I. Terms of Reference for Consultant (Seafarming)
Determine potentials for developing various forms of seafarming in participating countries especially as alternative income sources for subsistence fishermen.
II. Itinerary
| Place | Arrival | Departure |
| Manila, Philippines | - | 16/7/86 |
| Iloilo City | 16/7 | 18/7 |
| Manila | 18/7 | 13/8 |
| Bangkok, Thailand | 13/8 | 15/8 |
| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 15/8 | 19/8 |
| Jakarta, Indonesia | 19/8 | 21/8 |
| Bandar Lampung, Lampung | 21/8 | 22/8 |
| Jakarta | 22/8 | 24/8 |
| Singapore | 24/8 | 26/8 |
| Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei | .26/8 | 28/8 |
| Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 28/8 | 30/8 |
| Manila | 30/8 | - |
Brunei
Mr. Matdanan Haji Jaafar, Director of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Sharifuddin PG Haji Yusof, Deputy Director, Department of fisheries Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Victor Wong, Fisheries Officer 1 (Head, Aquaculture Section), Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Selva Nathan, Fisheries Officer 2 (Head, Marine Fisheries Section), Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Ms. Hasnah Ibrahim, Fisheries Officer 3 (Head, Planning and Development Unit), Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Alias Haji Shari, Asst. Fisheries Officer 1 (Head, Post Harvest Technology Unit), Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Ms. Hajah Laila Hj Abd Hamid, Asst. Fisheries Officer 2 (Head, Hatchery Unit), Department of of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Ajamain Haji Saloal, Asst. Fisheries Officer 4 (Head, Enforcement Unit), Department of Fisheries, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Abdul Hamid, Senior Officer, Ministry of Development, Bandar Seri Begawan
Mr. Othman Abbas, Senior Officer, Ministry of Development, Bandar Seri Begawan
Indonesia
Mr. Kyaw Nyein, Administrative Officer, FAO Office, Jakarta
Mrs. Budiningsih Soenyoto, Senior Programme Assistant, FAO Office. Jakarta
Ms. Enni Soetopo, Chief, International Relations Unit, Directorate General of Fisheries DGF), Jakarta
Mr. Purwito Martosubroto, Director, Directorate of Resources, DGF, Jakarta I
Mr. Untung Wahyono Director, Directorate of Production, DGF, Jakarta
Mr. Soleh Samsi, Head, Aquaculture Section, Directorate of Production, DGF. Jakarta
Mr. Banchong Tiensongrusmee, Acting Chief Technical Adviser, FAO/UNDP/INS Seafarming Development Project. Bandar Lampung
Mr. Soehardi Pontjoprawiro, Aquaculturist, FAO/UNDP/INS Seafarming Development Project, Bandar, Lampung
Mr. Muhammad Ichtiaji, Staff, Directorate of Production DGF, Jakarta
Mr. Kusno Rahardjo, Director of Programme and Development, DGF, Jakarta
Mr. Robinson Sihite, Directorate of Programme and development, DGF. Jakarta
Mr. Sunarno, Shrimp Farm Investor, PT Dituka, Jakarta
Mr. Budiono Martosudarmo. Seafarming Specialist and Team Co-Leader, FAO/UNDP/INS Seafarming Development Project, Hurun Bay, Tanjungkarang, Lampung
Mr. Murdjani, Seafarming Culturist, Indonesia Seafarming Development Center, Hurun Bay, Tanjungkarang, Lampung
Mr. Made Nurjuna, Senior Fishery Biologist, Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training Center, Jepara, Central Java
Mr. Hans A. Dall, FAO Country Representative; Jakarta (over the phone)
Ms. Hartati Suprayitno, Director, Central Freshwater Aquaculture Development and Training Center, DGF, Sukabumi, West Java
Mr. Soenyoto Dermoredjo, Consultant (Finance), Fishing Ports and Harbours Corporation, Jakarta
Malaysia
Tengku Dato Ubaidillah bin Abdul Kadir, Director General, Division of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture., Kuala Lumpur
Mr. Tan Cheng Kiat, Director, Fisheries Extension and, Training Branch, Fisheries Division, Kuala Lumpur
Mr. Cheah Eng Kean, Senior Fisheries Officer, Planning and Development Branch, Fisheries Division, Kuala Lumpur
Mr. Nik Ab. Wahab, Fisheries Officer (Aquaculture), Fisheries Division, Kuala Lumpur
Mr. Michael Van Hulten, United Nations Development Programme Resident Representative, Kuala Lumpur, (by phone)
Mr. Joseph Wong Tung Sang, Director of Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries, Kota kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Yap, Deputy Director of Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Tang Twen Poh, Fisheries Officer. State Fisheries Department, Kota kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Jaskri Doyou. Fisheries Officer, State Department of Fisheries, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Cho Yow Won, Senior Fisheries Officer, State Fisheries Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Chin Phui Kong, Retired Director of Fisheries,, State Department of Fisheries, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Mahmod Tahir, General Manager, Sabah Fisheries and Fishermen's Development Corporation (KO-NELAYAN), Kota Kinabalu Sabah
Hj. Mohd Fauzi Kou, Deputy General Manager, KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. William Wong Yun Kwong, Asst. General Manager (Aquaculture) KO-NELAYAN. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Datu Jack Maiks, Asst. General Manager, Fishing Village Department, KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Hong, Asst. General Manager (Training), KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Mokhtani, Ex-Chairman, KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Ang Keng Pee, Chief, Aquaculture Section, KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Mohd Yassin, Deputy Chairman, KO-NELAYAN, Kinabalu Sabah
