Appendix: Tables

Chapterwise list of tables

Chapter 3

1. Physiographic zones
2. Annual runoff in major river systems
3. Bio-climatic and physiographic zones
4. Profile of the physiographic zones
5. Area in different physiographic zones and development regions, 1986

Chapter 4

6. Land use (LRMP) 1986
7. Land use by agro-climatic zone, 1986
8. Land use by development regions, 1986
9. Forest and shrub area by development regions
10. Forest and shrub area by development regions
11. Forest cover under different forest inventories
12. Change in forest and shrub cover between 1978-1994
13. Change woody vegetation cover between 1978-1994
14. Change in growing stock between 1960 and 1994
15. Change in stems per hectare
16. Soil erosion rates for specific sites
17. Tree plantation on different types of land
18. Plant diversity
19. Endemic plants in the protected areas
20. Number of threatened species
21. Forest and shrub cover in protected areas
22. Physiographical linkages or protected areas
23. Representation of ecosystems in protected areas
24. Faunal diversity

Chapter 5

25. Settlements and population by ecological zone, 1991
26. Population projection
27. Area and population of development regions in 1981 and 1991
28. Person per hectare of farm land
29. Livestock population
30. Percentage distribution of livestock
31. Literacy rates over time
32. Annual growth rates of GDP during different five year plans
33. Urban consumer price index
34. Percentage contribution to gross domestic product
35. Long-tern projection of economic growth rates
36. Share in gross domestic product during VIII FYP
37. Forestry share in GDP at constant prices (1984)
38. Development expenditure during VIII FYP (at 1991 prices)
39. Foreign grants and loans to forestry sector

Chapter 6

40. Household fuelwood requirement
41. Per-capita consumption of fuelwood in different regions
42. Population projection for fuelwood requirement
43. Projected fuelwood supply
44. Potential of Indigenous Energy Resources
45. Indigenous grass species found in different agro-eco zones
46. Endangered forage species of Nepal
47. Fodder requirements
48. Projected fodder production
49. Change in forest based industries
50. Performance of forest based manufacturing units for 1996
51. Annual variation in production in selected forest industries
52. Timber requirements
53. Annual per-capita timber requirement
54. Projected timber production

Chapter 7

55. Annual revenue from forests
56. Change in quantity and revenue
57. Areas of deficit
58. Forests handed over to communities (1997)
59. Forest user groups, 1998
60. Condition of community forest, 1997
61. Leasehold hill forest

Table 1. Physiographic zones

Physiographic Zone	Elevation
Terai	Less than 500 m
Siwaliks	500 to 1 000 m
Midhills	1 000 to 3 000 m
High Mountains	3 000 to 5 000 m
High Himalaya	Above 5 000 m

(Source: LRMP 1986)

Table 2. Annual runoff in major river systems

River System	Catchment Area* (km2)	Mean Annual Runoff** (billion m3)
Mahakali (Pancheswor)***	12 100	4
Karnali (Chisapani)	42 890	42
Babai (Bargadha)	3 000	2
West Rapti (Jalkundi)	3 380	3
Narayani (Narayanghat)	31 100	39
Bagmati (Pandhera Dovan)	2 700	4
Kamala (Timnai, Chisapani)	1 450	1
Sapta Koshi (Chatra-Kothu)	54 100	22
Kankai (Mainachuli)	1 148	2
Other Southern Rivers	42 603	50
Total	194 471	170

Notes:

* Up to gauging sites of the basins within Nepal only.

** The Values are for the annual run-off from the Nepal Territory only.

*** Names given an ( ) indicate the place of the terminal gauging station.

(Source: Assessment of water Resources of Nepal & its Economic value: Kiran Shankar Yogacharya, 1996)

Table 3. Bio-climatic and physio-graphic zones

Vegetation (Bio-climatic) Zone	Altitude in m	Physiographic Zone
Tropical Lower	Below 500 m	Terai
Upper	500 to 1 000 m	Siwalik
Sub-tropical Lower	1 000 to 1 500 m	Middle Hills
Upper	1 500 to 2 000 m
Temperate Lower	2 000 to 2 500 m
Upper	2 500 to 3 000 m
Sub-Alpine Lower	3 000 to 3 500 m	High Mountain
Upper	3 500 to 4 000 m
Alpine Lower	4 000 to 4 500 m
Upper	4 500 to 5 000 m
Nival	Above 5 000 m	High Himalayas

