APPENDIX 5

ALCOM 1993–95
An outline

1. INTRODUCTION

ALCOM has been operational since 1987, with a set of objectives and expected outputs as detailed in its Plan of Operation. Some of the outputs have been achieved, and the Programme's work during the remainder of the present phase (1993–95) should focus on (i) application of results on a larger scale and (ii) outputs and objectives not yet met.

In this document, the objectives, outputs and achievements (1987–92) are briefly described, as a basis for a work programme for 1993–1995. The Steering Committee and the Working Group on the Future of ALCOM have been instrumental in defining the focus of the work.

2. OBJECTIVES

The objectives for the period 1991–1995 are defined by the Plan of Operation for ALCOM's second phase.

The overall (development) objectiveis a significant increase in cash income and/or animal protein component in the diet of rural communities, to be achieved through increased production and consumption of fish from their own small-scale aquaculture activities integrated with traditional mixed farming systems.

The intermediate objectiveis the use in such communities of appropriate fish culture systems, promoted and supported through other national and international funded projects concerned with rural development.

The immediate objectivesof the second phase are:

• the provision from 1991 onwards through 1994 of a whole series of tested technologically and economically appropriate fish culture systems which will enable members of rural communities to increase their small-scale aquaculture production;

• the implementation from 1992 onwards of these appropriate fish culture systems as part of mixed farming systems in a few selected pilot-scale sites, so as to encourage other projects/farms/communities to adopt similar systems themselves.

3. ACHIEVEMENTS UP TO 1992

3.1 Target areas

At the inception of ALCOM, a technical consultation on aquaculture and rural development, and a meeting of the Steering Committee (then Advisory Committee) identified a set of target areas for the Programme. These were carried forward into the first implementation phase, starting 1991:

1. extension for rural small scale aquaculture
2. methods to gather information for planning and project design
3. aquaculture and farming systems
4. utilization of small water bodies
5. environmental aspects of aquaculture
6. women and youth in aquaculture development
7. aquaculture and human nutrition
8. development support, and
9. information services

Field activities and desk studies in relation to the target areas were initiated gradually during the preparatory phase (1987–1990). Activities related to target areas (1) and (2) were started during 1987; (3) with studies in 1989 and field work from 1990: (4) with practical field work from 1990; (5) was started with studies in 1991; (6) in 1991; and (7) in 1989. Target areas (8) and (9) are regarded as continuous functions of the programme and became fully operational in 1991.

3.2 Achievements/results

The achievements and main results from the target areas are briefly described below. Progress reports, presented to the Steering Committee Meetings from 1987 to 1992, ALCOM reports and field documents give further details.

3.2.1 Extension and Training

The first ALCOM-supported pilot project, “Field Testing of Aquaculture in Rural Development,” aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of introduction of small-scale aquaculture in rural communities. The project was carried out in Eastern Province, Zambia, during 1987–92. Activities included test and demonstration of a participatory extension approach, preparation of extension material and training of extension staff and farmers. The impact has been considerable, with 400 active and 400 intending fish farmers as of October 1992.

Training modules for technical and extension staff were elaborated and used in training courses in Mozambique and Angola.

The methods have been documented in an ALCOM report (to be finalized in April 1993).

Conclusion: Methods have been sufficiently tested and demonstrated and the expected output from the target area has been achieved. Larger scale application remains.

ALCOM Reports 5, 12 (in preparation), Field Documents 1, 6 and 13

3.2.2 Methods to gather information for planning and project design

The aim of this target area was to identify information needs and demonstrate cost-effective methods to collect the information required.

Activities started with desk studies on factors (social, economic, cultural, bio-environmental, and bio-technical) influencing the adoption of fish farming in Southern Africa. A socio-economic survey was implemented in four provinces of Zambia. Smaller, more focused surveys on fishing activities and fish eating habits were implemented in Botswana and Lesotho as preparation for pilot projects on small water bodies. Specific studies, for example adoption studies, have been carried out as part of the implementation of pilot projects. Rapid Rural Appraisal methods have been used in pilot projects in Zambia and for project preparation in Zimbabwe.

Methodologies and results have been documented in ALCOM reports and field documents. Guidelines on the use of different methods are being formulated.

Conclusion: Methods have been tested and their feasibility demonstrated under different conditions and no further test and demonstration of such methods are required.

ALCOM Reports No 9 and 11, Field Documents 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 19

3.2.3 Aquaculture and farming systems

This target area was started towards the end of 1989, with a pilot project in Luapula Province, Zambia. One project, formulated for implementation in Swaziland, was postponed because of drought and funding problems. A pilot project on carps has been initiated in Mozambique.

The productivity (and production) from rural small-scale aquaculture is low. The contribution of present practices to cash income and to the animal protein component in the diet of rural populations is limited. This target area has as yet not provided conclusive results; they are expected to emerge only 2 – 3 years from now.

