EDITOR'S NOTE: This documentation is taken from The Director-General's Programme of Work and Budget for 1982-83, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, document No. C81/3, June 1981, as presented to the 21st Conference of FAO, 7 through 26 November 1981. Some of the tables have been simplified for clarity.
Programme 2.3.1: Forest resources and environment
Programme 2.3.2: Forest industries and trade
Programme 2.3.3: Forest investment and institutions
Programme 2.3.4: Forestry for rural development
Programme 2.3.9: Programme management
Nature of the problem
Past and current efforts to inventory and manage existing forests and to establish and tend forest plantations have in many parts of the world, especially in the tropics, fallen short of what is needed to realize the full development potential of forest resources in harmony with ecological requirements. Not quite 50 million hectares of tropical forests, a meagre 2.5 percent of all natural tropical forests, are under intensive management at present.
Among man-made forests, about 5 million hectares of non-industrial plantations, mainly for fuelwood, have so far been established in developing countries against an estimated much greater need of forest plantations for fuelwood production by the turn of the century. Furthermore, though these efforts, however limited, have achieved significant results in terms of total output and economic growth, they have often failed - particularly in the tropics - to sustain forest productive potentials and have seldom beer' deliberately oriented toward alleviating poverty. This has aggravated the pressure for converting forest land to agriculture while the demand for energy and other products from the forests, and the need for their protection functions have grown rapidly.
The result is continued depletion of forest cover affecting the human habitat, despoiling watersheds, increasing the recurrence and intensity of floods and the virulence of droughts, enhancing desertification, reducing soil fertility and degrading agricultural lands. At present, about 600 million hectares are sandy desert areas. Desertification has also affected more than 3000 million hectares of rangelands, entailing an annual loss of about $7000 million.
There is a need to attain a proper balance of the social, protective and productive functions of forest lands through forest establishment and management systems which will actively involve local populations and secure benefits for them, while increasing total forestry outputs and ensuring the permanence of the forest resource base. In recognition of this, the Seventy-eighth Session of the FAO Council approved a forestry strategy orientation inspired in the Declaration of Principles and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD). FAO's objectives for programme 2.3.1, "Forest resources and environment," follow that orientation and reflect world awareness of the social, economic and environmental problems associated particularly with depletion of tropical forest and with desertification.
FAO's objectives
FAO will concentrate its advice, assistance and operational activities in member countries on the following sub-objectives:
(a) The eventual creation of a world forest resources information system by systematically updating and ex tending the existing base-line data; assist developing countries in the adoption of advanced technologies for forest inventory, monitoring and management, especially designed to suit their purposes and conditions.(b) Expansion of forest tree plantations for environment protection and as renewable sources of energy, timber, fibres, fodder and food, giving special emphasis to drought-resistant tree species that can directly support rural development while also providing fuelwood; continuation of programmes of quality forest seed collection and distribution and of forest genetic resources conservation and use.
(c) Development of upland forests in support of erosion control ant water regime regulation by protecting, managing and expanding forest cover in harmony with other land uses in mountain areas; management of wildlife, particularly for its nutritional value, its direct contribution to rural welfare and its significance as part of natural ecosystems. (About 80 percent of animal protein consumed by rural people living in the tropical forest areas is derived from wildlife.)
