FAO - EC LNV - GTZ - ICRAF - CIFOR

Workshop on Tropical Secondary Forest Management in Africa:
Reality and Perspectives

Nairobi, Kenya, 09 - 13 December 2002

Proceedings

Rome, Italy
October 2003

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of a country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.

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© FAO 2003

Contacts

FAO
Froylán Castañeda
Forestry Department
00100 Rome, Italy
Tel.: +39 06 5705 3834
Fax: +39 06 5705 5137
E-mail: [email protected]

Mirjam Kuzee
Forestry Department
00100 Rome, Italy
Tel.: +39 06 5705 6103
Fax: +39 06 5705 5137
E-mail: [email protected]

CIFOR
Ms Unna Chokkalingam
PO Box 6596 JKPWB
Jakarta 10065, Indonesia
Tel.: +62 251 622 622
Fax: +62 251 622 100
E-mail: [email protected]

World Agroforestry Center
Bashir Jama
PO Box 30677
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel.: +254 2 524000; 524230
E-mail: [email protected]

GTZ
Helmut Dotzauer
Kotak Pos 1202
Samarinda, KT 75001
Indonesia
Tel.: +62 541 733434
E-mail: [email protected]

EC LNV
Herman Savenije
National Reference Centre for Agriculture,
Nature Management and Food Quality
(EC LNV)
POB 482, 6710. BL, Ede
Netherlands
Tel.: +31 318 822 835
E-mail: [email protected]

Colophon

This document has been prepared on the basis of the findings of the workshop "Tropical Secondary Forest Management in Africa: realities and perspectives"; 9-13 December 2003, Nairobi, Kenya.

Copies may be requested by e-mail or by writing to any of the contacts above mentioning "Proceedings, Nairobi Workshop" and the number of copies required.

Sections of the text may be quoted and referred to, providing the source is mentioned

Prepared by: Bernd Markus Liss, Consultant AGEG, Germany Coert Geldenhuys, FORESTWOOD, South Africa Dali Mwagore, Consultant, Kenya

Mirjam Kuzee, FAO
Unna Chokkalingan, CIFOR
Herman Savenije, EC LNV, Netherlands
Froylán Castañeda, FAO

Editing and co-ordination: Coert Geldenhuys, Froylán Castañeda, Herman Savenije and Mirjam Kuzee

CONTENTS

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

2. Workshop objectives

3. Expected results

4. Participants

5. Programme and process
5.1 Session 1: Inauguration
5.2 Session 2: Introduction to the workshop
5.3 Session 3: Setting the scene
5.4 Session 4: Detailing the overall picture: country issues and experience
5.5 Field Excursion: Exploring secondary forest issues in local realities
5.6 Session 5: Issues, opportunities and constraints, lessons learned
5.7 Session 6: Definitions and typology
5.8 Session 7: Conclusions and recommendations
5.9 Session 8: Actions and priorities
5.10 Evaluation of the workshop

6. Main themes and conclusions

7. Immediate actions

Part 2: Thematic papers

2.1 Major outcomes of the Pucallpa and Samarinda workshops on secondary forests in tropical America and Asia

2.2. Secondary forest definitions and dynamics

2.3. SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS OF SETTING THE SCENE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY OF SECONDARY FORESTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND ASIA
3. SECONDARY FOREST IN AFRICA - ITS EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE
4. SECONDARY FOREST TYPOLOGIES
5. DISCUSSION ON THE DEFINITION OF SECONDARY FORESTS
6. INTRODUCTORY PAPER ON TROPICAL SECONDARY FORESTS IN ANGLOPHONE AFRICA
7. CONCEPT PAPERS

2.4 Introduction paper
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION OF SECONDARY FORESTS
3. FACTORS THAT CAUSE SECONDARY FORESTS

3.1 Shifting cultivation

3.2 Plantation agriculture

3.3 Selective logging

3.5 Natural causes

4. TYPOLOGY OF SECONDARY FORESTS
5. EXTENT OF SECONDARY FORESTS IN AFRICA
6. USES, FUNCTIONS AND FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SECONDARY FORESTS

6.1 Non-timber forest products

6.2 Timber and other wood products

6.3 Carbon sequestration

6.4 Biodiversity conservation

6.5 Eco-tourism

6.6 Sale of environmental services

7. STAKEHOLDERS OF SECONDARY FORESTS
8. EXPERIENCES AND MAJOR ISSUES OF SECONDARY FOREST DEVELOPMENT

8.1 Ecological aspects

8.2 Technical aspects

8.3 Socio-cultural and economic aspects

8.4 Political-institutional aspects

9. PRIORITIES FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
10. CONCLUSION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1: ESTIMATED SECONDARY FORESTS FOR SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES
APPENDIX 2: PLANTS COMMONLY FOUND IN SECONDARY FORESTS AND THEIR USES IN GHANA