Conclusion: Further testing of methods and practices is required. There is a need to focus methodology work on the transition from subsistence to market oriented small-scale aquaculture in order to achieve a significant impact on income and animal protein in the diet of rural communities.

ALCOM Field Documents 7, 14, 15, 16

3.2.4 Utilization of small water bodies for aquaculture and fisheries

Initial work on methods to assess the potential of small water bodies and the interest of communities was started in 1989 with test fishing on selected reservoirs. Pilot projects were subsequently formulated for Lesotho, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. Full implementation was made possible in September 1992 with funding from Belgium for the ALCOM project “Utilization of Small Water Bodies for Aquaculture and Fisheries”. Results with regard to improved management and enhanced production have not yet been achieved.

Conclusion: Assessment methods (test fishing, monitoring, socio-economic surveys) have been tested. However, no activities on management and enhancement of production have been initiated. There is need for further testing and demonstration of methods on how to exploit the potential of small water bodies, benefitting local communities, through management and enhancement interventions.

ALCOM Field Documents 11, 12

3.2.5 Environmental aspects of aquaculture

Desk studies were initiated during 1991 on aquaculture and water-borne human diseases. A pamphlet on mitigation of bilharzia intended for training of extension workers, was prepared (in draft).

Conclusion: The study phase on aquaculture and human diseases has been concluded. Environmental impact assessments and other studies will be integrated into field projects.

3.2.6. Women and youth in aquaculture development

In collaboration with FAO's Regular Programme, ALCOM organized a workshop on gender issues in aquaculture and fisheries development in December 1990. The workshop's recommendations have partly been implemented through the project “Enhancement of the Role of Women in Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture”, funded by Japan 1991 – 1992.

Studies on gender-specific socio-economic information have been carried out. Reports and guidelines are being prepared. The pilot extension project in Eastern province of Zambia has a small component aimed at promoting women in aquaculture.

Conclusion: The study phase on gender issues has been completed and results should be integrated with regular field projects.

ALCOM Report No 7, Field Document 17

3.2.7 Aquaculture and human nutrition

ALCOM organized a technical consultation in 1989 in Lesotho on the above subject. The project “Strengthening the Role of Fish and Fisheries in Alleviation of Malnutrition”, GCP/INT/467/NOR funded by Norway, was partly implemented May 1990 - April 1992 through ALCOM, with field studies in Luapula Province of Zambia. Household food security aspects have been included in rapid rural appraisals on small water bodies in Zimbabwe.

Conclusion: The study phase has been completed. The direct integration of human nutrition and aquaculture has not been achieved. However, household food security as a cross-sectoral issue will be further investigated.

ALCOM Report No. 6.

3.2.8. Development support

The aim of development support is to assist member countries in

1. identification of investment opportunities
2. planning for aquaculture and fisheries development.
3. planning of projects for wider application of successful results from ALCOM and other projects.

Conclusions: Development support is a continuous function of ALCOM, which needs further attention during the remainder of the present phase.

3.2.9 Information service

ALCOM has established a quarterly newsletter, ALCOM News, which aims at a wide audience within and outside the region. It provides general information on aquaculture development, and on aquaculture techniques and practices, and highlights project news and results from ALCOM activities.

Field documents and technical reports are prepared on ALCOM-supported activities and projects. A library has been established.

Conclusion: The Information Service is a continuous function of ALCOM. Its foundations and regular activities have been established. However, institutions for storage and dissemination of information and data in the region are weak. Further work should focus on strengthening such institutions at the national and regional levels.

3.2.10 Summary of conclusions

Work on testing and demonstration of methods for extension and gathering of information for planning and project design have been completed. These methods should now be disseminated and implemented on a larger scale.

Target areas “aquaculture and farming systems” and “utilization of small water bodies” need further methodology work to provide tangible results.

The study phases for environmental aspects, women and youth, and human nutrition have been concluded. Results should now be disseminated for use in development interventions supported by ALCOM and others.

Development support is a continuous function of ALCOM encompassing all fields of its work.

The Information Service needs to broaden its activities so that it can help strengthen institutions for storage and dissemination of data and information, both at national and regional levels.

4. ALCOM 1993–1995

4.1. Considerations

The Working group on the Future of ALCOM, appointed by the Steering Committee, will during 1993 and 1994 formulate a programme for ALCOM's next phase starting end 1995.

During the remainder of the present phase, 1993–95, ALCOM will concentrate on wider application of results already obtained. It will also further test and demonstrate methods and techniques in areas that have not yet produced tangible results : aquaculture and farming systems, and utilization of small water bodies.

The main element of application of results is strengthening of institutions in aquaculture/fisheries, initially for extension and information. Institutions are broadly defined as “Regular patterns in relations between people”. Thus the term “institutions” encompasses organizations run by the Government, NGOs and the private sector; both formal and informal. These institutions are often weak, and therefore unble to support sustainable development of the sector.