Mr. Johari Hays, Senior Staff, KO-NELAYAN. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. William Yapp, Senior Staff, State Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Ms. Janet Tham, Fishery Biologist (Shrimp Hatchery-in-Charge), KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Wung Kee Young, Technician-in-Charge, Sabah Fish Marketing Co., Ltd., Subsidiary to KO-NELAYAN, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Mr. Lassim Abdul Rahman, Small-Scale Shrimp Farm Operator, Laya Laya, Tauran, Sabah
Philippines
Mr. Juanito B. Malig, Director of Fisheries, Bureau of: Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Inocencio A. Ronquillo, Asst. Director of Fisheries, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Justo R. Montemayor, Asst. Director of Fisheries BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Rolando Edra, Chief, Propagation Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Abraham Gaduang, Chief, Extension, Division, BFAR. Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Natividad Lagua, Chief, Planning and Management Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Sofia Basa, Chief, Seafarming Section, Propagation Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Demetrio Gracia, Chief, Communal Waters Section, Propagation Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Lutgarda Penolio, Chief, Brackishwater Section, Propagation Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Aurora Reyes, Head, Project Coordinating Staff, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Cecilia Reyes, Planning and Management Division, BFAR, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Primitivo Clave, formerly Regional Director, BFAR, Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF), Region 1, Dagupan City
Mr. Westremundo Rosario, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region 11, Tuguegarao, Cagayan (now deceased)
Mr. Francisco Pill, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region III, San Fernando, Pampanga
Mr. Francisco Tan, Jr. formerly Regional Director, BFAR National Capital Region, Navotas, Metro Manila
Mr. Sixto Laron Formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region IV, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Jose Urbano, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region V. Naga City
Mr. Matias Guieb, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region VI, Iloilo City
Mr. Fernando Bernardino, formerly Regional Director BFAR-MAF Region VII, Cebu City
Mr. Jose Garrido, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region VIII, Tacloban City
Mr. Halil Habing. formerly Regional Director. BFAR-MAF Region IX, Zamboanga City
Mr. Hermenigildo Magsuci. formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region X, Cagayan de Oro City
Mr. Dennis Araullo, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region XI, Davao City
Mr. Abdul Gafur Abdua, formerly Regional Director, BFAR-MAF Region XII, Cotabato City
Mr. Rodolfo Pinto, Extension Division. BFAR, Quezon City. Metro Manila
Mr. Dominador Racho, BFAR-MAF Region II, Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Mr. Faustino Taclan, Provincial Fishery Officer, BFAR-MAF, Sorsogon, Sorsogon
Dr. Flor Lacanilao, Chief, Aquaculture Department, South-east Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD), Tigbauan, Iloilo
Mr. Herminigildo Sitoy, Staff, SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo
Ms. Jurgenne Primavera, Staff, SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo
Dr. Jose Llobrera, Staff. SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan. Iloilo
Mr. R.Q. Gacutan, Staff, SEAFDEC/AQD Tigbauan. Iloilo
Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri, Consultant, SEAFDEC/AQD and FAO/NACA, Tigbauan, Iloilo
Dr. Dionisia Rola, Chancellor. University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV), Iloilo City
Dr. Rogelio O. Juliano, Vice Chancellor, UPV. Iloilo City
Dr. Romeo Fortes, Associate Dean, UPV, Iloilo City
Ms. Dorothy Tadeo, Senior Fisheries Staff, MAF, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Aristeo Portugal, Fisheries Staff, National Economic and development Authority (NEDA), Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
Dr. Gavino Trono, Jr., Senior staff. Marine Sciences Center and Botany Department, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Ms. Medina Delmendo, Private Aquaculture Consultant, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Mr. Rodolfo Pagcatipunan, Mollusc Culture Consultant, FAO/UNDP Fishery Advisory Services Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh (residence — Makati, Metro Manila)
Mr. Juan V. Lopez, Private Aquaculture Operator and Consultant, Binmaley, Pangasinan
Dr. Ulrich J.H. Grieb, FAO Country Representative to the Philippines, Makati, Metro Manila
Mr. Maximo A. Ricohermoso, President, Marine Colloids Philippines, Inc. and Seaweed Industry Association of the Philippines, Cebu City
Mr. Horacio Abelarde, Jr., President and General Manager, Abenter Seafarms, Inc, Cebu City
Mr. Vicente Alvarez, Private Seaweed Culture Operator and Consultant, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Singapore
Mr. Leslie Cheong, Head, Aquaculture Section, Primary Production Department, Changi Point
Ms. Rene Chou, Senior Fisheries Biologist, Aquaculture Section, Primary Production Department, Changi Point
Mr. George Tay Seng Hock, Head, Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Primary Production Department, 17 Km Sembawang Road
