable credit schemes as early as possible, with moderate guarantee terms.

   5. Lending institutions should be urged to participate in such seminars.

   6. It would be desirable to post a separate fish culture training officer at the Kasaka Training Centre.

   7. In order to cater to the aquaculture training and extension needs in the country, it is essential to establish the proposed National Aquaculture Centre without further delay. The Centre should include a small fish pathology unit.

   8. Suitable fish feed formulations for use by emerging and small-scale fish farmers should be developed.

   9. Integrated fish farming practices should be encouraged. The possibility of reserving a percentage of agricultural bi-products for fish farming should be explored. Agencies like the Nakambala Sugar Estate Fisheries Project should look into the possibility of commercial production of fish feed and livestock feed.

   10. Fish culture statistical data collection methods should be updated/improved. Fish culture statistics should be properly organized.

   11. Field days for fish farmers should be arranged in different provinces. The FAO Project may be able to assist in this direction.

   12. Propagation of the scaled variety of common carp may be encouraged.

   13. Different strains of tilapia may be considered for trials as and when necessary.

   14. More workshops and seminars on different aspects of aquaculture development may be arranged. For senior Govt. personnel, a workshop may be arranged during the first half of 1988. For middle and junior level staff, suitable courses and seminars may be organized. All interested persons should be invited to participate in such workshops/seminars/courses.

Annexure 15

FAO/GRZ FISH CULTURE COURSE FOR FISH SCOUTS 18 TH to 22ND JULY, 1988, AT CHIPATA FARM

1. Programme.

2. General Observations and Conclusions

The aim of this course was to upgrade and refresh the knowledge of the Fish Scouts on the basics of aquaculture. However during the course it appeared that most of the information was new for the participants. Also straightforward subjects as seepage rates, pond stocking rates, manuring rates etc. caused big problems due to insufficient knowledge of mathematics. However, a lot of practicing on simple examples cleared most of the problems. The results of the case study are therefore very reasonable, 3 out of 4 participants scored over 67%.

The curriculum and organisation of the course was very much appreciated by the participants, and they requested for another similar course.

It is believed that the course has served its purpose.

Repetition of the basics of aquaculture completed with new subjects might be necessary once a year.