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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Table 1

Taxonomic resources of the phytoplankton in various Mediterranean paralic basins.

BasinTaxonomic resourcesPrevailing confinement zones
Lagoon of Diana41      II (III)
Mar Chica29II
Lagoon of Mauguio13       IV (V)
Lake Melah10IV - V
Bermuda Triangle  8IV - V (VI)
Lagoon of Biguglia27 V - VI
  (freshwater influences)

From FRISONI's data, personal communication

Table 2

Number of species and diversity of the ichthological populations of the lagoons of the eastern plain of Corsica. From FRISONI et al., 1983.

 BIGUGLADIANAURBINO
 Mouth Centre of lagoonSouth   NorthNorth   South
Sedentary 78 %  82.0 %  94 % 
Migrant 21 %  10.4 %  4 % 
Occasionals (% of the captures*)In numbers   1 %    7.6 %  2 % 
M/S * Ratio (numbers) (1981)0.31 0.070.09 0.150.03  0.02
Number of species*(Migrant + sedentary) (numbers)16 1123 2020  18
ESH (numbers) Maximum 0.659 (Spring)0.716 (Summer)0.558 (Summer)
 Minimum 0.463 (Winter)0.304 (Winter)0.342 (Winter)

* All periods taken together

Table 3

“Sedentary” species : percentages of captures
(Over one year)

 BIGUGLIADIANAURBINO
 MouthCentreNorthSouthMouthNorthSouth
Year818181 (79)81(79)818181
Atherina266183(87.8)68(71.3)386572
Aphanius362013(2)17(23)592925
Syngnathus1182(3.6)9(2.3)141.5
Mottled Goby3812(6.6)6(13.2)221.5
weight       
Atherina5881.5898751.57575
Aphanius2415.091247.52023
Syngnathus0.52.510.50.52.51.5
Mottled Goby181110.52.50.5

Table 4

Quantity of Molluscs in the Etang du Prévost

N = Density in number of individuals per m2
B = Biomass in grammes of decalcified dry weight per m2

 Fine sandsMuddy sandsLagunar muds
 St. XSt. 15 et 16North. emis. S t. 7West. bas.East. bas.
MolluscsNBNBNBNBNB
9052401.3308333.8108315.740318.49198.3
Total fauna9716415.4401044.9628222.6733116.9285114.9

Table 5

Average values of density and biomass, annual production of the main Pelecypod Molluscs at different stations in the Etagne du Prevost

 Station XStation 16Station 15Station 7
 NBPP/BNBPP/BNBPP/BNBPP/B
Venerupis decussata64156,7221,73,94278,630,43,51390,72,23,1    
Venerupls aurea270554,6190,93,5154639,865,41,6130113,545,33,3    
Scrobicularia plana4901122,9451,93,719526,334,35,411625,116,23,23229,629,13,0
Cerastoderma glaucum1897,424,23,3681,30,10,12342,68,43,24289,843,94,5
Abra ovata    3120,51,01,95611,64,32,75061,45,33,8
TOTAL8436241,6888,7 430556,5131,2 339723,576,4 125620,878,3 
 
 Station 12Station 11Station 4Station 3
 NBPP/BNBPP/BNBPP/BNBPP/B
Venerupis decussata        110,20,63,0    
Veverupis aurea        300,51,42,8    
Scrobicularia plana        221,14,44,0    
Cerastoderma glaucum240111,026,82,460718,038,24,86139,422,32,42604,410,92,5
Abra ovata5031,26,45,312200,82,53,04922,66,12,31990,72,84,1
TOTAL290412,233,2 72918,840,7 116813,834,8 4595,113,7 

N : Number of individuals per m2
B : Weight of dry organic matter in g/m2
P : Production of dry organic matter in g/m2/year.

Table 6

Some heavy metal concentrations measured in the tissues (whole animal) of marine and/or paralic species (in ppm of the dry weight)

 AGCdCoCuZnPb
Monodonta crassa (1) 1,1 3330 
Littorina littorea (1) 1,6 4550 
Thais lapillus (1) 28,5 198535 
Murex brandaris (1) 32,2 270285 
Anadara granosa (2)   56  
Meretrix casta (2)   44  
Crassostrea madrasensis (2)   99  
Ostrea edulis (3) 1,8 907100,1
Mytilus galloprovincialis (3) 0,5 2360,2
Scrobicularia plana (4)12232,455372  
Nereis diversicolor (4)8325947  
Sea water (ppm) (5)0,00030,00010,00050,00030,010,00003