To improve the living standards of rural populations, total aquaculture production needs to be increased, and productivity should rise. Increased production can be achieved by putting more land under water, relying basically on the natural productivity of the water. But higher productivity will require intensification, through application of inputs with an opportunity cost; subsistence fish farming should be replaced by small-scale commercial fish farming.

The work on small water bodies has up to 1992 focused on assessment methods. To produce more fish, raise cash income and improve household food security, management options and enhancement of production should be demonstrated through selected pilot projects.

4.2 The concept of action programmes

Four main areas for ALCOM's work during the remainder of the present phase have been derived from results and findings up to 1992:

• strengthening of institutions for aquaculture extension

• strengthening of institutions for development planning, communications and information

• testing and demonstration of methods and approaches for diversification of rural economies through aquaculture, and

• testing and demonstration of methods and practices for utilization of small water bodies

The four areas have been operationalized as Action Programmes, which can be implemented according to the priorities set by the Steering Committee in relation to available funds and funding sources. They may consequently have different starting dates and duration. Example: the project “Utilization of Small Water Bodies for Aquaculture and Fisheries,” funded by Belgium, started in September 1992, with a duration of five years, while the core funding from Sweden terminates in September 1995.

In addition to the Action Programmes there are continuous functions of ALCOM. The Development Support function assists Governments and donors in identifying investment opportunities and projects, and mobilizing of funds. The management and administration functions encompass the work of the Steering Committee and its working groups. The action programmes will contribute to these functions on a pro ratabasis.

Project Documents have been or are being formulated for the whole or parts of each Action Programme. The intention is that these can be implemented independently, but taken together, they should ensure that ALCOM's objectives are achieved. Documents are prepared for each sub-project or activitity. Annual work plans are prepared in line with the overall programme.

4.3. Action Programme 1: Institutions for aquaculture extension

Duration: 3 years, 1993–95

Funding: GCP/INT/555/SWE, Swedish core funding for ALCOM

Objective: Strengthened institutions for small-scale aquaculture extension in the SADC region.

Outputs:

• Collaboration between Government extension institutions and those of NGOs and the private sector;

• Extension supervisors trained in participatory extension methods, preparation and testing of extension materials, and organization of extension services;

• Extension packages prepared, tested, and implemented by rural small-scale aquaculture extension services;

• The chosen extension approach applied in sub-projects implemented by national institutions;

Activities:

There are two ongoing projects and one planned pilot project under this action programme. These are the pilot projects in Eastern Province and Luapula Province Zambia, and an extension project in Manica Province Mozambique. The extension sub-projects in Zambia are proposed to be integrated into a larger extension project. Other sub-projects will be identified and prepared during the course of the action programme.

Initially, the action programme will assist selected member countries to apply extension approaches demonstrated in Eastern Province, Zambia. To begin with two or three countries will be selected based on the following criteria:

• Suitable areas and farmers interested in fish farming.
• Existing or proposed extension services (in the Government, NGOs or the private sector) which have the capacity and the interest to promote fish farming.

The support to institutions will consist of technical advice for organization and implementation of extension services, training, and provision of equipment and material.

The approach will be demonstrated in selected sub-projects by national institutions. Their activities:

• Selection of institutions and technical support (advice on fish farming and extension methods, development support communication - see also Action programme 2).

• Human resources development: training of trainers and training of extension workers.

• Organization of aquaculture extension services through integration with existing or proposed extension services.

• Support to NGOs and private sector initiatives to provide services and information to small-scale fish farmers.

• Provision of specialized extension equipment (computers, photocopiers, cameras, projectors) and extension materials.

4.4. Action Programme 2: Institutions for development planning, communication and information:

Duration: 5 years

Funding: Funding not secured, component (3) under Activities proposed for funding under GCP/INT/555/SWE, Swedish core funding, 1993–95.

Objectives:

The action programme has two main objectives:

• Strengthened planning units in Departments of Fisheries or equivalent, in the region

• Adequate structures and systems for development support communication and for the generation, storage and dissemination of information, nationally and regionally, for fisheries/ aquaculture development.

The following outputsare expected:

• 15 fisheries planners and economists trained in planning methodologies and economic analysis

• 10 fisheries/aquaculture libraries (documentation centres) in member countries with computerized holdings and access to databases (regional and international)

• Trained library staff for 10 fisheries/aquaculture libraries (documentation centres) in the region.

• 50 extension supervisors trained in development support communication skills.

• A regional information network between fisheries/aquaculture libraries for exchange of databases.

• A regional scientific network to link aquaculture scientists and technicians.

• Regional fora (newsletter, research notes) for exchange of information and research results.

Activities:

1. National level

   1. One library/documentation centre will be chosen in each country for the project. The support for upgrading will, when needed, include:

      • Assistance in organizing and computerizing library holdings, and providing access to regional and international databases.
      • Equipment and supplies for libraries.

      • Training of library staff.

