APPENDICES

1. Status of tree seed education at agricultural colleges

Table 1: Countries and institutes/colleges visited, their sources of funding, programmes offered, duration and agroforestry education

Country, name and address of institution	Funding	Programmes	Programme duration (years)	Programme with agroforestry education
Kenya Baraka Agricultural College P. O. Box 52 Molo - 20106 Tel. 00254 051 721091 Fax. 00254 051 721310 [email protected]	Non-governmental	Certificate Certificate in Sustainable agriculture and rural development Diploma in Sustainable agriculture and rural development Demand driven farmers courses	1 year 4 months 2 years 1 - 2 weeks	Agroforestry is a full paper
Bukura Agricultural College P. O. Box 23 Bukura Tel. 00254 056 620440	Government	Diploma in agriculture Diploma in horticulture Diploma in agriculture & home economics Diploma in animal science	2 2 2 2	Agroforestry is a full paper Agroforestry not taught Agroforestry not taught Agroforestry not taught
Londiani Forestry College P. O. Box 8 Londiani Tel. 00254 052 64029	Government	Certificate in forestry Diploma in forestry	2 1	Silviculture fully taught Silvirculture fully taught
Tanzania Forestry Training Institute- Olmotonyi (FTI) P. O. Box 943 Arusha Tel. 00255 027 2509637 Fax. 00255 027 2509795 [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute, Tengeru (MATI) P. O. Box 3101 Arusha Tel. 00255 027 2553034 Fax. 00255 027 2553027 <[email protected]	Government Government	Diploma in forestry Diploma in beekeeping Certificate on forestry Certificate in beekeeping Certificate in animal health & production Diploma in horticulture Diploma in general agriculture Diploma in animal production	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	Agroforestry & silviculture fully taught Agroforestry is a full paper Agroforestry & silviculture fully taught Agroforestry is a full paper Agroforestry is not a full paper Agroforestry is a full paper Agroforestry is part of natural resource management
Uganda Bukalasa Agricultural College P. O. Box 174 Wobulenzi Tel. 00256 (0) 777 65265 Fax. 00256 (0) 416 20020	Government	Diploma in crop production Diploma in animal production Diploma in agriculture Diploma in animal husbandry	2 2 3 3	Agroforestry & silviculture not taught Agroforestry & silviculture not taught Agroforestry & silviculture not taught Agroforestry & silviculture not taught

Table 2: Institutes/colleges, human resources capacity, area of specialization and subjects taught

Name of institution	Qualification (staff)	Number of staff	Area of specialization	Gender	Subject taught
Baraka Agricultural College	BSc	1	Livestock	M	Environment education
	BSc	3	Agroforestry	M	Agroforestry components
	BSc	1	Engineering	M	Soil and water conservation
	Certificate	1	Agriculture	M	Fruit growing
	Certificate	1	Agriculture	M	Nursery management
Londiani Forestry College	BSc	1	Forestry	M	Forestry-related subjects
	Diploma	4	Forestry	2M, 2F	Forestry-related subjects
	Diploma	2	Forestry	1M, 1F	Silviculture
Bukura Agricultural College	Not indicated	-	-	-	-
Forest Training Institute - Olmotonyi (FTI)	Diploma	4	Beekeeping	3M, 1F	Beekeeping
	BSc	1	Marine biology	M	Marine biology
	BSc	6	Forestry	M	Forestry
Forest Training Institute - Olmotonyi (FTI)	MSc	1	Agroforestry	M	Agroforestry and some forestry courses
	MSc	1	Forestry	M	Forestry
	M.Phil	1	Environmental education	F	Tree seed, soil fertility and environmental education
	PhD	1	Forest economist	M	Economist, climatology, logging
Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute, Tengeru (MATI)	MSc	1	Soil science / land management	M	Natural resource management
	Diploma	1	Crop science	M	Agroforestry
	MSc	1	Tropical animal production	M	Tree seed and animal science
Bukalasa Agricultural College	BSc	1	Animal production	M	Poultry, small ruminants, rabbits, pasture production and management
Nyabyeya Forestry College	MSc	11	Forestry	M	Forestry-related subjects
	BSc	5	Forestry	3F, 2M	Forestry-related subjects
	Diploma	5	Forestry/apiculture	4F, 1M	Forestry-related subjects

Table 3: Current tree seed curricula, status, deficiencies and constraints in colleges visited.