|
Explaining the FAO budget The funds available to FAO come from two sources: its Regular Programme budget, voted by member governments on a biennial basis; and extra-budgetary funds that come primarily from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and national trust funds. The Regular Programme budget essentially covers the costs of FAO headquarters and regional offices while the extra-budgetary funds are for projects, nearly all of which are country-oriented. Funding of these varies according to the timing of projects. The level of extra-budgetary funds is also affected by administrative and political considerations. The Forestry Department's extra-budgetary funding was $59415000 in the 1980-81 biennium and is expected to grow to $66085000 in the current one. The entire Regular Programme budget of FAO for the 1982-83 biennium is $368016000 and represents an increase of 32 percent over the previous biennium. The major part of this increase is due to inflation and mandatory costs. In real terms FAO's Regular Programme budget grew by eight percent. Over the past 14 years, the Forestry Department's share of the FAO Regular Programme has gone down from 8.5 percent in the 1968-69 budget to 4 percent currently. Of the total $368018000 FAO Regular Programme, $14701000 is for forestry. FAO FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PROGRAMME OF WORK AND BUDGET (1980-81 AND 1982-83 BIENNIAL REGULAR PROGRAMME BUDGETS COMPARED AND SUMMARIZED) |
|
Programmes |
1980-81 |
1982-83 |
|
$000 |
$000 |
|
|
2.3.1 Forest resources and environment |
1948 |
2381 |
|
2.3.2 Forest industries and trade |
2051 |
2706 |
|
2.3.3 Forest investment and institutions |
3242 |
4009 |
|
2.3.4 Forestry for rural development |
1490 |
2495 |
|
2.3.9 Programme management |
2609 |
3110 |
|
Total |
11340 |
14701 |
Plan of Action
Sub - programme 2.3.1.1: Development and management of forests
In cooperation with sub-programme 2.3.3.2, "Investment planning and statistics," the existing forest resources base-line data for 76 tropical countries will be updated and extended to other countries and ecosystem types, with the intention of creating a world forest resources data bank through contacts with national institutions and by adding new information from recent forest inventories and vegetation and land-use studies. A working document will be issued.
The Forest Inventory Data Processing System (FIDAPS), installed in six developing countries in 1980-81, will be installed in at least eight more developing countries in 1982-83 and updated in the light of experience.
Different language versions will be published of the Introductory Guide and Programmers' Guide.
Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) will be utilized, in cooperation with sub-programme 2.1.1.1, "Assessment and planning," for the application of new remote sensing techniques to tropical forestry, firstly to disseminate practical know-how with special reference to automated methods of remote sensing for forest cover monitoring and related data banking and, secondly, for monitoring land-use changes, especially shifting cultivation.
Table 1(A) Forest resources and environment ($000) (Main programme 2.3.1)
|
1992-83 ESTIMATES BY SUB-PROGRAMME | |||
|
Sub-programme |
Regular programme |
Extra budgetary |
Total |
|
2.3.1.1 Development and management of forests |
460 |
- |
460 |
|
2.3.1.2 Tree improvement and plantations |
433 |
- |
433 |
|
2.3.1.3 Conservation and wildlife |
412 |
- |
412 |
|
2.3.1.7 Regional offices |
499 |
- |
499 |
|
2.3.1.8 Field programme support |
577 |
34311 |
34888 |
|
Total |
2381 |
34311 |
36692 |
Table 1 (B). 1982-83 estimates by region ($000)
|
Global |
1449 |
|
Africa |
14660 |
|
Asia and Pacific |
7101 |
|
Europe |
538 |
|
Latin America |
4574 |
|
Near East |
8370 |
|
Total |
36692 |
With the assistance of institutions in developing countries and field projects, and in cooperation with sub-programme 2.3.3.2, "Investment planning and statistics," a working document will be published on forest resource appraisal methods in rural environments.
Jointly with sub-programme 2.3.1.3, "Conservation and wildlife," draft guidelines will be prepared for the formulation of integrated forest land-use projects for timber production and forest conservation, as well as for combined production systems for rural development.
Integration of agro-forestry practices in forest land management will be pursued in cooperation with subprogramme 2.3.1.3, "Conservation and wildlife," and 2.3.4.2, "Agro-silvo-pastoral development."
A methodology will be developed for the appraisal of forest resources for multiple use, together with subprogramme 2.3.1.3, "Conservation and wildlife."
Following up previous action by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a Sixth Session of the FAO Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics will be organized in 1982, together with subprogramme 2.3.3.3, "Forest policies and information," from which guidance will be sought toward harmonizing and enhancing international support to Member Governments in their tropical forest development efforts.
Support will be given to an estimated 70 extra-budgetary projects.
Sub-programme 2.3.1.2: Three improvement and plantations
Work in support of establishing an' managing forest tree plantations will continue, with emphasis on fuelwood and multiple-purpose species, in collaboration with sub-programmes 2.3.4.1. "Community forestry," and 2.3.4.3, "Fuelwood."
A FOREST NURSERY IN ALGERIA toward reforestation
Under the guidance of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources, efforts will continue to involve and strengthen national institutions in the collection and conservation of species and provenances of value for developing countries. This will be supplemented by guidance and information on the use of the most suitable species/provenances for varying socio-economic and environmental conditions and for different end-uses, and by the dissemination of information on all aspects of conservation and utilization of forest genetic resources. Particular attention will be paid to seed handling, storage and treatment to minimize losses and waste.