Table 4. Profile of the physiographic zones

MAIN ITEMS	TERAI	SIWALIKS	MIDDLE MOUNTAIN	HIGH MOUNTAIN	HIGH HIMAL
Geology	Quaternary alluvium.	Tertiary sandstone, siltstone, shale and conglomerates	Phyllite, quartzite limestone & islands of granites	Gneiss, quartzite & mica shists	Gneiss, schist, limestone and Tethys sediments
Elevation	60-330 m. Subtropical	200-1 500 m.	800-2 400 m. Relief 1 500 m with isolated peaks to 2 700 m	2 200-4 000 m. High relief 3 000 m from valley floor to ridges Warm to cool temperate	4 000 m+
Climate	Subhumid in FW+MWDR; humid in W+C and EDR	Subtropical (but warm temperate in higher hill spurs)	Warm temperate (but subtropical in lower river valleys and cool temperate on high ridges	Warm to cool temperate	Alpine to Arctic (snow 6-12 months)
Moisture Regime	Subhumid in FW+MWDR; humid in W+C and EDR	Subhumid in most of the area; humid in N-aspect of W+C+EDR and Dun valleys	Subhumid; humid above 2000 m N-aspects and 1000 m S-aspects	Subhumid N-aspects; humid throughout the region below 3 600 m
Rainfall intensity	High	High	Medium	Low	Low
Vegetation	Sal + mixed hardwoods	Sal + mixed hardwoods + pine forest	Pine forest + mixed hardwood and oak forest	Fir, pine, birch and rhododendron	Open meadows + tundra vegetation
Soils	Ustochrepts, Haplustolls, Haplaquepts, Haplustalfs, Ustifluvents & Ustorthents	Ustochrepts, Haplustolls, Rhodustalfs, Ustothents, Dystrochrepts, Haplaquepts & Ustifluvents.	Ustochrepts, Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Haplumbrepts, Ustorthents & Ustifluvents	Eutrochrepts, Dystrochrepts, Haplumbrepts, Cryumbrepts, Cryorthents & Ustorthents	Cryumbrepts, Cryorthents & Rock
Crops	Rice, maize, wheat, mustard, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, cotton, tea	Rice, maize, wheat, millet, radish, potato, ginger, tea.	Rice, maize, wheat, millet, barley, pulse, sugarcane, radish, potato, ginger, cardamom.	Oat, barley, wheat, potato, buckwheat, yams, amaranthus, medicinal herbs	Grazing (June-Sept.)
Horticulture	Mango, litchi, pineapple, jackfruit, imli, palm	Mango, papaya, banana, moringa.	Mango, papaya, banana, orange, lime, lemon, peach, plum, aegal, pomegranate	Chestnut, walnut, apple, peach, plum, apricot
People	Tharus, Brahmins, Chhetris, Mohammedan	Tharus (Dun valley) presently all hill tribes immigrated from Middle Mountain	Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Newars, Brahmins, Chhetris, Damais, Sarkis, Sunars, Kumals, Rais, Limbus	Khas chhetris, Tibetean related groups-Thakalis, Bhotias, Sherpas, Tamangs, Ghales	Temporary herders & Sherpas (in East Nepal)
Industry	Matches, jute, cigarette & sugar factories, saw mills, rice & flour mills, soaps, consignments, food processing, furniture, industrial estates.	Saw mills, rice, flour & oil mills, industrial estates, cotton factory; cement factory and wildlife camps.	Rice, flour & oil mills, cement factory, industrial estates, cottage industry-handicrafts, curios, hosiery, plastics, hotels & lodges.	Cottage industry- carpets, blankets, hard woven cloths, trekking & expeditions.	Mountaineering expeditions & trekking.

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 5. Area in different physiographic zones and development regions, 1986 (Areas in 1 000 ha)

Physiographic Region	Development Regions					Total Area	Percent
	Eastern	Central	Western	Mid- Western	Far- Western
High Mountains	470.6	224.3	883.1	1502.5	269	3349.5	22.7
High Hills	531.1	366.9	489.8	1147.5	424	2959.3	20.1
Mid Hills	980.8	931.2	1011.7	803.3	716.4	4443.4	30.1
Siwalik	251.2	629.7	237.2	570.2	197.5	1885.8	12.8
Terai	620.6	582.0	313.8	256.7	337.4	2110.5	14.3
Nepal	2 854.3	2 734.1	2 935.6	4 280.2	1 944.3	1 4748.5	100

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 6. Land use (LRMP), 1986

Type	Land (000 ha)	Percentage
Agriculture
Cultivated	2 968	20.12
Uncultivated	998	6.77
Subtotal	3 966	26.89
Forest		0.00
Forest Land	5 617	38.08
Shrubs	690	4.68
Subtotal	6 307	42.76
Pastures	1 747	11.84
Others	2 729	18.50
Snow-capped Area	506	3.43
Rocky/Surface	1 869	12.67
Stone/Sand	322	2.18
Steep Terrain	6	0.04
Barren Land	3	0.02
Lake/Pond	12	0.08
Urban Areas	11	0.07
Total	14 749	100

(Source, CES, 1998)

Table 7. Land use by agro-climatic zone, 1986

Land Use	Agro-climatic Zone (Area in 1 000 ha)
	High Mount.	High Hill	Mid Hill	Siwalik	Terai	Total	Percent
Agriculture Area	7.8	244.4	1 224.6	268.0	1 307.9	3 052.7	20.7
Percent	0.3	8	40	8.7	43
Forest&Afforestation Area	154.5	1639.0	1806.4	1438.4	474.4	5 512.7	37.4
Percent	3	30	33	26	8
Pasture / Meadow Area	884.8	508.0	279.6	16.3	58.0	1 746.7	11.8
Percent	51	29	16	1	3
Shrub & Degraded Area	66.7	175.7	406.6	30.8	29.2	709.0	4.8
Percent	9	25	58	4	4
Non-agricultural use Area	1.9	147.7	666.7	57.5	124.3	998.1	6.8
Percent	0.2	14.8	66.8	5.8	12.4
Other uses Area	2 233.8	244.5	59.5	74.8	116.7	2 729.3	18.5
Percent	82	9	2	3	4
All Total Area	3 349.5	2 959.3	4 443.4	1 885.8	2 110.5	14 748.5
Percent	23	20	30	13	14		100