   2. Training in development support communication skills. Training will be organized for trainers in development support communication in existing extension systems. On-the-job training will be provided in conjunction with ongoing extension projects.

   3. In-service training for planners and economists in fisheries/aquaculture farming methods and economics.

2. Regional level

   The following activities will be carried out:

   • Regional workshops/seminars for planners and economists

   • Workshops for library staff from selected libraries/ documentation centres, organized at existing libraries.

   • Regional training workshops for trainers in development support communication.

   • Support to an institution/organization to establish a network between scientists and technicians.

   • Support to an institution/organization to establish a forum for the publication of research information.

   • Support to an institution/organization to take over the publication of ALCOM News.

3. ALCOM's information service

   ALCOM will during the period continue with its information activities:

   • The library, which should function as a regional resource centre, to be transferred to an institution in the region when ALCOM winds up.

   • ALCOM News, to be transferred to a regional institution/organization at the end of the project.

   • Technical reports and field documents describing results from ALCOM-supported activities.

   • Audio-visuals.

   • Other information activities identified during the course of the project.

4. The action programme will work in close collaboration with other action programmes of ALCOM, with regional institutions and programmes like the ICLARM Africa Project (which has established a documentation centre in Malawi), and the FAO/SIDA Farming Systems Programme (based in Gaborone), and national institutions and projects.

4.5 Action Programme 3: Diversification of rural economies through aquaculture

Duration: 3 years

Funding: 1993–95, GCP/INT/555/SWE, core funding from Sweden

Objective: Methods and techniques for diversification of rural economies and improvement of rural income through aquaculture.

Outputs:

• Methods to integrate semi-intensive fish farming with small-scale commercial agriculture, tested and demonstrated in sub-projects in selected areas of the region.

• Methods for the economic analysis of small-scale rural aquaculture.

• Market information accessible for producers in the SADC region.

• Demonstrated feasibility of private fingerling production centres.

• A set of indicators for monitoring and evaluating small-scale aquaculture development.

Activities: The following ongoing or planned sub-projects fall under the action programme: trials with carp culture in Mozambique, rehabilitation of homestead ponds in Swaziland and tests with intermittent harvesting techniques. These will be reviewed and revised. Further sub-projects will be prepared and initiated, encompassing the following activity areas:

1. Semi-intensive fish farming integrated with small-scale agriculture and animal husbandry. The activity aims at determining the conditions under which small-scale aquaculture offers a comparative advantage over other semi-intensive farming activities. The expected outputs are a cost-benefit analysis of semi-intensive fish farming compared with other agricultural activities, technical feasibility, and information for extension packages for small-scale commercial fish farming.

This will be achieved through sub-projects in selected areas focusing on:

• Market studies to verify local and national demand and supply of fish (by species and product), price elasticities, consumer preferences, and purchasing power.

• Farmer-managed trials using semi-intensive fish farming techniques with locally available inputs and documentation of results in areas where techniques are not known.

• Review and synthesis of recent and ongoing research on profitability of different farm enterprises.

• Review of farmer risk-minimization and diversification strategies from secondary sources and on-going research.

Based on the outcome of the above trials with cooperating farmers and documentation of results.

• Monitoring of effects of project activities on incomes and household food security of cooperating farmers, on supply and prices of fish in project area and on the incomes of other producers and suppliers of fish.

• Preparation of extension packages.

2. Study of the economics of small-scale rural aquaculture aiming to demonstrate methods to carry out economic assessment of small-scale rural aquaculture integrated with farming systems. The outputs will be documentation of the economics of rice-cum-fish farming, integrated crop and fish farming and small-scale fish farming.

3. Dissemination of market information within the SADC region aiming at improved access to market information for fish farmers. The main outputs will be a database on markets, prices and suppliers; on health and hygiene requirements for cultured fish, crustaceans and mollusca. The information will be included in a regular newsletter/bulletin in the region. These outputs will be achieved through:

• Review of information required on the basis of demands from fish farmers, exporters, other suppliers, wholesalers and retailers in relation to market information as planned to be provided by other organizations/institutions such as PTA, SADC, INFOPECHE and INFOFISH.

• A system to collect additional information which is needed in member countries.

• A database.

• Establishment of linkage with PTA, INFOPECHE and INFOFISH, and

• Inclusion of information in a selected newsletter in the region which also reaches small-scale producers.

4. Private small-scale rural fingerling production centres which will seek to demonstrate the economic and technical feasibility of such centres. Action plan:

• Assessment of needs for fingerlings in selected areas where small-scale fish farming is expanding or has recently expanded (quantities required, dates required, price levels, transport availability).

• Trials with cooperating farmers in selected areas to establish technical feasibility.

• Documentation of the economic and technical feasibility, and

• Development of extension materials.

4.6 Action Programme 4: Utilization of small water bodies for aquaculture and fisheries

Duration: 5 years, starting September 1992

Funding: Belgium, through project GCP/RAF/277/BEL

Objective: The objective is the development of small water body fishery management and production techniques which will enable local communities to fully benefit in terms of improved nutrition and income, from their small water body fishery resources.