With support from the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, and in close cooperation with subprogramme 2.3.1.3, "Conservation and wildlife," special emphasis will be laid on the genetic resources of tree species for the improvement of rural living in arid and semi-arid areas, and a report on Phase 2 of the project will be published.
Three issues of Forest genetic resources information (FGRI) will be published. A data book on endangered forest tree species and provenances will be published to help protect forest tree species under threat of extinction in all or part of their range of provenance. The final report will be issued as a main document of the FAO/UNEP Project on the Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources.
A session of the International Poplar Commission's Executive Committee and subsidiary bodies will be organized in late 1982.
Support will be given to an estimated 90 extra-budgetary projects.
Sub-programme 2.3.1.3: Conservation and wildlife
Assistance will continue on improving upland conservation practices through integrated watershed and forest land development in cooperation with sub-programme 2.1.1.5, "Conservation and reclamation." Field technicians will be provided with practical knowledge and viable options for solving related problems. A forestry field handbook on upland conservation measures will be published.
Support will be extended to subprogrammes 2.3.4.1, "Community forestry," and 2.3.4.3, "Fuelwood," particularly in terms of forestry techniques adapted to arid and mountain areas.
Formulation of wildlife and national park policies within renewable natural resources policies will be promoted, with emphasis on the possibilities of wildlife utilization by rural people as a source of protein and income. Methodologies for assessment of wildlife resources and their economic and nutritional value will be developed. Assessment of national manpower requirements for the wildlife and national park resources sectors will be carried out, especially in Africa, to determine training needs and required institutional improvements.
The programme will support 80 extra-budgetary projects to an estimated value of $34 million.
Nature of the problem
Forests, which are a significant feature of the rural environment in many developing countries, can become a powerful force for improving living conditions, especially in the rural areas. The transition is not automatic; it depends largely on the forest industries. In fact, forest industries are the crucial link not only between forests and their management but between forests and the people. This potential for development is often completely wasted through poor land-use programmes or substantially lost by the domination of log-exporting interests. Even when those tendencies are controlled, the full potential can still be lost by poor planning, siting and management of the forest industries and by the failure to take advantage of opportunities to supply market needs, especially domestic market needs.
The basic problem, therefore, is to develop attractive and viable alternatives to the wasteful utilization or destruction of forests and to bring the forest industries, which provide those alternatives, up to a level of performance matching their full potential. The difficulties to be overcome in this respect include:
(a) inadequacy of design and technology used in industrialized countries for application to the wide range of conditions in developing countries;(b) insufficient use of lesser-known wood species and certain wood qualities available in natural forests:
(c) general lack of awareness outside the forestry sector of the possibilities and prospects for forest-based industrialization for national and rural development, particularly using wood as an industrial fuel;
(d) limited entrepreneurial range and knowledge, particularly with regard to the sources of investment finance and how to tap them;
(e) lack of trained manpower at all levels from managers to skilled operators and in all aspects from logging to marketing.
FAO's objectives
The fundamental objective is to assist member countries to build up the forest industries sector necessary for maximizing the contribution that forest resources can make to economic and social development, especially in the rural area.
The sub-objectives of this programme are, therefore, to raise the level of self-reliance in the development and management of forest industries and to assist in the orderly development of domestic and export marketing, by: firstly, the design and application of appropriate technology in the logging, sawmilling, wood-based panels, pulp and paper and wood-based energy industries; secondly, the promotion of investment in the improvement of existing industries in rural areas and the establishment of additional ones, both at the village and larger community levels; thirdly, the training of adequate skilled labour forces for logging and forest industries; fourthly, the encouragement and expansion of the industrial use of wood-based energy systems in oil conservation and substitution strategies, and for the improvement of living conditions in rural communities; fifthly, provision of information on changes in international forest product market supply and demand, while assisting in improved marketing of products from a wider range of wood species and qualities.