(Source, CES, 1998)

Table 8. Land use by Development regions, 1986

Land Use	Development Regions (Area in 1 000 ha)					Total	Percent
	Eastern	Central	Western	Mid-West	Far-west
Agriculture Area	859.2	818	608.5	464.8	302.2	3 052.7	20.7
Percent	28	27	20	15	10
Forest & Afforestation Area	923.7	1 059.6	898.8	1 639.6	990.9	5 512.6	37.4
Percent	17	19	16	60	18
Pasture / Meadow Area	174.4	139.6	438.3	782.8	211.6	1 746.7	11.8
Percent	10	8	25	45	12
Shrub & Degraded Area	198.2	240	142.8	75.9	52.1	709.0	4.8
Percent	28	34	20	11	7
Non-agricultural use Area	238.6	238.6	228.7	178.7	113	997.6	6.8
Percent	24	24	23	18	11
Other uses Area	460.2	238.3	618.5	1 138.4	274.5	2 729.9	18.5
Percent	4	3	2	9	82
All Land Uses Total Area	2 854.3	2 734.1	2 935.6	4 280.2	1 944.3	14 748.5
Percent	19	19	20	29	13		100

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 9. Forest and shrub area by Development Region

Development Region	Total Land Area (1 000 ha)	Forest Area (1 000 ha)	Forest to total land (Percent)	Shrub Area (1 000 ha)	Shrub to total land (Percent)	Forest and Shrub Area (1 000 ha)	Forest and Shrub to total land (Percent)
Far Western	1 953.9	687.4	35.2	2 63.9	13.5	951.3	48.7
Mid Western	4 237.8	1 192.4	28.2	4 42.0	10.4	1 634.4	38.6
Western	2 939.8	734.3	25.0	2 56.9	8.7	991.2	33.7
Central	2 741.0	918.6	33.5	2 33.8	8.5	1 152.4	42.0
Eastern	2 845.6	736.1	25.9	3 62.6	12.7	1 098.7	38.6
Total	14 718.1	4 268.8	29	15 59.2	10.6	5 828	39.6

(Source: NFI, 1999)

Table 10. Forest and shrub area by Development regions

Development Region	Total Land Area (1 000 ha)	Total Forest Area (1 000 ha)	Reachable Forest Area (1 000 ha)	Non-Reachable Forest Area (1 000 ha)	Reachable Forest
					Percent of Total Forest Area	Mean Volume m3 per hectare	Total Volume (O.B.) million m3
Far Western	1 953.9	687.4	358.8	328.6	52.2	200	71.9
Mid Western	4 237.8	1192.4	454.4	738.0	38.1	157	71.2
Western	2 939.8	734.3	262.1	472.2	35.7	167	43.8
Central	2 741.0	918.6	527.7	390.9	57.4	170	89.8
Eastern	2 845.6	736.1	576.3	159.8	78.3	192	110.8
Total	14 718.1	4268.8	2179.3	2089.5	51.5	178	387.5

(Source: NFI, 1999)

Table 11. Forest cover under different forest inventories

Vegetative Cover	LRMP	NRSC	Master Plan	NFI
	1978-79	1984	1985-86	1994*
Forest	38%	35.9%	37.4%	29.0%
Shrub	4.7%	Partly Included in forest	4.8%	10.6%
Total	42.7%		42.2%	39.6%

(*The NFI was implemented between 1989 and 1996 but it uses 1994 as the base year (FSCN, 1999)

(Source: NFI, 1999

Table 12. Change in forest and shrub cover between 1978 and 1994

Development Region	LRMP 1978 (1 000 ha)		NFI 1994* (1 000 ha)		Percentage Change
	Forest	Shrub	Forest	Shrub	Forest	Shrub
Far Western	989.5	60.4	687.4	263.9	-30.5	336.9
Mid Western	1 649.7	77.3	1 192.4	442.0	-27.7	471.8
Western	924.0	137.3	734.3	256.9	-20.5	87.1
Central	1 104.9	222.8	918.6	233.8	-16.9	4.9
Eastern	948.7	192.1	736.1	362.6	-22.4	88.8
Total	5 616.8	689.9	4 268.8	1 559.2	-24.0	126.0

(*The NFI was implemented between 1989 and 1996 but it uses 1994 as the base year)

(Source: NFI, 1999)

Table 13. Change in woody vegetation cover between 1978-1994

Development Region	LRMP 1978 (1 000 ha)	NFI 1994* (1 000 ha)	Total change (percent)
Far Western	1 049.9	951.3	-9.4
Mid Western	1 727.0	1 634.4	-5.4
Western	1 061.3	991.2	-6.6
Central	1 327.7	1 152.4	-13.2
Eastern	1 140.8	1 098.7	-3.7
Total	6 306.7	5 828.0	-7.6

(*The NFI was implemented between 1989 and 1996 but it uses 1994 as the base year