Outputs: The expected outputs are

• Increased fish production in rural areas benefiting rural communities in terms of nutrition and income.

• Enhanced institutional capacity of fisheries departments to plan, assess, and advise on management of small water body fisheries.

Activities: Activities will be initiated in the form of sub-projects addressing specific issues under different physical and socio-economic conditions. Seven projects in five countries (Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana and Lesotho) are ongoing or planned. These will be revised to emphasize management and enhancement, on the basis of results up to 1992, and the outcome of the technical consultation on small water bodies in January 1993. Additional sub-projects will be considered within the framework of the action programme and within the budgetary limits as ongoing sub-projects are being phased out.

Ongoing activities have addressed the following aspects of the action programme:

• Practical methods on how to evaluate fish stocks

• Survey of fishing activities, fish catches and fish eating habits

• Community-based fishery management strategies

• Surveys of small water bodies for fisheries potential

• Studies on mitigation of water borne diseases and disease vectors.

The main activity areas for 1993 – 1995 are:

• Economics of small water body fisheries. Case studies will be carried out to evaluate the economic returns of various management strategies. Economic criteria will be integrated into management strategies.

• Fishery management through community organisation and small enterprises. Information from small water bodies assessment (on fishing activities, socio-economics and management) will be analyzed to yield alternative management strategies. Sub-projects will be initiated in selected areas to promote exploitation of small water bodies. These will include technical, economic and financial issues (for example credits). Results will be monitored and used for extension packages.

• Fishing gear and methods. Traditional fishing gear will be reviewed and evaluated as to their efficiency and impact on fish stocks. Improved methods will be tested and demonstrated in selected areas, Extension packages will be prepared and tested for use in the training of fisherfolk. Local manufacture of gear will be investigated and promoted where appropriate.

• Enhancement of production. The impact of culture-based fisheries will be evaluated and tested. The potential role of introduced species will be determined. Direct enhancement through cage and pen culture and through manuring will be tested. Results will be documented and used in extension packages for further application of successful interventions.

APPENDIX 6

Work Plan 1993

1. INTRODUCTION -- Work Plan 1993

The Work Plan for 1993 follows the Action Programmes as presented in the document ALCOM 1993 – 1995, an outline. The document gives overall objectives, outputs and activity areas for each Action Programme.

The Action Programmes are:

1. Institutions for aquaculture extension

2. Institutions for development planning, communications and information

3. Diversification of rural economies through aquaculture

4. Utilization of small water bodies for fisheries and aquaculture

The available funding for 1993 is

The level of funding for 1993 does not allow full implementation of all Action Programmes. Action Programmes 1, 3 and 4 will be given priority and only ALCOM's regular information activities under Action Programme 2 will be implemented until further funding has been secured.

2. WORK PLAN -- ACTION PROGRAMMES

2.1 Action Programme 1: Institutions for aquaculture extension

The Action Programme is funded under GCP/INT/555/SWE, core funding from Sweden.

The ongoing pilot projects in Eastern and Luapula Provinces of Zambia will be phased out in their present forms during the first quarter of 1993. They will be replaced by one extension sub-project in Zambia.

An extension project has been identified for Manica Province of Mozambique. The final preparation of the project will take place during the first quarter of 1993.

Pending requests from member countries further extension projects will be identified and formulated during 1993. Implementation will depend on the funding level in subsequent years.

Objective: The immediate objective is fish farming techniques adapted to local conditions.

The outputsof pilot project activities are:

• fish farming techniques which are proven to work on small-scale rural farms
• technical packages for extension
• trained fish farming extension workers

Description: The pilot project has resolved technical problems for small-scale subsistence fish farmers in the area and is now focusing on preparing extension packages. It will be phased out after the fist quarter of 1993 and will be followed-up by a project to strengthen extension services in several provinces, including Luapula (see EXT/ZAM).

Objective: The immediate objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of, and develop a methodology for, the introduction of small-scale aquaculture in rural communities with a participatory approach.

The outputsof pilot project activities are:

• an extension methodology which enables rural farming households to evaluate, select and implement practical fish farming systems using locally available resources
• extensionists trained to use the method
• effective means of communication between aquaculture technicians/extensionists and community members.

Description: Pilot project activities were initiated in March 1987 in Chipata District, Eastern Province, Zambia. Communities interested in fish farming were identified and described, together with potential sites for aquaculture. A participatory method for introducing fish farming into these communities was developed and tested, and has been adopted by the Department of Fisheries. All outputs have been achieved.

Since 1990 modest and long-term technical and material support has been provided to the Department of Fisheries, Eastern Province, to apply this fish farming extension method. Since 1991 there has been a rapid expansion of fish farming activities among market-oriented farmers, and the extension method has been adapted to serve these farmers. Collaboration with other provincial institutions has been initiated. This pilot project will be phased out after the first quarter of 1993 and will be followed-up by a project to strengthen extension services in several provinces, including Eastern Province (see EXT/ZAM).