A SAWMILL IN BRAZIL when the value of wood is established it is respected, managed and conserved
Plan of Action
Sub-programme 2.3.2.1: Development of forest industries
In view of the importance of helping developing countries to become more self-reliant and with the increasing evidence that poor management is a major obstacle to the development of forest industries, the principal focus in the Plan of Action is a course in management of forest industries to be conducted during the biennium, Most of the activities under this and the other sub-programmes will be directed toward this course. For instance, the advisory committee on pulp and paper and that on wood-based panels will continue to meet in accordance with the usual schedules, but their work will emphasize advice to FAO on such items as training, the adaptation and transfer of technology and wood-based energy. These committees will play a major role in providing factual material for the management training course and advise on specific points of weakness. Guidelines for a uniform methodology for the estimation and control of capital and manufacturing costs, which will be prepared as a background document for the course, will also draw on the information system being developed under sub-programme 2.3.2.3, "Logging and transport."
In the identification of opportunities for the establishment and development of forest industries in developing countries, the computer model, which was successfully applied to the ASEAN region in 1978-79 under the UNDP/FAO Pulp and Paper Industries Development Programme, will be further developed for forest industries generally. Its use as a management tool will be reviewed as part of the management training course.
Development of designs for forest industries of appropriate scale and technology will be continued and will include energy conservation and generation from wood at industry and community levels. The transfer of such technology to developing countries will, in many cases, be done through the participation in the preparation of pre-feasibility and feasibility studies of forest industry projects in response to requests from governments. Closely linked to this is assistance in appraising feasibility studies made by third parties, as well as assistance on an ad hoc basis in the financing and implementation of forest industry projects. Case studies based on representative examples will provide practical exercises in the management course.
With plantation timber becoming a more significant part of the wood supply in many developing countries, and coconut-stem timber already a major potential resource in some, special emphasis will be placed on the adaptation and development of appropriate equipment and techniques for the use of these materials in the mechanical processing industries.
Activities in the field of industrial and commercial wood-based energy systems will be directed toward the evaluation of the technologies and trends, raising the awareness of developing countries about the possibilities, and technological adaptation to village-level power generation systems.
Support will be given under this sub-programme to approximately 30 extra-budgetary projects.
Table 2 (A). Forest industries and trade ($000) (Main programme 2.3.2)
|
1992-83 ESTIMATES BY SUB-PROGRAMME | |||
|
Sub-programme |
Regular programme |
Extra budgetary |
Total |
|
2.3.2.1 Development of forest industries |
1069 |
- |
l069 |
|
2.3.2.2 Trade and marketing |
285 |
- |
285 |
|
2.3.2.3 Logging and transport |
435 |
- |
435 |
|
2.3.2.7 Regional offices |
351 |
- |
351 |
|
2.3.2.8 Field programme support |
566 |
12497 |
13063 |
|
Total |
2706 |
12497 |
15203 |
Table 2(B). 1982-83 estimates by region ($000)
|
Global |
1393 |
|
Africa |
3969 |
|
Asia and Pacific |
5254 |
|
Europe |
359 |
|
Latin America |
3997 |
|
Near East |
231 |
|
Total |
15203 |
Sub-programme 2.3.2.2: Trade and marketing
The rapidly expanding but fluctuating trade of wood and wood products originating in developing countries will continue to be monitored in the monthly bulletin of tropical forest products in world timber trade. Countries will be provided with essential information and appropriate methodologies and practical support for evaluating the potential of available timbers at national and project levels, with emphasis on lesser-used species. Case studies of successful experience in expanding timber use and marketing, especially as related to rural areas, will be made available to countries.
Collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in servicing the Integrated Programme for Commodities with respect to tropical timber will continue.
The sub-programme is expected to support 15 extra-budgetary projects.
A PLYWOOD MILL IN THE PHILIPPINES the need is for forest industries in countries with forests
Sub-programme 2.3.2.3: Logging and transport
The major activity under this subprogramme will again be in the field of training in forest roading and harvesting operations. Courses and seminars, funded through the Regular Programme and Trust Funds and aided by course reports and training manuals, will be the main means of furthering the training process. However, more emphasis also needs to be laced in logging and transport on raining at the managerial and supervisory levels. Initially, this will be lone through a major input to the training course in management supplemented by an additional course in the planning and control of harvesting operations.