(Source: NFI, 1999)

Table 14. Change in growing stock between 1960 and 1994

Development Region	Mean Volume (Top dbh >10cm) m3/ha.
	1960	NFI	Change (%)
Far Western	94	150	59.6
Mid Western	88	113	28.4
Western	71	117	64.8
Central	77	122	58.4
Eastern	96	147	53.1
Nepal	85	131	54.1

(Source: NFI, 1999)

Table 15. Change in stems per hectare

Diameter class	1960	NFI 1994*	Change (%)
10-20 cm	165	432	160
20-50 cm	82	133	62
Over 50 cm	11	21	91
Nepal	258	586	127

(Source: NFI, 1999)

(*The NFI was implemented between 1989 and 1996 but it uses 1994 as the base year)

Table 16. Soil erosion rates for specific sites

Location	Land Use	Erosion Rate (Tonnes/km2/yr)
A. Siwalik Range
1. Eastern Nepal, south aspect sand stone foot hills	1. Different land use ranging from forest to grazing	780 to 3,680
2. Far-west Nepal, south aspect sand stone foot hills of Surkhet	1. Degraded forest 2. Degraded forest, gullied land 3. Severely degraded heavily grazed forest, gullied land	2 000 4 000 20,000
B. Mahabharat Lekh
Central Nepal, very steep slopes on metamorphic and sedimentary Rocks	1. Degraded forest and Agricultural. Fields 2. Gullied land	3,150 to 14,000 6,300 to 42,000
C. Middle Mountain
1. Northern foot hills of Kathmandu Valley	1. Degraded forest scrub land 2. Over grazed scrub land 3. Severely gullied land	2,00 to 4,500 4,300 12 ,500 to 57,000
2. South of Kathmandu Valley	75 percent dense forest	800
3. Phewatal Watershed	1. Protected pasture 2. Overgrazed grass land 3. Overgrazed grass land 4. Gullied overgrazed grass land	920 34,700 2,200 2,900

(Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS), 1987, Erosion and Sedimentation in Nepal Himalayas)

Table 17. Tree plantations on different types of land

Type of land	Area of Plantations (hectares)
	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Public (Government)	2 667	3 056			N.A
Community Forest	3 732	4 420	3 044.6	2 913.5	1 313.4
Private Forest	6 810	3 559	6 656	8 800.2	N.A
Leasehold Forest		298.4	436	899	N.A

(Source: CES, 1998 )

Table 18. Plant diversity

Group	Families	Nepal		World Species	Nepal’s share (%)
		Genera	Species
Algae	50	150	687	>40 000	1.72
Fungi	80	542	1 670	>70 000	2.38
Lichen	30	79	465	>17 000	2.77
Bryophytes	78	180	853	>14 000	6.09
Pteridophytes	31	103	383	>12 000	3.19
Flowering plants (Angiosperm + gymnospers)	213	1 475	5 175	250 000	2.07

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 19. Endemic plants in the Protected Areas

Protected Areas	No. of endemic plant species recorded
National Parks
Khaptad	4
Langtang	15
Makalu Barun (including conservation area)	7
Royal Bardiya	0
Royal Chitwan	0
Rara	16
Sagarmatha	11
Shey Phoksundo	30
Wildlife Reserves
Koshi Tappu	1
Parsa	0
Royal Suklaphanta	0
Shivapuri	16
Hunting Reserve Dhorpatan	36
Conservation Areas Annapurna	55
TOTAL	191

(Source CES, 1998)

Table 20. Number of threatened species

Animal Groups	World	Nepal
Mammals	741	28
Birds	970	22
Reptiles	316	9
Amphibians	169
Fishes	979
Invertebrates	2 754	2
Total	5 929	61

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 21. Forest and shrub cover in Protected Areas

Protected Area	Development Region	Physiographic Zone	Total Area (1 000 ha)	Forest & Shrub Cover
				(1 000 ha)	%
Sagarmatha National Park	Eastern	High Himalaya	115	2	1.7
Langtang National Park	Central	High Himalaya & High Mountain	171	69	40.4
Royal Chitwan National Park	Central	Terai	93	80	86.0
Shey-Phoksundo National Park	Mid Western	High Himalaya	356	NA	-
Rara National Park	Mid Western	High Mountain	11	NA	-
Royal Bardia National Park	Mid Western	Terai & Siwalik	97	NA	-
Khaptad National Park	Far Western	High Mountain	23	NA	-
Makalu-Barun National Park & Conservation Area	Eastern	High Himalaya & High Mountain	233	86	36.9
Kanchenjungha Conservation Area	Eastern	High Mountain	165	49	29.7
Annapurna Conservation Area	Western	High and Middle Mountain	763	153	20.1
Manaslu Conservation Area			166	NA
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve	Eastern	Terai	17	10	58.8
Shivapuri Wildlife Reserve	Central	Middle Mountain	14	10	71.4
Parsa Wildlife Reserve	Central	Terai & Siwalik	50	49	98.4
Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve	Far Western	Terai	31	NA	-
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve	Western & Mid Western	High Mountain	132	16	12.1
TOTAL			2,437

(Source: SGFFU, 1998, CBBC, 1998, CES, 1998 and SYBN, 1999)