Mr. L.C. Lim, Senior Fisheries Biologist, Aquaculture Section, Changi Point
Ms. Lim Su Ji, Fisheries Biologist, Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Primary Production Department, Sembawang Road
Thailand
Dr. Plodprasob Surasawadee, Deputy Director-General for Development, Department of Fisheries, (DOF), Bangkok
Mr. Manu Potaros, Inspector-General for Fisheries in South Thailand, DOF, Bangkok
Ms. Sumalee Yuktanonda, Chief, Foreign Relations Section, DOF, Bangkok
Mr. Wiset Chomdej, Director, Brackishwater Fisheries Division, DOF, Kasetsart University Campus, Bangkhen, Bangkok
Mr. Anant Saraya, Chief, Seafarming Section and Project Manager, USAID-assisted Seaweed Development Project, Brackishwater Fisheries Division, DOF, Bangkhen, Bangkok
Mr. Yasuhisa Kato, Consultant, ADB-Thailand Aquaculture Development Project, Bangkhen, Bangkok
Mr. Ariya Sidthimunka, Retired Deputy Director-General of Fisheries, and Aquaculture Consultant for ADB-Thailand Aquaculture Development Project, Bangkhen, Bangkok
Mr. Umpol Pongsuwana, Retired Director, Brackishwater Fisheries Division of DOF and former Fisheries Biologist, FAO/UNDP Brackishwater Aquaculture Project Malaysia now Consultant ADB-Thailand Aquaculture Project, Bangkhen, Bangkok
Mr. Kasemsant Chalayondeja, Senior Fishery Officer, Fisheries Policy and Planning Division, DOF, Bangkok
Ms. Sunan Tuaycharoen, Fisheries Biologist, Brackishwater Fisheries Division, DOF, Bangkhen, Bangkok
I. Species
| a. | Epinephelidae (groupers, coral trouts) |
| Epinephelus tauvina (estuarine grouper) | |
| E. malabaricus (Malabar grouper) | |
| E. fuscoguttatus (mottled grouper) | |
| Plectropomus leopardus (Leopard coral trout) | |
| P. maculatus | |
| b. | Lutjanidae (snappers) |
| Lutjanus sanguineus (red snapper) | |
| L. sebae (emporer snapper) | |
| L. argentimaculatus (mangrove snapper) | |
| L. johni (John's snapper) | |
| c. | Latidae (seabass) |
| Lates calcarifer (seabass) | |
| d. | Carangidae (jacks, crevalles, travalles, pampanos, scads. amberjacks, yellow tails) |
| Caranx sexfasciatus (six-banded jack) | |
| Carangoides chrysophrys | |
| Carangoides malabaricus | |
| Carangoides armatus | |
| e. | Siganidae (rabbit fishes, spinyfoots) |
| Siganus javus | |
| Siganus canaliculatus | |
| Siganus guttatus | |
| Siganus spinus |
II. Sites
| Province | Locality | Area (ha)1 | Information source |
| Riau | Batam island | 350 | 2 |
| Bintan island | |||
| South Sumatra | Bangka | 200 | 2 |
| Lampung | Teluk Hurun, | 800 | 2, 3 |
| Teluk Lampung | |||
| West Java | Banten bay | 400 | 2 |
| East Java | Gili Genteng bay, Madura | 300 | 2 |
| Grajagan, Banyuwangi | |||
| Bali | Pejarakan | 50 | 2, 3 |
| West Nusatenggara | Ekas bay | 200 | 3 |
| South Sulawesi | Ujung Pandang | 200 | 4 |
| Mollucas | Ambon | 200 | 3 |
| North Sulawesi | Sangihe island | 200 | 3 |
| Total | 2 900 |
11 ha accommodates 500 cages size about 3.0 m x 3.0 m
2Directorate General of Fisheries and Agency for Agriculture Research Development (1985)
3Estimated from actual sites
4Estimated from topography map
After Tiensongrusmee, Pontjoprawiro and Soedjarwo, 1986f
I. Location of potential areas for cockle culture
| Province | Locality | Potential area (ha) | Information source | |
| North Sumatra | Tj. Balai | 3 000 | 1, 3, 5 | |
| Riau | Teluk Bintan | 10 000 | 2 | |
| Lampung | Kuala Penet, Maringgai | 500 | 1, 4 | |
| West Java | Mauk-Tangerang | 900 | 3 | |
| Central Java | Demak, Jepara | 2 000 | 3, 4 | |
| Tayu, Pati, Rembang | ||||
| East Java | Kenjeran, Surabaya | 2000 | 5 | |
| Pasuruan | ||||
| Probolinggo | ||||
| West Nusatenggara | Bima bay, Sumbawa | 1 000 | 1 | |
| Total | 19 400 | |||
1Estimated from actual sites
2Estimated from topography map
3 Directorate General of Fisheries and Agency for Agriculture Research Development (1985)
4 Interviewed resource persons
5 Pagcatipunan el al., (1981)
II. Location of potential areas for mussel culture
| Province | Locality | Potential area (ha) | Information source | |
| North Sumatra | Tj. Balai | 200 | 2, 3 | |
| Riau | Teluk Bintan | 3 000 | 1 | |
| Lampung | Kuala Penet, Maringgai | 5 000 | 2 | |
| West Java | Banten bay | 4 000 | 1 | |
| Ketapang, Tangerang | ||||
| Jakarta | Ancol | 2 000 | 1 | |
| Central Java | Jepara | 500 | 1 | |
| East Java | Kenjeran, Surabaya | 4 500 | 1, 4 | |
| Pasuruan | ||||
| Probolinggo | ||||
| Kwanyar, Madura | ||||
| West Nusatenggara | Labuan, Lombok | 500 | 1 | |
| Total | 19 700 | |||
1Estimated from topography map
2Estimated from actual sites
3Interviewed resource person
4Pagcatipunan, el al., 1981
III. Location of potential areas for the culture of food oyster
| Province | Locality | Potential area (ha) | Information source | |
| West Java | Ketapang, | 1 000 | 3 | |
| Tangerang | ||||
| Central Java | Demak, Jepara | 1 000 | 3 | |
| East Java | Kenjeran, | 3 500 | 1, 3 | |
| Surabaya | ||||
| Pasuruan | ||||
| Probolinggo | ||||
| Kwanyar, Madura | ||||
| West Nusatenggara | Lombok bay, Sumbawa | 1 500 | 1, 2 | |
| Bima bay, Sumbawa | ||||
| East Nusatenggara | Kupang bay, Timor | |||
| South Sulawesi | Maros | 500 | 3 | |
| Total | 7 500 | |||
1Pagcatipunan, et al., (1981)
2Estimated from actual sites
3Estimated from topography map
IV. Location of potential areas for the culture of pearl oyster
| Province | Locality | Potential area (ha) | Information source | |
| Lampung | Tj. Putus | 200 | 1, 2 | |
| Teluk Lampung | ||||
| West Nusatenggara | Gili Poh, Lombok | 200 | 2 | |
| Sape bay, Sumbawa | ||||
| Central Sulawesi | Lokotai | 100 | 2 | |