Work will continue on productivity and cost analysis especially with regard to new machinery and techniques and with the preparation of a checklist for cost estimating, sample cost systems and, eventually, an accounting cost control system. These will provide information and methods for the training course and, at the same time, be basic tools for developing countries to become more self-reliant. In order to improve the retrieval of formation from these systems either for dissemination or as inputs to other activities, it is proposed to computerize material as an integrated system.
Assistance will continue to be provided, on request of Member Governments, in analysis of forest industries development proposals, either in the harvesting aspect alone or as part of an industrial pre-feasibility or feasibility study.
In this and related activities, emphasis also needs to be given to waste minimization and therefore fuller utilization in the forests and in the mills. A world consultation on this subject is planned for the biennium. The results of these efforts will also play a useful part in the energy-from-wood aspects of the programme.
The programme will support about 25 extra-budgetary projects to an estimated value of $12.5 million.
Table 3(A). Forest investment and institutions ($000) (Main programme 2.3.3)
|
1992-83 ESTIMATES BY SUB-PROGRAMME | |||
|
Sub-programme |
Regular programme |
Extra budgetary |
Total |
|
2.3.3.1 Training and institutions |
566 |
- |
566 |
|
2.3.3.2 Investment planning and statistics |
992 |
- |
992 |
|
2.3.3.3 Forest policies and information |
1236 |
- |
1236 |
|
2.3.3.7 Regional offices |
668 |
- |
668 |
|
2.3.3.8 Field programme support |
547 |
16232 |
16779 |
|
Total |
4009 |
16232 |
20241 |
Table 3(B). 1982-83 estimates by region ($000)
|
Global |
2146 |
|
Africa |
5651 |
|
Asia and Pacific |
6878 |
|
Europe |
728 |
|
Latin America |
3970 |
|
Near East |
868 |
|
Total |
20241 |
Nature of the problem
The institutional problems of the forestry sector are common to most of the developing countries: the need for greater investment in forestry and forest industries; the need to modernize forestry institutions, adapt and harmonize them to the socio-economic circumstances; the need for training at all levels; and the need for coordinated research to backstop management practices
Intensified demands on a declining world forest require an expansion of institutional services which will provide an information system; formulate policies and strategies; and plan and execute national and local programmes.
Lack of trained manpower limits the rate at which such institutions may be established' developed and staffed. Hence, assistance in both intermediate servicing and training is a key need.
Lack of ready access to existing information sources and dissemination systems further limits developing countries in the task of decision making with reference to development policy and investment. There continues to be a need at both technical and policy levels to exchange information and experience in facing emerging problems.
As has been stressed by governing bodies, improvements in the establishment of systems for collection and analysis of data are essential as the basis for preparation of operational programmes and investment projects.
FAO's objectives
This programme has as its sub-objectives:
(a) keep under review and encourage development of methodologies appropriate for manpower surveys and training;(b) promote training activities in the forest sector;
(c) assist countries, upon request, in institutions building and institutional functions;
(d) provide international statistical information with respect to resource, capacity, production, trade and manpower in the forest sector, giving special attention to information gaps related to statistical indicators of rural development in the forest sector;
(e) provide a forum for regional discussion of forestry issues;
(f) supply information on the development of the sector to both specialized and general audiences;
(g) provide background studies, in respect of emerging issues affecting sector development, which will assist countries in shaping and revising their forest policies and strategies.
Plan of Action
Sub-programme 2.3.3.1: Training and institutions
The Twelfth Session of the FAO Advisory Committee on Forestry Education will be oriented toward achievement of the priorities of the Forestry Department, including preparation of guidelines for the introduction of community forestry concepts into forestry curricula and promotion of training for small-scale forest industries development in rural areas. Promotion of forestry education development will be ensured through a seminar at the Centre for Forestry Education Research and Development for Asia and the Pacific.
Ways of improving administrative structures and organizations to ensure more effective contribution of forestry to socio-economic development, especially at the level of rural communities, will be examined at an FAO/SIDA Consultation on Forestry Administration for Development.
Action will also be taken to strengthen the institutional base of forestry extension, and a training manual for forest extensionists will be produced.
A publication of appropriate scale forestry enterprises for development will also be prepared to assist such enterprises to achieve operational efficiency and financial benefits for rural communities through cooperatives, associations or other community organizations.