Objective: The immediate objective is strengthened fish farming extension services provided by institutions serving rural farmers in Central, Eastern and Luapula Provinces.

The expected outputsof pilot project activities will be elaborated by a project formulation mission during the first quarter of 1993. They are likely to include:

• fish farming extension packages for rural farmers based on proven fish culture techniques.
• trained trainers and trained extension agents in the fish farming extension method developed in Eastern Province.
• active fish farming extension support units in strategic provincial centres.

Description: Fish culture techniques for rural farmers are proven for Zambia. An extension method to transmit these techniques to rural farmers in the context of their farming practices has been demonstrated in Eastern Province. There is good potential for the expansion and improvement of fish farming practices by rural farmers in Central, Eastern and Luapula Provinces. This project will strengthen local extension institutions (Government and non-government) and their services to deliver information on fish culture techniques to farmers.

Objective: The immediate objective is to establish fish culture as a viable farming activity in the family farming sector of Manica Province.

The expected outputsof pilot project activities are:

• improved fingerling production and distribution capacity
• fish culture integrated into existing agriculture extension services
• farmers practising productive fish culture techniques
• improved exploitation of small reservoirs

Description: During 1990, ALCOM assisted the Fish Culture Department to train its medium-level technicians in extension and trainers training methods. This project, which starts in the first quarter 1993 for three years, will assist the Department to develop the family-sector fish culture potential of Manica Province through improved extension services.

2.2. Action Programme 2: Institutions for development planning, communications and information

The Action Programme encompasses activities related to

• strengthening of institutions for fisheries planning
• strengthening of institutions for development support communication
• strengthening of institutions for storage and dissemination of data and information, and
• ALCOM's regular information service.

The present funding level does not permit the implementation of the whole programme. Until additional funding is secured activities will be limited to ALCOM's regular information activities, funded under GCP/INT/555/SWE, core funding from Sweden.

Description: The main elements in the information service are technical reports on ALCOM supported activities, the newsletter, ALCOM News, aiming at dissemination of information on aquaculture development in and outside the SADC-region, and the library as a resource centre in the region.

2.3. Action Programme 3: Diversification of rural economies through aquaculture

Funding through GCP/INT/555/SWE, core funding from Sweden.

Two ongoing projects fall under this action programme:

• Carp for pond culture and small water bodies in Mozambique, and
• Intermittent harvesting methods

One project, Development of semi-intensive aquaculture, has been proposed for implementation in Tanzania.

The planned project, Rehabilitation of homestead ponds, in Swaziland will be reviewed and revised for eventual implementation.

Following the orientation of the action programme four new sub-project ideas have been identified. These require further elaboration during 1993.

Objective: To assess and test the feasibility of introducing Chinese carps for improved fish production and aquatic vegetation control.

The expected outputsare:

• determination of potential environmental impact
• evaluation of known Chinese carp culture practices in relation to farming and fisheries production
• methods for artificial spawning of Chinese carps

Description: The project has four phases:

• importation of Chinese carp fingerlings. Three species were imported during 1991; silver carp, bighead carp, and grass carp
• evaluation of environmental impact
• establishment and selection of the broodstock. During this phase national staff will be trained in handling and selection techniques, pituary gland extraction and preparation, hatchery design and construction. This phase will be carried out during 1993.
• test of polyculture in ponds with farmers, stocking of reservoirs, monitoring of the results and the establishment of an extension system.

Environmental and ecological impacts were evaluated during a consultancy in October/November 1992. The report will be used for further elaboration of the project and activities for 1993.

Objective: The overall objective is the introduction of improved methods for intermittent harvesting of fish ponds.

The expected outputsare:

• documentation of the occurrence of intermittent harvesting practices in Southern Africa
• analysis of the concept of intermittent harvesting to determine its advantages and disadvantages
• improved intermittent harvesting methods
• incorporation of improved methods in pilot project activities

Description: The fish farmer surveys in Zambia revealed the widespread use of intermittent harvesting practices by small-scale fish farmers. A follow-up consultancy analyzed the concept of intermittent harvesting and proposed pilot project activities. A model which simulates fish pond conditions has been designed to evaluate intermittent harvesting options. Long-term on-station and on-farm trials were planned to be implemented on a selective basis at various sites in the region, and the results made available for use in extension programmes.

Objective: Feasibility of semi-intensive aquaculture investigated and tested in selected regions in Tanzania.

The expected outputsof the projects are:

• reports on factors critical to the adoption and viability of semi-intensive fish farmers
• semi-intensive aquaculture extension packages
• high quality tilapia and clarias fingerlings
• lecture course on BSc Animal Science at Sokoine University
• project document for application of results

Description: Semi-intensive aquaculture is being practised in some areas of Tanzania. The conditions under which such practices have a comparative advantage over other on - farm activities need to be determined to enable specified extension packages to be developed.