1 From BOUQUEGNEAU and MARTOJA (1982)
2 From KUMARAGURU and RAMAMOORTHI (1979)
3 From BURELLI et. al., (1979)
4 From LUOMA and BRYAN (1982)
5 From GOLDBERG (1963)

Table 7

Comparison of the number of species in the Caspian fauna and the Mediterranean fauna

GroupMediterranean SeaCaspian Sea
Number of species% of total faunaNumber of species% of total fauna
Echinodermata1011,700
Protozoa1382,330,7
Polychaeta4337,251,2
Pelecypoda3666,1164,0
Gastropoda93715,6266,5
Superior Crustaceans62010,39022,5
Fish5298,77119,0

Table 8

Monthly variations of the total lagunar algal (macrophyte) biomass (expressed in tonnes of drained wet weight). Etang du Prévost. From RIOVALL, 1976.

 WEST BASINCENTRAL BASINEAST BASINOVERALL LAGOON
25 April 197590060037005200
20 June 19751700180037007200
23 July 1975600180016004000
25 August 1975----
10 September 1975----
28 October 197530030063006900
26 November 197540020026003200
  7 January 197670030029003900
16 February 197660020017002500
18 March 1976120080037005700

Table 9

Monthly variations of the lagunar algal biomass (tonnes) for the four principal types. Etang du preévost From RIOVALL, 1976.

 ULVAENTEROMORPHAGRACILARIASTICTYOSIPHON
25 April 19753900-1001000
20 June 19756800-200-
23 July 19753800---
25 August 1975----
10 September 1975----
28 October 19752006250150-
26 November 19753502700100-
  7 January 197610002200150100
16 February 19761000120015050
18 March 1976460080050100

Table 10

Present-day stratigraphic classification of the Paleogene formations in the Paris Basin (POMEROL, 1973), and equivalences with the classification of FURON and SOYER 1947).

Pomerol (1973) Furon et Soyer (1947)
Layers
Sub-layers Layers
 AQUITANIAN CHATTAIAN
STAMPIAN s.l.
 
STAMPIAN s.s. STAMPIAN
SANNOISIAN SANNOISIAN
 
BARTONIAN
 
LUDIAN LUDIAN
MARINESIAN BARTONIAN
ADVERSIAN
LUTETIAN
 LUTETIAN
YPRESIAN
CUISIAN CUISIAN
SPARNACIAN SPARNACIAN
THANETIAN
 THANETIAN
DANO-MONTIAN MONTIAN

Table 11

Composition of total thalassoid fauna for each of the Paleogene layers of the Paris Basin From FURON and SOYER's data, 1947.

The continental forms (Limnaeidae, Helicidae, Pupidae, etc …) were not counted.

 MONT.THAN.SPAR.CUIS.LUTE.BART.LUDI.SANN.STAM.CHAT.
Foraminifera41 3810  1 
Coelenterata10  23023    
Echinodermata10   7222 1 
Bryozoa  12313012  9 
Brachiopoda2  2182    
Pelecypoda2113714340550380442118 
Gasteropoda
( )Hydrobiidae
45229
(7)
56
(11)
555
(10)
1136
(19)
779
(21)
59
(12)
18
(9)
185
(7)
11
(8)
Pteropoda    3     
Cephalopoda23 5125    
Anthropoda    6552  
Anphinora   3 71   
Scaphopoda   721101   
Dominance of Zones0-IIV-VV-(VI)(II)-III0-I0-I(II)IV-VV-VI(II)-IIIVI
Fig. 1

Fig. 1 - Map of isohalines in the Etang d'Urbino in February 1978 by northerly wind. The encircled figures correspond to the salinity averages (in °/00)calculted over 1978) and 1979.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2 - Salinity levels (in °/00) in the Etang du Prévost at ebb-tide and by northerly northerly wind and at flow tide by southerly wind. From GUELORGET and MICHEL (1976).

Fig. 3 - Total concentrations (in g/l) in the surface waters of the Bahiret el Biban, in August 1976. From MEDHIOUB ( 1979), modified, Appendix 1 contains a conversion table for the different parameters which can express the degree of dilution or concentration (by evaporation) of sea-water.

Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Fig. 4 - Salinity levels (°/00) in the Etang de Biguglia, from May 1978 to March 1979.

Fig. 5

Fig. 5 - Salinity levels (in °/00) of the Dybsø Fjord in May 1955 (Figures not in circles) and Aug. 1955 (Figures in Circles). From MUUS (1967).