| Southeast Mollucas | Aru island | 300 | 2 | |
| North Mollucas | Kao bay, Bacan | 200 | 3 | |
| North Sulawesi | Likupang | 200 | 3 | |
| Southeast Sulawesi | Palabusa | 1 000 | 2 | |
| Irian Jaya | Kobra island, Sorong | 200 | 2 | |
| Total | 2 400 | |||
1Estimated from topography map
2Interviewed resource persons
3Estimated from actual sites
After Tiensongrusmee, Pontjoprawiro and Soedjarwo, 1986f
| Province | Locality | Estimated area (ha) | Information Source |
| West Sumatra | Padang | 500 | 2, 3 |
| Bengkulu | Bengkulu | 100 | 2, 3 |
| Riau | Telang Besar island | 1 500 | 2, 3 |
| Pangkil Karas islands | |||
| Matak | |||
| Beliba islands | |||
| Lampung | Seram island, Ketapang | 100 | 1, 2 |
| South Sumatra | Bangka, Belitung | 1 000 | 2, 3 |
| West Java | Banten bay | 500 | 2, 3 |
| Pelabuhan Ratu | |||
| Cidaun, Cipattujah, | |||
| Pameungpeuk | |||
| Jakarta | Seribu island | 100 | 2 |
| Central Java | Jepara | 500 | 2, 3 |
| Cilacap | |||
| Gunung Kidul | |||
| East Java | Pacitan | 300 | 2, 3 |
| Banyuwangi | |||
| Sumenep | |||
| Bali | Serangan island | 1 500 | 1, 2 |
| Tanjung Benoa | |||
| Nusa Penida | |||
| Nusa Lembengan | |||
| Nusa Dua | |||
| West Nusatenggara | Maringgi, Kambing | 2 000 | 1, 2 |
| and Kera islands, | |||
| Lombok | |||
| Ekas bay, Lombok | |||
| Saleh bay, Sumbawa | |||
| Wasorada bay, Sumbawa | |||
| East Nusatenggara | Tj. Karoso, West Sumba | 6000 | 1, 2 |
| Warambadi, East Sumba | |||
| Komodo island | |||
| Besar island, Maumere | |||
| Tablolong, Timor | |||
| Mollucas | North Mollucas | 3 000 | 1, 2 |
| Limbo and Doi islands | |||
| Joronga island | |||
| Central Mollucas | |||
Geser, Seram Rei, Kifar, Kidang, Nukus and Grogus in East Seram | |||
Tujuh island, North Seram | |||
| Ose island, West Seram | |||
| Southeast Mollucas | |||
Kg. Warilau, Krei Baru in Aru islands | |||
Meti Rotan, Watidal, Pulau-pulau Nuslima, Kg. Kurat of Maru island
in North Tanibar | |||
Kg. Laut dalaun. Namtabung, Adaut and Nuyanat in South Tanibar | |||
Babar, Wetan in Babar islands, Masela, Sermata, Luang and Meti Miarang
in Semata islands | |||
Kisar, Wetar, Lirang Romang and Damar in Leti islands | |||
| South Kalimantan | Pulau Laut | 500 | 2 |
| East Kalimantan | Tarakan | 500 | 2 |
| Southeast Sulawesi | Buton, Muna island | 1 000 | 2 |
| Kendari | |||
| Kaledupa | |||
| South Sulawesi | Ujung Pandang | 1 000 | 2 |
| Bone bay | |||
| Central Sulawesi | Samaringa | 500 | 2 |
| Irian Jaya | Sorong | 500 | 2 |
Total | 21 100 |
1Estimated from actual sites
2Interviewed resource persons
3Estimated from topography map
The following projects listed and summarized under the different countries of ASEAN are based on information from recent survey in the countries, consultation with concerned government agencies and private fishery operators, and review of relevant reports and publications.
In each listed project only a brief summary giving the background and rationale of each is given. Should any of these listed projects be selected for implementation the government agency concerned or a suitable consultant should undertake the complete formulation of the project. This Project can assist in such a formulation. The project document will describe the background, give the development and immediate objectives enumerate the project activities, inputs and outputs, and list the required budget.
1. BRUNEI
1.1 Coastal survey for suitable sites and resources for seafarming
Recently netcage culture of marine finfish and mussel culture have been initiated in Brunei. Aside from these there are no sea-farming activities or tradition in the country. To initiate seafarming one has to introduce technology and import expertise and man-power. In the first instance a survey of the coastal areas to map out the potential sites and the suitable resources that can be cultured in each site should be conducted. This may be undertaken by consultant contract. The consultant team should preferably consist of Senior Fishery Biologist (Aquaculturist) as Team Leader; a Subject Matter Specialist as Member; and Environmental Quality Expert as Member.
1.2 Coastal fish seed resources survey for cultivable species
Netcage culture of marine finfish which has recently been started in Brunei get their supply of grouper and seabass fingerlings from outside sources. Similarly in mussel culture the mussel seeds were also imported from Singapore. There is no knowledge on the amounts and seasonal occurrence of finfish fry nor shellfish spats along the coast of Brunei. It is possible that these seeds which are needed for the sea-farming industry are available in the country. A year round survey will be needed to verify their occurrence. These may also be done through a consultancy which will work with the Fisheries Department of Brunei.
1.3 Training and advisory services in seafarming
A senior specialist in seafarming will be recruited to provide the necessary services for a one-year period. This consultant will train local counterparts through prepared formal training, write seafarming extension manuals and assist in actual establishment and operation of seafarming projects. At the second half of the year private fishfarmers shall also be afforded training through the trained extension workers with the overall supervision of the adviser. Facilities for office and laboratory space and counterpart staff shall be provided by the Brunei Fisheries Department. Funds to establish selected sea-farming projects and for the continued operation should also be provided by the government.