Objective: Methods for economic assessments of small-scale rural aquaculture integrated with farming systems.

The expected outputs:

• documented economic feasibility of rice-cum-fish in Luapula Province, Zambia.
• documented economic feasibility of selected integrated fish farming systems.
• documented economic feasibility of small-scale rural aquaculture.
• a set of economic indicators to monitor aquaculture development.

Description: The activity will be integrated into other ongoing and planned sub-projects and focus on the economic feasibility of different forms of aquaculture in the region. The ongoing rice-cum-fish trials in Luapula Province of Zambia (see AIR/LPZ) will be analyzed as to the cost/benefit compared to rice only farming.

Data will be collected and reviewed and economic analysis carried out for other combinations of crop-fish and crop-livestock-fish farming. The analysis will also address the cost/benefit of using available supplementary fish feeds.

A regional workshop will be organized during 1994/95 on social and economic aspects of aquaculture.

Objective: Improved access to market information for fish farmers in the SADC region

The expected outputsare:

• database on markets, prices, suppliers and health and hygiene requirements for cultured fish, crustaceans and molluscs.
• market information regularly disseminated to interested parties in the SADC region.

Description: The activity will review the market information requirements through interviews with farmers, potential farmers, exporters, wholesalers and retailers. Based on the review a collection system will be established, if possible supporting existing or planned marketing information systems in the region. A database will be set up which will be regularly updated and information disseminated to the identified users. Links will be established with INFOPECHE and INFOFISH.

Objective: Private fingerling production in selected areas and their socio-economic and technical feasibility demonstrated.

The expected outputsare:

• at least 10 private fingerling production centres in selected areas.
• extension materials for the promotion of private fingerling production.

Description: Fingerling needs will be assessed in selected areas, including information on quantity, seasonality, price levels and transport possibilities. Pilot farmers will be identified for trials to establish economic and technical feasibility and trials implemented. The trials will be closely monitored and results documented. Based on the trials extension packages will be developed and field tested.

2.4. Action Programme 4: Utilization of small water bodies for fisheries and aquaculture

The Action Project is funded under GCP/RAF/277/BEL.

There are seven projects ongoing or planned in five countries. The projects will be reviewed in detail during the first half of 1993 and revised to focus on management and enhancement interventions, based on conclusions and recommendations by the Technical Consultation on Enhancement of Small Water Body Fisheries in Southern Africa (to be held January 1993).

Objective: The immediate objective is a method and national capacity to evaluate the overall production and environmental impact of using indigenous and introduced species in reservoir fisheries and aquaculture in SADC countries.

The expected outputsare:

• inventory of indigenous and exotic fish species currently found in small reservoirs and used in aquaculture in the SADC region, including histories of transfers and introductions
• reports for selected countries on the suitability of indigenous and exotic species for reservoir fisheries and aquaculture
• guidelines for the transfer and introduction of fish species in the region
• key national officers trained to monitor and evaluate species transfers and introductions in the context of the International Convention on Biodiversity.

Description: The composition of fish species in reservoirs and ponds is manipulated for many reasons, e.g better growth, higher yield and consumer preference. The transfer or introduction of new species can also have negative impacts on the aquatic environment. Practical guidelines to assess and balance the positive and negative impacts are needed for SADC countries.

Objective: The immediate objective is to test and demonstrate fishing methods to increase the production of fish from small water bodies.

The outputsare:

• fisheries-related inventory of small dams in south eastern Botswana
• inventory of fish species composition and density on selected dams
• description of socio-economic characteristics of selected reservoir communities, and participatory determination of their interest in reservoir fisheries
• improved fishing methods and gear appropriate to the fishery and local community
• fishery management strategies for small dams
• economic analysis of markets for fish from small dams
• Fisheries Section staff trained in small dam fishery assessment, exploitation and management methods.

Description: Information on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of fisheries has been gathered and evaluated for seven small dams. Strong indigenous fish populations have been found and constraints to local fishing and fish consumption have been identified. Fishery development efforts focus on testing and introducing appropriate fishery exploitation by selected local communities.

Remarks: The pilot project with be finalized in its present form in April 1993. Eventual follow-up will be determined in relation to the UNDP pipeline project.

Objective: The immediate objective is to increase fish production from existing small reservoirs benefitting the local community.

The expected outputsare:

• inventory of small water bodies for selection by size class in 7 lowland districts.
• stock assessment method adapted to reservoirs in Lesotho.
• fishery development and management options for each size class of reservoir.
• stimulation of small-scale entrepreneurs to exploit small reservoir fisheries through fisheries enhancements, introduction of improved gears and demonstration of economic viability.

Description: A fishing survey initiated in mid-1991 documented the seasonal hook and line fisheries on one reservoir, the only type of fishing currently allowed in Lesotho. The pilot project will develop the fisheries of each of three size classes of reservoirs by stimulating entrepreneurial fishing through gear development, training of fishermen, stocking where necessary, and regulation.