Name of college	Course/ subject	Tree seed component	Contact hours	Deficiencies in the curriculum	Constraints to teaching tree seed education	Present conditions & facilities
Baraka Agricultural College	Agro- forestry	Seed collection/ storage	2	Seed collection and sources, seed selection and treatment, storage, marketing, viability and maturity	Unavailability of literature, quality seed, storage facilities, lack of seed technologist, introduce appropriate technology,	Preserving agents, are not available, packaging material not easily available
	Fruit growing	Seed collection	2
	Short courses	Seed collection, cleaning and storage	2
Kenya Forestry College, Londiani.	Silvicul-ture	Flowering and production of seed	14	Seed biology, genetics provenances, seed collection, handling & documentation, marketing, seed biotechnology (cloning, tissue culture, etc.	Unavailability of literature/informat-ion, training and motivation, laboratory resources, transport for fieldwork.	-Good laboratories but no technicians -Reagents not available -Literature not adequate -Seed banks good, available from KEFRI
	Seed product-ion	Tree seed	48	Seed processing, storage, procurement, testing, dormancy and pre-treatment, health quarantines, certification
Bukura Agricultural College	Agro-forestry	Seed collection	22	Tree seed collection, identification, methods for seed scarification, seed sowing, seedling pooling, pricking, tree nursery management	Inadequate personnel, availability, poly tubes, unavailable literature, seed collection tools. Efforts should be made where possible to improvise with locally available materials, tools and equipment.	Nursery, laboratory, reference books
		Seed sowing	2
		Scarification	2
Forestry Training Institute- Olmotonyi (FTI)	Silvcul-ture, forest extens-ion, comm-unity forestry, agro-forestry	Seed sources, collection, extraction, cleaning, drying, germination test, storage and distribution	18	Seed sources, seed collection, processing, procurement, germination tests, seed ordering and supply, distribution, seed extraction, cleaning and drying, equipment for tree seed practical, time limiting factor.	No laboratory and associated facilities, relevant textbooks, limited knowledge on indigenous tree seeds.	Ladders, drying pan available, drying wires need to be purchased, drying shades need renovation, and store very small and old, new one needed.
Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute, Tengeru (MATI)	Agro-forestry	Seed collection, treatment, storage Tree nursery establishment	5 9	Seed storage, seed quality, species identification, seedling development, development, hardening and planting out	Time allocation, shortage of literature (out-dated material) shortage of teaching facilities, financial support lacking	Seed store old and needs renovation, institution does not have forestry training facilities
	Pasture and fodder product-ion	Seed formation, development, maturation, seed scarifications, germination test, purity analysis, browse plants & utilization	12 (3T& 9P)	Seed concept, seed formation, seed development and maturation, seed germination, dormancy, viability and vigour
	Land re-sources manage-ment	Methods of establishing trees and shrubs	9	Seed treatment,
	Tree nursery establi-shment	Tree nursery establishment, seed collection, treatment and storage	5	Tree species, and different methods for obtaining high quality seeds.
Bukalasa Agricultural College		No tree seed component taught		Introduction to plant propagation, types of planting materials, viability, management of tree seed (storage, pre- treatment, dormancy, raising seedlings, species selection, procurement, seed certification	Trained labour, support staff availability, low motivation of staff, lack of relevant literature, teaching facilities, no internet facilities, trained manpower,	Nothing is in place; however, seed laboratory
Nyabyeya Forestry College	Silvicul-ture,	Seed and tree nursery production (taught to all programmes), nursery & seed supply,	90		Limited infor- mation/literature, limited direct benefits from the seed that hinders their profit, time limited, seed collection and storage facilities lacking, no cold room	Genetic considerations, seed collection equipment very limited, poor seed storage facilities, seed processing equipment limited, tree nursery, enough space for teaching practicals, seed treatment equipment is very limited and good seed sources (Budongo Natural Forest), transport of seed and extraction present and good, seed quality and dormancy facilities present
Nyabyeya Forestry College	Tree nursery	Seed production	16	Seed procurement policies, seed quarantine measures	Lack of training equipment /tools, lack of motivation to staff, transport to take students for practicals
	Nursery operat-ions	Nursery establishment	33
	Market-ing	Demand/ supply, technical advice to farmers	10

Table 4. Summary of deficiencies and constraints to teaching tree seed science as currently taught.

Deficiencies in the curriculum	Constraints to teaching tree seed education
Tree seed maturity, collection and supply sources, seed procurement policies, seed selection and treatment, storage, viability, marketing	Inadequate literature, lack of seed handling facilities, lack of seed technologists, preservatives not available, packaging material not easily available
Seed biology, genetics, provenances, seed biotechnology (cloning, tissue culture, etc.)	Very limited literature and information, inadequate laboratory resources, lack of facilities to support field exercises
Tree seed processing, testing, dormancy & pre-treatment, health quarantines, certification	Inadequate linkages with tree seed sources and authorities.
Tree seed scarification, seed sowing, seedling pooling, pricking, tree nursery management	Lack of tools of nursery management, lack of resources, no practical experience.
Species identification, seedling development, hardening & planting out	Lack of experience in nursery management, available land not designated for tree planting