The sub-programme will ensure harmonization of efforts and support to research following WB/FAO/IUFRO discussions on forestry research priorities at the Seventeenth IUFRO Congress in 1981.
It is also expected to prov__ide technical backstopping to 30 extra-budgetary projects.
A TEACHER AND HIS STUDENTS TN ECUADOR the quintessential resource is people
Sub-programme 2.3.3.2: Investment planing and statistic
Continued effort will be directed to improving the coverage and presentation of international statistics, particularly to devising ways of presenting data that are directly utilizable by individual countries. Yearbooks, Forest products, Forest products prices, and Pulp and paper capacities, will continue to be published. Improving information on people in forestry within countries and internationally will be a particular aim of this sub-programme. Analysis of the information base will be directed toward estimating the outlook for supply and demand for forest products by the rural community. Support to improving forestry information systems in individual countries will be provided in conjunction with the field programme.
Strategies for a rational utilization of land in the tropics will be investigated with a view to making shifting cultivation practices compatible with both socio-economic objectives of development and the maintenance of environmental quality. Attention will be focused pticularly, but not exclusively, on Africa. Experience accumulated in implementing forestry sector plans and forestry development projects will be analysed with a view to improving the planning process in developing countries and enhancing both investment and technical assistance programmes and projects. Foreign investment as a force shaping forestry development in developing countries will be analysed with respect to objectives, constraints and socio-economic impact on the economies and societies of host countries, with particular emphasis on the Africa region, complementing earlier research in Latin America and Asia. The aim is to complete a global assessment of this important development force.
Sub-programme 2.3.3.3: Forest policies and information
Eight quarterly issues of Unasylva will be published. Liaison will be maintained with regional offices on forestry matters. Sessions of the Committee on Forestry: Regional Forestry Commissions for Africa, Latin America, Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific; the Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics will be held. Cooperation will be provided to a host country in organizing an informal meeting of Silva Mediterranea.
Contributions will be made to the FAO annuals: Commodity Review and State of Food and Agriculture.
The programme will support 50 extra-budgetary projects to an estimated $16 million.
Table 4(A). Forestry for rural development ($000) (Main programme 2.3.4)
|
1992-83 ESTIMATES BY SUB-PROGRAMME | |||
|
Sub-programme |
Regular programme |
Extra budgetary |
Total |
|
2.3.4.1 Community forestry |
369 |
- |
369 |
|
2.3.4.2 Agro-silvo-pastoral development |
414 |
- |
414 |
|
2.3.4.3 Fuel wood |
795 |
- |
795 |
|
2.3.4.7 Regional offices |
380 |
- |
380 |
|
2.3.4.8 Field programme support |
537 |
3045 |
3582 |
|
Total |
2495 |
3045 |
5540 |
Table 4(B). 1982-83 estimates by region ($000)
|
Global |
1616 |
|
Africa |
1317 |
|
Asia and Pacific |
1427 |
|
Europe |
80 |
|
Latin America |
752 |
|
Near East |
348 |
|
Total |
5540 |
Nature of the problem
The World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD) pointed out that "diversification of rural economic activities, including... integrated forestry development, is essential for broad-based rural development." Forestry can contribute to rural development through the provision of fuelwood and other essential goods to rural people, by maintaining the environmental stability needed for continued food production, and by providing off-farm income and employment. These contributions can be very important; in particular, about 2000 million people still depend upon wood as their principal cooking fuel. The potential of the forest sector to meet such needs is at present being rapidly eroded. There is an urgent need to rectify this. In the past, investments and research were directed mainly to the timber production and protection roles of the forest. The need now is to adapt these to the need to make forestry a more effective tool of rural development. Greater emphasis must be directed to the benefits that can accrue directly to rural people from forestry, and to increasing their participation in the activities of the sector.
FAO's objectives
FAO will concentrate its advice, assistance and operational activities in member countries on the following sub-objectives:
(a) identification and development of community-level systems which enable rural people to meet satisfactorily those of their needs which are based on forest outputs;(b) strengthening government and non-government institutions which support and service rural forestry activities;
(c) establishment of land-use systems which integrate trees and agriculture in a manner which is both environmentally sound and optimally productive for rural people;
(d) identification and promotion of off-farm rural employment and income-generating activities in forestry;
(e) monitoring of fuelwood supply and demand imbalances;
(f) identification and establishment of wood production and use systems which contribute to meeting rural energy needs.