Table 22. Physiographical linkages of protected areas

Physiographic Zone	Protected Area
Terai	Royal Chitwan NP, Royal Bardia NP, Koshi Tappu WR, Prasa WR, Suklaphanta WR
Siwaliks	Royal Chitwan NP, Royal Bardia NP, Parsa WR
Mid Hills	Shivapuri WR, Khaptad NP, Makalu Barun CA, Annapurna CA
High Mountains	Makalu Barun NP and CA, Sagarmatha NP, Langtang NP, Dhorpatan HR, Rara NP, Khaptad NP, Shey Phokshundo NP, Annapurna CA
High Himalayas	Makalu Barun NP and CA, Sagarmatha NP, Langtang NP, Annapurna CA

(Source: Maskey 1997)

Table 23. Representation of ecosystems in protected areas

Physiographic Zone	Number of Ecosystems in Protected Areas
	Total	Represented
Terai	10	10
Siwaliks	13	5
Midhills	52	33
Highlands	38	30
Others	5	2
Total	118	80

(Source: T. Maskey)

Table 24. Faunal diversity

Fauna
Group	No. of species
Mammals	181
Birds	844
Reptiles	100
Amphibians	43
Fish	185
Butterflies	635
Spiders	144
Total	2132

(Source: BPP 1996)

Table 25. Settlements and population by ecological zone, 1991

Ecological Zone	No. of VDCs1	Settlements2	Population
Mountain	544	6,000	1,443,130
Hill	2,073	29,137	8,419,889
Terai	1,431	14,915	8,628,078
Nepal	4,048	50,052	18,491,097

Note:

1. Number of Village Development Committee includes municipality.

2. Excluding Okhaldhunga and Darchula districts.

(Source: NPC (1992/93). Settlement Service Inventory)

Table 26. Population and projected population

Year	1991	1996	2001	2006	2011	2016
Population (millions)	18.49	20.83	23.45	26.28	29.23	32.20

(Source: SYBN, 1999)

Table 27. Area and population of Development Regions in 1981 and 1991

Development Region	Area 1 000 ha	Total Population		Population Density
		1981	1991	1981	1991	% Change
Central	2 741.0	4 909 357	6 183 955	1.79	2.26	25.96
Eastern	2 845.6	3 708 923	4 446 749	1.30	1.56	19.89
Western	2 939.8	3 128 859	3 770 678	1.06	1.28	20.51
Far West	1 953.9	1 320 089	1 679 301	0.68	0.86	27.21
Mid West	4 237.8	1 955 611	2 410 414	0.46	0.57	23.26
Nepal	14 718.1	15 022 839	18 491 097	1.02	1.26	23.09

(Source , SYBN, 1999)

Table 28. Persons per hectare of farm land

Year	Mountain	Hill	Terai	Mountain & Hill	Total
Persons per hectare
1971	9.3	6.5	3.1	6.8	4.7
1981	10.6	7.6	4.7	8	6.1
1991	8.9	9.6	6.6	9.5	7.9

Source: CBS 1993

Table 29. Livestock population (in 1,000)

Livestock	1981	1991	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Cattle	6 501.6	7 359.3	7 128.3	7 127.7	7 008.4	7 024.8	7 048.3
Buffalo	2 379.7	3 116.3	3 142.5	3 116.2	3 302.2	3 362.4	3 388.7
Sheep	677.1	602.8	851.3	870.4	859.0	869.6	869.1
Goats	3 643.7	5 515.5	5 529.6	5 597.9	5 783.1	5 922.0	6 080.1
Pigs	433.6	495.8	608.5	625.6	670.3	723.6	758.6
Total	19 738.6	23 323.7	19 253.2	19 331.8	19 618.0	19 898.4	20 141.8

(Source: SYB, 1999)

Table 30. Percentage distribution of livestock

Type of Livestock	Total 1997 million	Physiographic Zone			Development Region
		Mountain	Hills	Tarai	Eastern	Central	Western	Mid-west	Far-west
		Percentage distribution			Percentage distribution
Cattle	7.025	11.7	48.9	39.4	24.0	22.7	19.9	20.0	13.4
Goats	5.922	14.0	57.3	28.7	25.1	30.3	19.1	17.7	7.8
Buffalo	3.362	9.1	57.1	33.8	20.7	24.4	28.2	14.5	12.2
Sheep	0.870	40.0	44.9	15.1	13.3	11.8	18.6	46.3	10.0
Pigs	0.724	12.4	57.1	30.5	46.8	13.2	15.8	18.0	6.2

(Source: CBS, 1997)

Table 31. Literacy rates over time

Year	Percent Literacy
1952	5.3
1961	8.9
1971	13.9
1981	23.3
1991	39.6

(Source CSE, 1998)

Table 32. Annual growth rates of GDP during different Five Year Plans

Period	Overall GDP	Agriculture	Non-Agriculture
1965/66 – 69/70 Third Plan	2.6	2.8	2.2
1970/71 – 74/75 Fourth Plan	1.8	1.6	2.3
1975/76 – 79/80 Fifth Plan	2.3	-1	8.8
1980/81 – 84/85 Sixth Plan	4.9	5.1	4.7
1985/86 – 89/90 Seventh Plan	4.8	4.1	5.3
1992/93 – 96/97 Eighth Plan	4.6	2.8	6