2. INDONESIA*
2.1 Fish Seed Resources Survey for two sites which are focal points, for the development of netcage culture: Batam and Bintan islands, Riau Province, and Lombok Island, West Nusatenggara Province
The FAO/UNDP Seafarming Development project-Indonesia has identified some 12 potential sites covering about 2 900 ha in Indonesia which can be used for netcage culture of marine fish. Two areas are being selected as pilot survey areas for fish seed resources to determine the abundance and seasonal occurrence of cultivable fish seeds. These are Bintan and Batam islands in Riau province and Lombok island in West Nusatenggara. In the first area netcage culture has already been initiated and some 350 ha of potential sites for this activity have been assessed. This site is also near good market for the crop, namely Singapore. The second site (Lombok) has areas suitable for netcage culture covering about 200 ha. If natural seed supply can be available in these sites, development will be faster and less expensive. Funds required for this project if made available can be implemented through consultancy contract.
2.2 Survey of cockle seed areas in Indonesia
The production of cockles from natural collection grounds in Indonesia is of consequential magnitude. This was even much higher in previous years but has levelled down to 49 000 mt in 1984. Cockles can easily be cultured provided the seeds are available as demonstrated in Malaysia where 40 000 to 100 000 mt of cultured cockles are produced each year. With the present level of production of 49 000 mt there should be some sites in the country which are actual seed areas for cockles but there is no information on these sites. Therefore a survey will be very useful. This can be carried out through a consultant who has the expertise or competence for this work. A complete project formulation will initially have to be made.
2.3 Pilot demonstration of cockle culture
Thickly populated areas in the country such as West Java are the main national markets for cockle production. There are sites in said province and neighbouring areas which can be suitable for undertaking culture of cockles. With the declining landings by coastal fishermen, cockle culture can be a source of additional income. A pilot demonstration of this type of seafarming can be used as model for the seafarmers and as training area for extension workers in this Java provinces. This work can be done under the auspices of the Directorate General of Fisheries but specialized external expertise may be required. A complete project proposal should first be formulated for this project.
2.4 Hatchery propagation of netcage cultured grouper and snapper species
The lack of fry and fingerlings of the cultivated species of grouper and snapper has presented constraints to the development of this type of seafarming. Experimental attempts on production of fry by controlled propagation in hatchery have previously succeeded in Singapore and Thailand, but commercial production of fry for culture has not yet been realized. Due to the initial experimental successes already made there is bright prospect that additional effort in this work will likely succeed.
The National Seafarming Development Center established in Lampung, Indonesia has put up initial facilities for this work. The present staff are capable of adding this activity in their work so that the facilities there can be fully utilized. Additional funds will be needed for equipment and few specialized consultant man-months to be added to the existing FAO/UNDP Seafarming Development Project (INS/84/008). The government should likewise put up additional funds for local counterpart, additional in-site facilities and operating expenses.
3. MALAYSIA
3.1 Alternative feed for trashfish for netcage-cultured fish
The netcage culture industry in Malaysia is expanding at a relatively rapid rate. From a production of only 170 mt in 1980 this increased to over 500 mt in 1983. In terms of trashfish feed, this would require from 3 500 to 5 000 mt (at 7–10:1 conversion rate). As this industry is expected to expand further due to good market demand and favourable prices, greater strain on the trashfish is anticipated. Unfortunately this feed supply is also limited and it has been found that some portion of the trashfish consists of juveniles of the high value species. Therefore further increase in trashfish exploitation can have an unfavourable effect on the recruitment of valuable fish species of the country.
To remedy this situation two options can be investigated, namely: (1) to search for alternative feed from other live animal forms that are not as valuable as the cage-cultured fish (e.g. Sergestidae, mass cultured tilapia, species of mussels, etc.) and (2) to prepare practical diets in the form of formulated feed (moist mash or pellets) out of cheap and easily available animal and plant material. Success of these investigations can have a great impact on the future of the growing netcage culture industry in Malaysia.
3.2 Hatchery propagation of cultured blood cockles
The culture of the blood cockle, Anadara granosa, developed because of the presence of bountiful natural seeding areas which are the source of stock for culture. Within recent years however the supplies of young cockles from this known seeding areas have shown appreciable and continuing decline. This may be due to overexploitation and unfavourable changes in the environment (e.g., pollution). It is also noted that seeds from natural areas tend to show some variation in sized which makes future cropping operations more difficult.
The need for more cockle seeds to meet the increasing demand for this crop as well as for culture operations in new areas within and outside Malaysia is now being felt; The hatchery propagation of this useful economic species should be investigated to meet this demand and to perpetuate future supply. This work can be conducted under the Fisheries Research Institute of the Fisheries Division in Penang.
3.3 Fish seed resources survey along the coastal areas of Sabah
Initial investigation along the coastal areas in Sabah, East Malaysia show that it is rich in marine resources. Milkfish fry has been deter-mined to be available and penaeid shrimp
spawners abound along the coasts. There is lack of information on the existence of the different fish seeds available, their relative abundance and their seasonal occurrence. Meanwhile aquaculture in brackishwater and marine areas in the state are fast developing. Brackishwater fishponds are being put up needing stocks of milkfish, mullets, seabass, penaeid shrimps and crabs. Netcage culture has been initiated with positive results and seaweed culure is under trial. All these will require stocking material for their development. Therefore a fish seed resources survey will be useful in this state.
3.4 Pilot demonstration of seaweed culture
A test run for this type of project has been conducted for Gracilaria species in Penang and Eucheuma species in Sabah. Results of these past work should be evaluated and if advisable, a new project proposal should be formulated.
4. PHILIPPINES
4.1 Pilot integrated small-scale fisheries development projects in selected localities
In a previous paper (Small-Scale Fisheries Development in the Philippines: Survey of Prospective Sites and Relevant Activities, (SCS/85/WP/123, 1985) seven possible pilot sites for small-scale fisheries development with seafarming component have been identified. These include:
From above-mentioned background paper the brief description of above sites are herewith quoted:
(a) Siargao island. Surigao del Norte province
Siargao island is medium size island immediately northeast of Mindanao land mass in Surigao del Norte province. This is a very isolated and depressed area of the country. The economic situation is further aggravated by the unusual passing of a very severe typhoon in the area recently (Typhoon Nitang, September 2–3. 1984).