Plan of Action
Sub-programme 2.3.4.1: Community forestry
Work will continue on identifying effective systems for forestry at the community level. The case studies of successful community forestry experiences will be extended, and the process of comparative analysis initiated, in order to clarify principles and requisites for success. Earlier work on project planning will be extended to develop guidelines for design and implementation of community forestry projects. These guidelines will be supported by case studies. Case studies will also be undertaken as part of a study to develop guidelines for strengthening the role of village, tribal and other rural institution in forestry activities. The participation of rural people in self-help forestry projects will be strengthened through further work on incentives and extension. Two workshops on incentives will be held, in Africa and Asia, for managers of upland conservation projects. Films and film-strips will be produced' for use by extension workers, on fuel wood production and small wood based industries. Artisan activities based on the forest will be encouraged through preparation of guidelines on production, processing and marketing of oleoresins, and through a study to assemble information on the role medicinal plants can play in Africa and Latin America.
Sub-programme activities will continue to be supported by an estimated $3.1 million from the Forestry for Local Community Development Programme, financed by Trust Funds. Emphasis will be on developing innovative approaches and methodologies, and on disseminating information. Support will be given to an estimated 40 extra-budgetary projects.
Sub-programme 2.3.4.2: Agro-silvo-pastoral development
Work under this programme will be concerned with developing joint forestry and agricultural land-use practices which are both environmentally sound and of improved direct productive benefit to rural people. The development of better land-use planning practices will also be promoted. A study will be carried out to assemble all experience in Africa of systems to replace shifting cultivation practices, with a view to identifying how to improve upon the latter. Models of agro-forestry production systems which embody conservation practices will be developed and tested in pilot areas. Guidelines for new approaches to silvo-pastoral management in arid areas will be developed. Extension aids will be prepared for programmes to integrate trees into dry-land agriculture. The reports developed this biennium on forest trees which provide food will be published.
Sub-programme 2.3.4.3: Fuelwood
Work on monitoring fuelwood supply-and-demand imbalances will continue in order to identify areas of critical shortage, and the development of programmes for deficit areas will be intensified. Work on evaluating the impact of fuelwood shortages will be extended to studying the cost of substitute use of agricultural residues and animal dung for fuel. Work on fuelwood production systems will be systematically intensified. Case studies will be prepared of successful fuelwood production systems in Asia and Latin America' covering various plantation and agro-silviculture systems both within and outside forest areas. Preparatory work will start on short technical monographs on tree species for energy production and in conjunction with sub-programme 2.3.3.2, "Investment planning and statistics." on the economics of different production methods and practices. A course on fuelwood production will be held for field technicians from arid area countries in Africa. Other work concerning forestry and energy will be a study on market prospects for charcoal and a study on the potential for expanding the use of wildlife as draught animals in forestry.
Table 5(A). Programme management ($000) (Main programme 2.3.9)
|
1992-83 ESTIMATES BY SUB-PROGRAMME | |||
|
Sub - programme |
Regular programme |
Extra budgetary |
Total |
|
2.3.9.1 Depart mental direction |
494 |
- |
494 |
|
2.3.9.2 Divisional direction |
2121 |
- |
2121 |
|
2.3.9.7 Regional offices |
495 |
- |
495 |
|
Total |
3110 |
- |
3110 |
Table 5(B). 1982-83 estimates by region ($000)
|
Global |
2615 |
|
Africa |
81 |
|
Asia and Pacific |
85 |
|
Europe |
223 |
|
Latin America |
106 |
|
Near East |
- |
|
Total |
3110 |
The sub-programme will provide coordination of the follow-up of the fuelwood and charcoal component of the UN Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. It will also backstop the Trust Fund-financed Forestry and Rural Energy Programme.
The programme will support an estimated 50 extra-budgetary projects to an estimated value of $3 million.
This programme covers the immediate office of the Assistant Director General, Forestry Department, and the offices of directors of forestry divisions. It also covers those portions of the offices of the regional representatives which are applicable to forestry as a major FAO programme.
The proposed increase is mainly to cover costs for merging the Forestry Library with the Fisheries Library, computerization of the forestry field information system, and general operating expenses.