(Notes: * 1990/91 and 1991/92 were the years without periodic plan and their growth rate are not

included in the above averages)

Table 33. Urban Consumer Price Index (1988 = 100)

Urban Consumer Price Index
Year	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Index	100	111.5	122.5	148.2	161.4	175.9	189.3	204.7	220.6	229.4

(Source: SYBN, 1999)

Table 34. Percentage contribution to Gross Domestic Product

Sector	Last year of
	VIII FYP	IX FYP	X FYP	XI FYP	XII FYP
Agriculture Sector	41.02	38	34	30	25
Non-agriculture Sector	58.98	62	66	70	75

(Source: Ninth Plan, 1998)

Table 35. Long-term projection of economic growth rates

Total and Sectoral GDP	Ninth FYP	Tenth FYP	Eleventh FYP	Twelfth FYP
TOTAL GDP (at factor cost)	6	7	7.5	8.3
Agriculture Sector GDP	4	5	5	5
Non- Agriculture Sector GDP	7.3	8.2	8.8	9.7

(Source: Ninth Plan, 1998)

Table 36. Share in Gross Domestic Product during VIII Five Year Plan

Sector	VIII FYP
	First year (1991)	Last year (1996)
Agriculture, Irrigation & Forestry Sector	44.89 %	41.02 %
Non-agriculture Sector	55.11 %	58.98 %

(Source: Ninth Plan, 1998)

Table 37. Forestry share of GDP at constant prices (1984) in million Rs.

Year	Forestry	Agriculture & Other sub sectors	Total
1992	2,609	25,287	27, 896
1993	2,738	27, 279	30, 017
1994	2,842	27, 075	29, 917
1995	2,550	28, 689	31, 239
1996	2,465	30, 067	32, 532
1997	2,456	30, 411	32, 867
1998	2, 209	31, 437	33, 646

(Source: CBS, 1999)

Table 38. Development expenditure during the VIII Five Year Plan (at 1991 prices)

Annual Development Expenditure (Rs. In Million)
Sectors	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	Total	Percentage
Agriculture	1 276.0	1 908.8	1 939.5	2 067.2	1 611.1	1 465.5	8 992.2	10.33
Irrigation	2 212.2	1 853.8	2 725.2	1 997.8	2 107.9	1 811.2	10 496.0	12.05
Hydrology	16.1	17.7	15.9	15.9	--	27.2	76.7	0.09
Forestry	8 84.3	853.5	814.9	319.9	265.1	264.1	2 517.5	2.89
Land Reform	1 18.9	105.0	163.7	156.7	193.8	211.3	830.6	0.95
Sub Total (Agriculture, Irrigation, & Forestry)	4 507.5	4 738.8	5 659.2	4 557.5	4 177.9	3 779.3	22 913.0	26.31
Others Sectors	12 005.3	13 101.3	12 206.1	10 946.0	13 918.7	13 995.6	64 167.5	73.69
Total	16 512.8	17 840.1	17 865.3	15 503.5	18 096.6	17 774.9	87 080.3	100

(Source: Ninth Plan, 1998)

Table 39. Foreign aid disbursement in forest resources of Nepal, 1975-1995

Year	Grant	Loan	Total
	in million
1975	9.4	0.3	9.7
1976	4.5	5.5	10
1977	3.4	21.2	24.6
1978	5.1	4.3	9.4
1979	25.8	5.6	31.4
1980	21.4	10.4	31.8
1981	18.2	52.4	70.6
1982	44	49.1	93.1
1983	54	46.5	100.5
1984	73	62.8	135.8
1985	42.4	51.4	93.8
1986	75.5	91.6	167.1
1987	65.6	130.9	206.5
1988	57.4	87.7	145.1
1989	55	125.6	180.6
1990	57.8	150	207.8
1991	93	296.7	389.7
1992	93.5	77.7	171.2
1993	197.4	1132.4	1329.8
1994	130.5	50.4	180.9
1995	32.6	48.2	80.8

Table 40. Household fuelwood requirement (kg/capita)

Zone	Source	Development Region				Nepal
		Far West/ Mid West	Western	Central	Eastern
Mountain	Forests	455	379	290	323	378
	Private trees	93	364	194	506	262
	Total	548	743	484	829	640
Terai	Forests	445	434	384	348	388
	Private trees	34	48	90	135	91
	Total	479	482	474	483	479
Total	Forest	900	813	674	671	766
	Private trees	127	412	284	641	353
	Total	1 027	1 225	958	1 312	1 119

Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest products, 1988

Table 41. Per-capita consumption of fuelwood in different regions

Development Region	Forest Fuelwood	Own Tree Fuelwood	Agriculture Residue	Total
	kilograms
Eastern	323	506	46	875
Central	290	194	105	589
Western	379	364	66	809
Mid West	455	93	33	581
Far West	455	93	33	581
Nepal	378	262	68	708

Note: Agriculture residue has been converted to fuelwood equivalence in MPFS based

on 1 kg Agricultue = 0.706 fuelwood

Source: MPFS, 1988, Volume: Forest development plan for the Supply of main forest products