Table 5: Tree seed curricula and teaching needs identified by lecturers of agricultural and forestry colleges visited in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Institutes/colleges	Teaching materials on tree seed	Topics to be incorporated in the tree seed modules / teaching	Suggested contact hours	Facilities and human resources required
Baraka Agricultural College	Adequate stationary, teaching manuals, reference books, pamphlets or brochures.	Seed sources, selection, collection, testing for quality, treatment, storage, marketing.	2 hours theory / week and 2 hours practical /week	No laboratories and associated facilities.
Bukura Agricultural College	Range of tree species for various uses.	Tree seed identification, collection, dormancy, scarification, seed sowing and nursery management.	22 theory and practical	Laboratory, seed processing facilities and qualified personnel
Londiani Forestry College Forest Training Institute- Olmotonyi (FTI)	Literature, packaging materials. Relevant and up-to-date text- books, journals, periodicals.	Seed physiology, seed biology, genetic seed provenance, seed documentation, seed collection, handling, processing, dormancy and pre-treatment, testing, storage, procurement, seed quarantine / certification, marketing, seed biotechnology, seed phenology Seed storage, seed quality, seedling development, handling and planting out, seed source, seed collection, seed ordering and supply, seed extraction, seed processing	Diploma - 14 theory and 14 practical. Certificate - 20 theory and 28 practical 23 theory: 27 practical hours (50) 10 theory: 30 practical hours (40)	Laboratory, seed stands and orchards, seed storage facilities Qualified personnel Relevant equipment for seed quality tests, laboratory and accessories, storage facilities, sorting, grading and packaging equipment, qualified staff, transport and funds for fieldwork
Institutes/Colleges Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute, Tengeru (MATI)	Literature, relevant teaching materials, literature on tree species and their uses.	Seed procurement, processing, testing, germination, time allocated to the tree seed needs to be considered, seed treatment, tree seed species, seed quality, seed concepts, seed sources establishment and maintenance, seed formation, maturation, dormancy, viability, vigour & storage	50% 24 theory: 36 practical hours 23 theory; 27 practical hours 30 theory: 60 practical	Seed laboratories with accessories, facilities and equipment for testing for quality, storing, sorting and grading seeds, personnel (tree seed specialists).
Bukalasa Agricultural College	Trained trainers, reference books and related literature, nursery and reagents.	Plant propagation, types of planting materials, seed procurement, viability, management of tree seed sources, storage, treatment, raising of seedlings (nursery management), seed dormancy, propagation, seed certification, diseases and pests.	40 hours 50 hours	Laboratory facilities, seed storage, seed sources, seed testing equipment, qualified technicians.
Nyabyeya Forestry College	Chemicals	Seed procurement guidelines, seed quarantine measures, tree climbing, tree phenology especially flower bud formation and fruiting.	36 - 50 theory and 45 -56 practical hours; 20 theory and 30 practical hours 50% of the time	Seed collection, extraction equipment, seed preservation equipment, seed storage facilities, and transport for seed collection.

Table 6. Tree seed organizations (local & external) linked to the Agricultural and Forestry Colleges

Country	Institutes / colleges	Collaborating institutions	Nature of linkage
Uganda	Bukalasa Agricultural College	African Network for Agroforestry Education (ANAFE)	Training, provision of literature and technical backstopping
	Nyabyeya Forestry College	National Tree Seed Centre (Uganda)	Purchase of tree seed and technical aspects of tree seed.
		Makerere University	Training.
		ICRAF	Literature, training and technical backstopping.
		V1 - Tree Seed Centre	Pamphlets and seed purchase.
		DANIDA Tree Seed Center (Denmark)	Literature on tree seed
Kenya	Baraka Agricultural College	Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)	Provide training and relevant materials on tree seed
		ANAFE	A member of network
		Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (KARI)	Partner in research information dissemination and sharing.
	Bukura Agricultural College	ANAFE	A member of network, provision of technical backstopping.
	Kenya Forestry College, Londiani.	Kenya Forestry Research Institute ANAFE	Teaching (practicals) and provision of industrial plantation seeds. Basic research information sharing and technical backstopping. Training staff and AF education.
Tanzania	Forest Training Institute- Olmotonyi (FTI)	Tanzania Tree Seed Agency	Supply of good quality tree seed for the institute nursery. Procurement of tree seeds.
		Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI)	Sharing of research findings
	Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute, Tengeru (MATI)	Tanzania Official Seed Certification Agency (TOSCA) seed testing unit	Advise and assist in seed certification (training).
		Horticultural research	Research findings
		National vegetable seed	Training
		World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC)	Training
		Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)	Research findings on pests, diseases and control (quarantine)
		Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)	Technical advice, training