The island has six municipalities and several villages. It is mainly dependent on sea resources from the surrounding waters. It is fringed by coral reefs.
Fishery for tuna and anchovies is available seasonally. Along the shallow coastal areas, economic species of seaweeds like Eucheuma spp occur. Some are gathered and dried for sale in Surigao town, the capital. A BFAR Fishery Officer assigned to the area initiated pen culture of siganid, the rabbit fish with encouraging results.
Considering the resources available and present status of the fisheries, small-scale fisheries development can be made along the following lines: (a) improved gear for tuna and anchovies, (b) culture of economic seaweeds, and (c) fishpen culture for siganids. Support services in the form of faster boats for transport, cooperative organization among the fishermen, and landing and marketing sites will be required.
(b) Sacol island, Zamboanga City
Sacol island is an extensive shallow sea area of mangrove and coral reefs located east of Zamboanga City centre:, Mindanao. The surrounding waters abound with fish, corals and seaweeds.
The island can be a very suitable site for pilot small-scale fisheries development project with seaweed culture as the major activity. It has extensive suitable grounds where the two main economic species of the carageenan seaweed can be cultured. These are Eucheuma striatum (cottoni) and E. spinosum. Improved techniques of Eucheuma culture initially demonstrated by Marine Colloids, Inc. (American firm) in
this island and now taken over as a demonstration station by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources are readily available to private cultivators. The seaweed is widely used as food in this island and can also be brought to the Zamboanga City markets.
Culture techniques have been developed so that large quantities of seaweeds can be produced in the area. The fluctuating behaviour in prices as well as demand for the product has discouraged the local producers which consist of small-scale fishermen and their families. In order for seaweed small-scale venture to succeed in the area, handling, quality control, storage and marketing of the product should be properly managed; overproduction must be prevented and the marketing channels established for the benefit of producers and avoid the operation of unscrupulous middlemen.
Other areas in the small islands near Zamboanga City can also be identified as suitable sites for mussel and oyster culture. Cage or pen culture of high market value marine finfish is another possibility in the area, considering that Zamboanga City can serve as good local market. These later activities can serve as expansion of the initial seaweed pilot project at Sacol island.
(c) Panguil Bay, Misamis Occidental/Zamboanga del Sur/Lanao del Norte provinces
Panguil Bay, a narrow indentation along the northern coast of Mindanao island used to be a very rich fishing ground for the surrounding communities. It is bounded in the west by Misamis Occidental province in the north by Zamboanga del Sur province and in the east by Lanao del Norte province. It opens into the Iligan Bay at its northern end.
The communities around the Bay are well populated. There was constant intensive fishing and there is in existence and endemic in the area the use of fine-meshed filter trap for catching shrimps and small fish. These fishing practice has practically decimated the rich finfish and crustacean resources of this bay.
The establishment of a pilot small-scale fisheries development project along this bay can be a factor for the recovery and proper management of its fishery resources. Fishing with fine-meshed fixed traps will have to be completely banned or prohibited seasonally during selected periods. The fishermen will be organized into associations as pre-cooperatives and subsequently as cooperatives. These cooperatives will act in unison by consultations among them for the proper management of the bay. Regulated fishing will have to be enforced by the cooperative members among themselves to save the fishery.
Aquaculture especially of mussels, oysters and clams can be initiated. Brackishwater fishponds are established in some places, but cage culture and pen culture of valuable finfish and crustacean species can also be tried. These activities can serve as alternative sources of income when fishing activities need to be restricted.
Support services in the form of ice plants, cold storages, service roads, fish landing sites and processing facilities need to be installed at strategic places along this bay. Proper distribution, handling and marketing of the products should also be considered. These should be integrated with other development efforts in the region (agriculture, public works, health, etc.).
(d) Danajon Bank, Talibon, Bohol province
In the southern portion of the Camotes Sea, part of Talibon municipality, Bohol island province in the Visayas of the middle Philippines, there is an extensive shallow sea area — the Danajon Bank. During extreme low tides, portions of this bank are exposed but during ordinary low tides the whole area is shallow ranging from one to five meters in depth; in high tides it can be three to ten meters in depth. It stretches from east to west for some 50 km long by one to five km wide. This shallow area in this sea is luxuriant with growth of corals, various species of marine animals (finfish, molluscs, echinoderms, coelenterates, primitive chordates, and crustaceans). Seaweeds and other marine algae also abound.
The area is very suitable for the culture of economic marine seaweeds especially for Eucheuma striatum and E. spinosum. Start of this activity has been made at Hingutanan along the bank. The Genu Philippines, Inc. a subsidiary of a Danish firm, Copenhagen Pectin Company has established a seaweed farm in this area and is also subsidizing the operation of a number of small-scale seaweed farmers serving as contract growers for said firm. About 600 tons of dried Eucheuma used to be exported yearly from this area and has further increased.
Pilot small-scale seaweed farms should be maintained and managed in this site. The government should step in to regulate the suit-able number of farmers and to see to it that installed facilities are properly disposed when no longer usable. This will avoid occurrence of navigational hazards and physical pollution in the area.
The growers have to be organized into a cooperative. Such organization will be instrumental for arranging the handling, processing, storage, quality control and marketing of their crops. In this way they can also have buying channels for their needs and in the acquisition of their equipment for operations. Shore facilities needed are minimal but these should also be necessary and has to be provided. Pro-vision for credit will also be helpful.
(e) Siquijor province
Siquijor is an island province in the middle part of the Philippines recently elevated into provincial level after several years as sub-province of Negros Oriental province. It has an area of 3 435 km2 with population of 70 000 distributed in six municipalities. It is a small province but a medium size island with reef and coraline coastline. Agriculture is relatively poor (mainly coconuts) but the surrounding seas are rich in marine resources.