Milicia excelsa

2.5 Thematic paper on ecological issues
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SSA FOREST RESOURCES BASE

2.1 Forest types

2.2 Forest ownership in SSA Anglophone

3. WHAT ARE SECONDARY FORESTS?

3.1 Origin of secondary forests

3.2 Categories of secondary forest

4. THE VALUE OF SECONDARY FORESTS
5. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON ECOLOGY OF SECONDARY FORESTS AND AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE GAP

5.1 Stand structure, species composition, diversity and dynamics

5.2 Development of secondary forests in tropical moist areas

5.3 Regeneration and characteristics of dry forests

5.4 Influences of anthropogenic factors

6. SOCIO ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
7. FOREST POLICY AND LEGISLATION
8. INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE
9. BIOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES, AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES

9.1 A summary of challenges to sustainable forest management

10. RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES

2.6 Thematic paper on socio-economic issues
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition and background

1.2 Tropical deforestation and creation of secondary forests

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES: STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

2.1 Hunting and trade in bush meat

2.2 Shifting cultivation

2.3 Forest fires

2.4 Harvesting of medicinal plants

2.5 Edible wild plant resources

2.6 Beekeeping and honey collection

2.8 Wood carving - household items

2.9 Building poles

2.12 Buffer zone agroforestry

2.13 Forest ecotourism

2.14 Community-based forest resource management

2.15 Management and uses of sacred groves (traditional forest reserves)

2.16 Tenure systems, forest user rights and conflicts

2.17 Evictions and resettlement to alleviate illegal forest resources use

2.18 Multiple-use policy and integrated conservation and development

2.19 Harvesting intensity, species distribution, abundance and composition

3. LESSONS LEARNT AND THE NEED FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY FORESTS
4. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS TO MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY FORESTS
5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE SECONDARY FOREST MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
6. PRIORITIES FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY FORESTS IN AFRICA
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
9. REFERENCES

2.7 Thematic paper on policy and institutional issues
Acknowledgements
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Country case studies and lessons

2.1 Botswana - Management of natural resources (Republic of Botswana, 2002)

2.2 Botswana - Wildlife management in Chobe and Sankoyo

2.3 Botswana - Wildlife monitoring in KD1 (SNV-IUCN, 2001)

2.4 Gambia - Community forest ownership (Bojang and Reeb, 1998)

2.5 Mozambique - Local institutions in CBNRM in Mozambique

2.6 Mozambique - Excerpts from the Forests and Wildlife Policy and Strategy

2.7 Mozambique - Spectrum of institutional arrangements in forest management

2.8 Namibia - The CBNRM Programme in Namibia

2.9 Sudan - Forest policy changes (Government of Sudan, 2000)

2.10 Tanzania - Institutional/legal frameworks and devolution

2.11 Implications for policy formulation

3. Knowledge gap analysis

3.1 What do we know of political-institutional issues around secondary forests?

3.2 Two missing links in political-institutional arrangements for management of secondary forests

4. Potential constraints and conflicts
5. Conclusions
6. Research priorities and immediate actions
7. References

Part 3: Country papers

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2. MAIN OBSERVATIONS FROM THE COUNTRY PAPERS
1. The concept of secondary forests
2. Socio-economic and ecological importance of secondary forests
3. Current management practices of secondary forests
4. Future management of secondary forests
5. Institutional and political issues governing the management of secondary forests

3.3. to 3.17 COUNTRY PAPERS

3.3. Country paper: Botswana

3.4 Country paper: Ethiopia

3.5 Country paper: Gambia

3.6 Country paper: Ghana

3.7 Country paper: Kenya

3.8 Country paper: Malawi

3.9 Country paper: Mozambique

3.10 Country paper: Namibia

3.11 Country paper: Nigeria

3.12 Country paper: South Africa

3.13 Country paper: Swaziland

3.14 Country paper: Tanzania

3.15 Country paper: Uganda

3.16 Country paper: Zambia

3.17 Country paper: Zimbabwe

Part 4: Annexes

Annex 1. List of participants

Annex 2. Workshop programme

Annex 3. Opening session

Annex 4. Participants' expectations from the workshop

Annex 5: Detailing the overall picture: country issues and experience

Annex 6: Field excursions

Annex 7: Issues, opportunities and constraints; lessons learned

Annex 8: Secondary forests: Towards a definition and typology for Africa

Annex 9: Conclusions and Recommendations

Annex 10. Actions and priorities

Annex 11. Workshop evaluation