Table 42. Population projection for fuelwood requirement

Development Region	1985-86	1990-90	1995-96	2000-01	2005-06	2010-11
Far West	1 456	1 607	1 750	1 880	1 990	2 074
Mid West	2 171	2 422	2 670	2 909	3 129	3 322
Western	3 502	3 940	4 374	4 797	5 188	5 533
Central	5 503	6 179	6 826	7 419	7 922	8 310
Eastern	4 277	4 960	5 665	6 381	7 073	7 712
Nepal	16 909	19 108	21 285	23 386	25 302	26 951

Source: MPFS, 1988, Vol: Forest development plan for the supply of main forest products

Table 43. Projected fuelwood supply (1 000 tonnes)

Source	1985-86	2000-01	2010-11
Managed Natural Forests	39	1 112	3 055
Shrub/degraded Forests	253	351	402
Plantations	0	1 419	2 657
Unmanaged forests	4 018	2 648	1 230
Private Tree Farms	2 961	3 694	4 868
Total	7 271	9 224	12 212

Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest products, 1988

Table 44. Indigenous energy resources

Resources	Potential Annual Supply
	in Natural Units	in Energy Units (Gigajoules)
1 Firewood (Sustainable Yield – 1994/95)	5.4 x 106 tonnes	90.45 (106 GJ)
2 Agricultural Residues (For fuel only – 1994/95)	12.1 x 106 tonnes	152.00 (106 GJ)
3 Animal Dung (For fuel only – 1994/95 on dry basis)	4.9 x 106 tonnes	53.36 (106 GJ)
4 Fossil Fuels	(Unknown)
5. Hydropower Technically feasible potential (45610 MW = 985.2 x 106 GJ)		985.20 (106 GJ)
6 Alternative Sources a. Direct Solar Insolation b. Micro-Hydro c. Wind d. Geothermal	26.6 x 106 MW (Unknown) (Unknown) (Unknown)
Total		1281.01 (106 GJ)

(Source: WECS, 1996, Energy Synopsis Report – 1994/95 and WECS, 1992, Energy Synopsis Report - 1990/91)

Table 45. Grass species in different agro-ecological zones

Agro-ecological Zone	Number of principal species
Sub-tropical and warm temperate zone (400 to 1 200 m)	56
Warm temperate – temperate transition zone (1 200 to 1 800 m)	86
Temperate zone (1 800 to 2 500 m)	91

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 46. Endangered forage species of Nepal

Region	Species
Semi-Arid Region	Medicago falcata Pennisetum flaccidum
High Altitude: Eastern Region	Elymus nutaus Trifolium spp.
Mid-Hills: Communal Grazing land	Desmodium spp. Medicago spp. Melilotus spp.

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 47. Fodder requirements

Development Region	1985-86	1990-91	1995-96	2000-01	2005-06	2010-11
	1,000 tonnes TDN
Far West	700	765	843	937	1 049	1 183
Mid West	1 103	1 192	1 305	1 443	1 610	1 811
Western	1 458	1 461	1 472	1 494	1 524	1 564
Central	1 537	1 695	1 874	2 077	2 307	2 569
Eastern	1 288	1 274	1 273	1 286	1 317	1 366
Total	6 086	6 387	6 767	7 237	7 807	8 493

(Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest products, 1988)

Table 48. Projected fodder production

Source	1985-86	2000-01	2010-11
	1 000 tonnes
Common Lands	2,766	2,937	3,053
Non-Cultivated Inclusions.	889	1,065	1,325
Cultivated Lands	2,928	3,439	3,897
Total	6,583	7,441	8,275

(Source: MPFS, Volume: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest product, 1988)

Table 49. Change in forest based industries (in number)

Forest based Industry		Number of Forest based Industries
Group	Industry	1976	1987	1998
Wood based	Sawmills	102	252	376
	Seasoning	3	6	4
	Preservative	3	3	5
	Plywood	3	2	4
	Veneer		8	46
	Particle/block board			2
	Parquet	4	1	3
	Furniture (large)	3	12	12
	Matches (wooden)	10	9	10
	Pencil	3	1	1
Non-timber forest products	Katha	7	6	6
	Rosin and turpentine	3	3	5
	Sal oil		4	4
TOTAL		141	307	478

(Source: SGFFU, 1998)

Table 50. Performance of forest based manufacturing units for 1996

Forest-based Industries	Units	Persons	Input	Output	Ratio	Value Added
	No.	No.	Rs. 1 000	Rs.1 000	Output/Input	Rs1 000
Sawmilling and planing	137	2 140	390 590	613 470	1.57	222 880
Veneer sheets, plywood	30	1 039	63 803	115 167	1.81	51 364
Builders, carpentry and joinery	13	158	19 816	29 742	1.50	9 926
Other products of wood	18	394	25 094	50 102	2.00	25 008
Pulp, paper and paperboard	60	2 209	420 680	649 652	1.54	228 972
Corrugated paper and board	26	699	158 191	244 465	1.55	86 274
Other paper items	32	638	101 119	155 623	1.54	54 504
Total	316	7 277	1 179 293	1 858 221	1.66	678 928

(Source SYBN, 1999)