As agriculture development would be limited by the natural capacity of the land in the province, great dependence will be made on fisheries for the economy of the area. The low economic level of the population, the relatively small size of the province, and the existing resources makes Siquijor an ideal province for initiating a pilot small-scale fisheries development. The relevant activities for this programme will be: (a) improvement in gear and techniques in fishing by the local fishermen, and (b) development of aquaculture mainly that of seafarming for seaweeds, molluscs and finfish.
Fishing is seasonal, shifting from one side of the island to the other depending on the two prevailing monsoons (southwest — May to October; northeast — November to April).
Seafarming has high potential for further development in this province. Culture of edible (Caulerpa) as well as industrial {Eucheuma) seaweeds appears suitable in selected areas along the coasts of this province. Natural stocks of Caulerpa can still be gathered for export to neighbouring Cebu and Dumaguete cities but this can be greatly reduced or decimated with increased and continued exploitation. In fact natural stocks of Eucheuma spp which were reported to be available years back are no longer available and replanting and care will be necessary.
The culture of edible Caulerpa and industrial Eucheuma seaweed can be suitable ventures in this pilot project. In addition, cage culture of high value marine fish like siganids and also grouper and seabass can also be undertaken within this proposed pilot area.
Minimal shore support facilities will be required. Transport to consumption areas such as to Cebu or Dumaguete cities would be essential. It is best if the fishermen/fish farmers can be organized into cooperatives so that collective advantage in operations, securing of credit, processing and marketing of products, and in securing equipment and consumer goods can be facilitated.
(f) Northern coast of Panay island, Capiz/Iloilo/Aklan provinces
Seafarming consisting of the culture of Eucheuma seaweed and cage culture of marine fish (siganid/grouper/seabass) has been tested at Estancia, (a part of Iloilo province) located at the extreme northeast portion of Panay island. The site for this activity is at Loguingot island just a short distance from Estancia town proper and harbour. It consists of a well protected cove with fairly deep water. These activities were found to be feasible in the area.
On the northern coastal seaboard of Panay island in Capiz province suitable sites for various seafarming activities have been identified. These are: (a) Tinagong Dagat cove, President Roxas municipality, (b) Panay municipality, (c) Ivisan municipality, and (d) Sapi-an Bay, Sapian municipality.
Tinagong Dagat is a cove along the outlet of the Pontevedra River and several smaller outlets from the surrounding watershed. As such, it is very much influenced by freshets from this river and outlets. Since the watershed in this area is under cultivation, during rains the water is turbid and there is much siltation and sedimentation. But the area appears to be rich in nutrients, and oysters, mussels and cockles are in abundance. Small-scale fishing consists of fixed fish traps or corrals catching fish and shrimps and drive-in brush lines for catching small shrimp species (probably Acetes sp) used in making shrimp paste, a local delicacy and exported to other localities.
There is limited area for expansion and rapid siltation will further reduce the area for oyster/mussel culture. More exposed areas further from shore may have to be eventually utilized for shellfish culture operations.
Sapian Bay, in Sapi-an municipality, Capiz province is an extensive protected area suitable for the culture of green mussel, Perna viridis. The bay is a natural drainage of an extensive watershed area so that there is rapid siltation especially during the rainy season. The presence of bamboo stakes and various physical structures put up by mussel farmers further aggravates this situation.
However, fast currents during incoming and receding tides and especially during spring tides are observed. This favours water renewal and provides greater volume of water which the mussels can filter in their feeding process. The water quality appears fertile so that mussel production is favourable.
Mussel culture in this site is well established. Small-scale private operators are well dispersed in most of the bay area. There are houses on stilts with one operating a trading centre, another a restaurant and still another a petrol, depot.
The methods and handling of the harvested mussels have been developed. Cabo negro ropes (local fibre) reinforced by polyethelene lines have been found suitable and are extensively used. Full length bamboos serve many purposes and have become valuable and expensive commodity in the area. Rafts provided with especially constructed sunken netted flooring to contain live mussel harvests are used to supplement wooden boats. It appears that mussel culture will remain in the area and the BFAR demonstration station in this site is serving a very useful purpose. Credit to the industry provided through the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) has been very successful with loans paid up when due. An attempt by a commercial firm to put up a large commercial venture in the area was withdrawn and the industry is continuing under small-scale mussel farmers.
It is noted that many coves and bays along the coastline of Panay island can serve as suitable sites for small-scale fisheries development, particularly shellfish culture (mussels, oysters). That the operators of existing shellfish farmers have remained small-scale is a credit to the determination and self-reliant nature of the farmers themselves. However, as competition increases with more households going into the
industry, and as the grounds continue to deteriorate, there is urgent need to manage the area so that the sites and resources can continue to serve the industry and the people. Activities along this line should include: (a) continued monitoring and demonstration of advanced techniques of culture by the BFAR, (b) regulation of the uncontrolled increase of shellfish farmers to a number that the existing sites can accommodate to avoid adverse effect on the environment, (c) establishment of support facilities such as landing and exchange centres, fuel depot, store at site for spare parts and consumer items, (d) credit facilities, (e) organization of farmers into cooperatives, and (f) marketing, handling, processing and storage facilities.
(g) Tambac Bay, Northwestern Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan province
Tambac Bay is an extensive protected and shallow bay located in the northwestern margin of the Lingayen Gulf in northwestern Luzon. The surrounding communities are populated by marginal fishermen and farmers using both occupations for bare subsistence.
Studies conducted by the BFAR and subsequently reinforced by FAO assistance (Glude, et al, 1982) showed that an area of about 4 000 hectares can be suitable for development into oyster farms mainly in the Tambac Bay and in the neighbouring areas in northwestern part of the Lingayen Gulf. This potential has not so far been taken advantage of by the communities around this site.