Objective: The immediate objective is to develop a fisheries assessment method for use in appraising small reservoir fishery yield parameters and potential management.

The expected outputsare:

• fish and water sampling protocols to collect fishery and limnological data on selected reservoirs.

• fishery and limnological database for establishing the relationship between limnological parameters and productivity.

• selectivity of multimesh gillnets to Oreochromis shiranus chilwae.

• Fisheries Department staff trained in collecting and evaluating data to relate limnological parameters to productivity.

Description: This collaborative project among the Malawi Fisheries Department, ALCOM and ICLARM addresses critical fishery and limnology assessment issues relating to sampling and yield prediction. This project started in January 1992 and will be finished in Dec 1993.

Remarks: The project will be finalized in its present form during 1993. Follow-up activities in Malawi will be determined during the 3rd quarter of 1993.

Objective: The immediate objective is to improve the production of fish from reservoirs benefiting local communities through exploitation and management.

The expected outputsare:

• inventory of small water bodies.
• inventory of fish species (composition, densities, etc) on selected reservoirs.
• underfished reservoirs identified and fishing introduced.
• introduction of and/or improvements in fishing methods and gears.
• method to harvest Barbus paludinosisand study on impact of the gear on other species.
• study on the potential market for reservoir fish.
• extension material on mitigating water-borne diseases.

Description: There is a high demand for fish in Eastern Province, and improved reservoir fishing and management could help satisfy this demand. Monitoring shows high fishing effort on some reservoirs. Management strategies will focus on harvesting unexploited fish stocks, strengthening local control over reservoir fisheries, and promotion of fisheries on under-exploited reservoirs. This project started in November 1989.

Methods for Reservoir Fisheries Development ZIM 1

Objective: The intermediate objective is the development of a rapid fisheries assessment method for community-based small reservoir fisheries management resulting in increased fish production.

The expected outputsare:

• method to estimate production potential in small reservoirs (over 100 ha).
• method for monitoring fishing effort on small reservoirs.
• procedure to collect and evaluate socio-economic data needed for decision making on community-based fisheries management interventions.
• guidelines to classify reservoirs
• elaboration of community-based fishery management strategies.

Description: Zimbabwe has over 8 000 man-made reservoirs on communal land, commercial farming land and State land. Little consideration has been given to community-based fisheries management. This pilot project is aimed at testing and demonstrating an improved rapid fisheries assessment method that incorporates traditional fishing gear and community-based fisheries management in communal areas.

Enhancement of Fish Production in Small Water Bodies ZIM 2

Objectives: The immediate objective is to increase fish production from selected reservoirs.

The expected outputsare:

• a demonstration of feasibility of fishery enhancement in reservoirs ranging from 100 2 000 ha,
• development of guidelines for further application of enhancement interventions.

Description: Most reservoirs are already being fished. Fisheries enhancements other than initial stocking of new reservoirs have not been tried. The pilot project seeks to test and demonstrate methods of fish enhancement for small reservoirs that benefit surrounding communities. The interventions will tap the results of the rapid fisheries appraisal methods developed in SWB/ZIM 1.

3. WORK PLAN -- OTHER FUNCTIONS

3.1 Development support

The following activities are planned for 1993:

1. Compilation of information on national economic and legal environment for aquaculture and small water bodies fisheries.

2. Assistance to FAO's Regular Programme and participating countries for the Study on International Fisheries Research.

3. A mission to assist the SADC Coordinating Unit for Marine Fisheries and Resources in the preparation of a programme for marine and brackishwater aquaculture.

4. Study on wetlands and coastal zone management in relation to aquaculture.

5. Assistance to member countries upon request for the identification and preparation of projects for aquaculture or small water bodies fisheries development.

6. Review of the feasibility of inland small-scale aquaculture/utilization of small water bodies in Namibia. Mission in May 1993. Report with project ideas July 1993.

7. Review of the project Rehabilitation of Homestead Ponds in Swaziland. Report in September 1993.

3.2 Technical consultations, workshops, meetings

The following ALCOM meetings are planned for 1993

1. Regional expert meeting on gender-related information needs for planning and project design, January 1993, Harare.

2. Technical consultation on the Enhancement of Small Water Body Fisheries in Southern Africa, January 1993, Harare

3. 6th Steering Committee Meeting, February 1993, Maputo

4. National workshop on Aquaculture Practices and Extension, March 1993, Mansa, Zambia

5. 3rd meeting of the Working Group on the Future of ALCOM, dates to be determined, Harare

6. Annual Meeting of the Management Working Group, October 1993, Harare

ALCOM will also support the following meetings:

1. CIFA Working Party on Aquaculture, September 1993, Harare

2. Workshop on credits for fisheries and aquaculture in Eastern and Southern Africa, November 1993, Harare