Table 51. Annual variation in production in selected industries

Industry		Production of Plywood and Matches
	Unit	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Plywood	Thousand Sq. Ft.	1,315	0	268	645	411	570	450	383	476	70
Matches	Thousand Gross	1, 272	1,223	1,091	942	1,071	1,113	1,176	1,316	1,246	1,095

(Source: SYBN, 1999)

Table 52. Timber requirements (1 000 m³)

Development Region	1985-86	2000-01	2010-11
	m3
Far West	97	202	250
Mid West	145	312	401
Western	235	514	668
Central	369	795	1 002
Eastern	287	684	930
Total	1 133	2 507	3 251

(Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest products, 1988)

Table 53. Annual per-capita timber requirement

Type of Requirement	1986	1991	1996	2001	2006	2011
	m3
Housing	0.040	0.046	0.053	0.060	0.060	0.060
Implements etc.	0.013	0.016	0.020	0.023	0.027	0.030
Public infrastructure, etc.	0.014	0.017	0.021	0.024	0.027	0.030
Total (m3/capita/year)	0.067	0.079	0.094	0.107	0.114	0.120

(Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest products, 1988)

Table 54. Timber production

Source	1985-86	2000-01	2010-11
	1 000 m3
Natural Forests	524	504	589
Plantations	0	247	589
Tree Farms	360	605	1 034
Total	884	1 356	2 212

(Source: MPFS, Vol: Forest Development Plan for the supply of main forest product, 1988)

Table 55. Annual revenue from forest

Year	Timber	Hunting Fees	Herbs	Sabai Grass	Misc.	Total
	1 000 Nepal Rs.
1980	39 332	11	738	402	20 370	60 853
1983	51 283	33	1 498	669	2 842	56 325
1988	52 451	23	4 229	290	8 119	65 112
1993	233 300		15 812		2 470	251 582
1996	268 176		25 699	1791	23 951	319 617

(Source: CES, 1998 )

Table 56. Change in quantity and revenue

Year	Quantity Sold				Revenue (million Rs)
	Logs (Hcft)	Sawn Timber (Hcft)	Poles (Hcft)	Fuelwood (Stacks)
1994	1.141	17.632	71.632	6.562	311.461
1995	1.916	45.009	93.212	10.194	335.365
1996	1.755	113.493	81.627	7.725	361.787

(Source: SGFFU, 1998)

Table 57. Areas of forest product deficit

Forest Product	Physiographic zone facing deficit
Fuelwood	All of the Terai Zone, Mid Western and Eastern part of Siwaliks Zone and Western and Eastern part of Middle Mountains Zone
Timber	All of Terai, Siwalik, and Middle Mountain Zones and Western part of High Himalaya Zone
Fodder	Central, Mid Western and Far Western part of Terai Zone; Central and Mid-Western part of Siwalik Zone; and Central, Western, Mid-Western and Far-Western part of Middle Mountain Zone.

Table 58. Forests handed over to communities (1997)

Forest Type	Area, ha	Share, %
Shorea robusta	117 347	29.5
Subtropical deciduous	56 268	14.2
Pinus roxburghii	57 898	14.6
Schima castanopsis	52 212	13.1
Alnus nepalensis	11 651	2.9
Oak-rhododendron	19 127	4.8
Upper slope conifers	29 029	7.3
Upper slope mixed hardwood	20 718	5.2
Not specified	33 402	8.4
Total	397 652	100

( Source: CES, 1998).

Table 59. Forest user groups, 1998

Development Region		No. of Groups	No. of Households	Area handed over (ha)	% Area given	Area (ha) per Group	Area per household	% User groups
Eastern		1 541	175 273	152 048	30.3	98.7	0.9	21.9
Central		1 512	183 320	109 628	21.9	72.5	0.6	21.5
Western		2 134	235 130	93 937	18.7	44.0	0.4	30.3
Mid Western		992	113 030	89 783	17.9	90.5	0.8	14.1
Far Western		862	80 020	56 216	11.2	65.2	0.7	12.2
Total	7 041	786 773	501 612	100.0	71.2	0.6	100

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 60. Condition of community forest, 1997

Description	Status	Percentage
Dense forest, no bare areas	Very Good	11
Reasonable dense forest with regeneration	Good	48
Some patches, moderate regeneration	Degraded	17
Thin patches of forest with little or no regeneration	Very Degraded	2
Not specified	Not Specified	22

(Source: CES, 1998)

Table 61. Leasehold Hill forest

District or Organization	Area of Leasehold Hill Forest (ha)
	1993/1994	1994/1995	1995/1996	1996/1997
District
Jhapa	15.3
Sindhuli	2.2			104.5
Dolakha	20.7		87.9
Ramechhap	87.7	136.4	245	126.1
Sindhupalchok	15.6	85.7	92.4	64.8
Kavrepalchok	111.4	112.8	147.6	100.5
Makwanpur	16	116.7	154	173.1
Dhading			58.2	244.3
Bara	0.9
Tanahu				89.2
Chitwan	28			86.9
Organization
Nepal Glading(Lele)			3.2
Khimti Hydro Project			35
Bhaktapur				37
Kapilbastu				110

(Source: CES, 1998)