In order to develop shellfish culture as a small-scale industry and improve the economic condition in this area the following activities should be initiated: (a) continuation and intensification of demonstration in improved techniques of shellfish culture by BFAR, (b) organization of the fisherman/fish farmers first into associations and subsequently into cooperatives so that they can act collectively in their, culture operations, obtaining credit, harvesting and marketing of their products, and (c) when the volume of production warrants the required support facilities like landing sites, processing plants, transport facilities should also be made available.
To implement a pilot project in any of these sites, the drafting of a complete project proposal for external technical assistance for at least two-year project period should be formulated.
4.2 Netcage culture demonstration in Cebu island
In this island a private party has started trials on netcage holding and fattening of high value finfish species like grouper and seabass. In certain localities seasonal glut of trashfish occurs and it is also observed that the species amenable for netcage culture in various growth stages are often encountered with the catch of fishermen. Therefore there are favourable circumstances which favour the possible success of netcage culture in selected sites in the province. Success in this venture in a selected pilot site can be used as model for the initiation of projects in other sites of the province or in other provinces.
4.3 Culture of Gracilaria and Porphyra seaweed
This seaweed species have existed as wild resource in certain coastal areas of the country. Previously they were being gathered to supply small amount of the needs in the market. Recently, however, the stocks of these useful species have declined and even have disappeared in some sites where they use to exist in abundance. There is therefore a need to initiate the culture of these species. To implement this project two existing stations of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources may be selected as venues.
4.4 Sanitary control and/or depuration of cultured shellfish
Descriptions and recommendations of this activity are detailed in another paper (Glude, et al., 1982). The paper suggests that initially the centers of production of mussels and oysters should be located and their production capacities evaluated. To effect sanitary/quality control two suitable methods were identified: (a) exposing crop in natural cleansing areas, and (b) cleansing crop through known methods of depuration. Since this process holds the key to further expansion of the shellfish culture industry, it should deserve consideration.
5. SINGAPORE
5.1 Hatchery production of grouper fry
Under experimental conditions, the Aquaculture Unit of the Primary Production Department of Singapore has been able to spawn the cultured grouper species, Epinephelus tauvina. This is a high market value species that can be raised in netcages. The established industry in Singapore as well as those in other countries like Malaysia, Thailand and in the future Indonesia and the Philippines will have demand for fry to be used in their grow-out cages. Fingerlings and juveniles of this species from natural waters are often uncertain in amount and seasonal occurrence and vary very much in sizes so that they do not fit well for cage culture operations. There is good reason for the Unit in Singapore to pursue the commercial production of this grouper fry.
5.2 The use of formulated feeds for netcage-cultured fish
Singapore has succeeded in using pelleted formula feeds for the grow-out culture of the grouper. However, the practice is still not used as a standard practice and perhaps no special formulation has yet been on sale in the market. There is need also to find suitable formula feed for the other cage-cultured species including that of the seabass and snappers. As there are now some established feed processing plants in Singapore, this work can be done with the collaboration of these concerns for mutual benefit and to avoid duplication and to save on funds. Also, there are perhaps local expertise available for this work, but if not some short-term specialized consultancy can be acquired through appropriate donor agencies.
5.3 The technology of rearing, holding, and fattening of mangrove crab in netcages
The government workers and private farmers have succeeded in holding and fattening the mangroce crab, Scylla serrata in floating netcages. If youngs and juveniles of this species can be available, the technique of rearing them till marketable can be tested. In holding and fattening of grown-up crabs the method used is simple feeding with varied kinds of food. There is need to test the best type of food and the rate of feeding and evaluate the economics in their use. Incidentally sometimes penaeid shrimp species such as Penaeus monodon and P. merguiensis as well as the marine spiny lobster are also raised in these cages either in polyculture with the crabs or in monoculture. Feeding technique for these shrimp species and lobsters should also be studied.
6. THAILAND
6.1 Pilot demonstration and training on the culture of Eucheuma seaweed
There is no commercial seaweed culture in Thailand at present. Seaweed production still depends on simple gathering along definite coastal areas where economic seaweed species naturally exist. Investigation on the culture of Gracilaria species is now being conducted with external technical assistance. Eucheuma also exists in Thailand and the natural stocks are being exploited at a fast rate. There is need to initiate the culture of this species to save it from depletion and provide supplementary income for coastal fishermen. Culture techniques developed in other areas in the region may be adapted in the country.
6.2 Study of the biology and culture of the flame clam, Meretrix lusoria in Rayong and Trat provinces
The flame clam is a valuable species of mollusc which used to be abundant in coastal mudflats especially in Rayong and Trat. Its meat is delicious and commands high price in local hotels and during its years of abundance it was reported to be an item of export. Because of the high demand, intensive gathering soon reduced the available stocks to very low levels. At precent it has become very rare with only high class hotels buying it occasionally.
The Fisheries Department of Thailand expressed desire to revive the fishery for the flame clam. If it can be amenable for culture, it can be used for culture in suitable coastal sites as alternative source of income of fishermen.
6.3 Use of artificial reef to revive declining coastal fishery resources
To provide livelihood assistance to two depressed fishing villages in Trat province, a draft FAO/TCP project proposal has been prepared by this project (RAS/84/016). The draft proposal which calls for a budget of US$200 000 has been submitted to the Government of Thailand for appropriate action. The proposal was based on data provided by an identification paper on Small-Scale Fisheries Development in Thailand by S. Rientrairut acting as consultant to this project (SCS/85/WP/I26, 1985).
6.4 Keeping sanitary standard of cultured mussels and oysters
A major constraint to the market demand of shellfish either from natural waters or cultured is the low sanitary condition of the crop. This is a result of exposure of the shellfish grounds to sources of pollution such as from population centers or from industries. Likewise poor handling can add to this problem.
The potential for increased production of shellfish is high in all the ASEAN countries, but the bad experiences of local consumers and the rejections by foreign markets of shellfish products are major constraints in the continued expansion of the industry.
A project to study how this problem could be solved in the case of Thailand will be needed so that this industry can expand in the future.