Fig. 6

Fig. 6 - Macrophytobenthic associations in the Dybsø Fjord. From MUUS (1967).

Fig. 7

Fig. 7 - Salinity levels (in %0) in the Kysing Fjord. From MUUS (1967).

Fig. 8

Fig. 8 - Mangrove around the Grand Cul de Sac Marin (Guadeloupe).

Fig. 9

Fig. 9 - Two paralic basins in the Guadeloupe Mangrove and their surface water concentration levels. From data by GAUJOUS (1981).

Fig. 10

Fig. 10 - Map of Cl- concentration in the waters of the Khour el Aadid (Emirate of Qater, Persian Gulf), in January 1977. From PETHUISOT and JAUZEIN (1978).

Fig. 11

Fig. 11 - The Bocana de Virrila (Peru) and its total concentration levels (in g/l). From MORRIS and DICKEY (1957).

Fig. 12

Fig. 12 - The salt marsh of Salin-de-Giraud (Camargue). Passage of virgin waters and density levels. Saturation in gypsum is obtained for a concentration of 150 g/l. Saturation in halite for a concentration of 350 g/l (See Appendix 1). From PERTHUISOT (1983).

Fig. 13

Fig. 13 - The Baltic Sea and its salinity levels (%0) in May (average over several years). From BOCK (1971).

Fig. 14

Fig. 14 - Plant associations in the salt marsh of Salin-de-Giraud (Camargue)

1. Communities of Ruppia spiralis and Enteromorpha gr. intestinalis

2. Algar fields of Lyngbya and Microcoleus

3. Algar fields of Microcoleus, Oscillatoria, Phormidium and Spirulina

4. Phytoplanktonic communities of Dunaliella salina and microphytobenthic
communities of Oscillatoria, Phormidium and Spirulina.

From THOMAS (1983) and PERTHUISOT (1983).

Fig. 15

Fig. 15 - Quantitative variations of benthic macrofauna in the Etang du Prévost (France) and the Bahiret el Biban (Tunisia). Form GUELORGET and PERTJHUISOT (1982).

N.B. Local deposits of organic matter (contact between marine waters and lagunar waters, hydraulic umbilicus, zones of intense biosedimentation, inflow of polluting effluents) influence the benthic communities by transforming their qualitative and quantitative features: increase of detritivorous species to the detriment of suspension-feeders, appearance of species indicative of “organic pollution”.

Fig. 16 - (a)Fig. 16 - (b)
(b) The coast of southern Texas showing, in circles, the difference in relative diversity of the fossilizable faunas at three localities. (Founded on data in Kornicker and Odum, 1958.)
(Reproduction of two nearly consecutive figures, In AGER, D.V., Principles of Paleoecology, McGraw Hill Ed. (1963)
Fig. 17

Fig. 17 - Diagram of the geochemical and biological organization of the paralic domain, with regard to confinement and hydrous deficit, taken as the sole parameters (see definitions, convention an comments in the text). From PERTHUISOT and GUELORGET (1982).

-   In the above, the isohaline values of the totality of the totality of the paralic domain are diagrammatically represented as the branches of hyperbolae, Indeed, determining a saline concentration involves determining a Δ h, T couple (hydrous deficit, confinement) so that Δ h, T = constant.

For example, the isohaline corresponding to the normal concentration (36 g/l) is represented on the diagram by the two axes, one for a zero hydrous deficit the other for a zero confinement.

One understand that the higher in absolute value the hydrous deficit is, the less necessary it is that confinement should be great in order to reach a specific concentration, conversely the smaller the hydrous deficit is (in absolute value), the greater the confinement has to be in order to reach any given salinity.

-   In the simplest cases (salt marshes) where the hydrous deficit over the whole of the basin can be considered as uniform, the former is represented by a horizontal segment (or a thin rectangle), along which the geochemical an biological zoning of the basin can be read. The figure becomes more complex as the tributaries appear. They are generally situated around the continental or distal ends of paralic basins, when the contact with the sea is only occasional, when the seasonal climatic variations and the local hydrography entail considerable variations of the hydrous situation (e.g., Tunisian coastal sebkhas), or when the water stratification -to which depth contributes-removes a confined body of water from atmospheric influence. This is why it is impossible to maintain a rectangular diagrammatical representation: Therefore, the drawing is covered with branching lines in an attempt to picture the particular conditions of the distal zones.

-   The various basins have been arranged on the diagram in the best way possible according to out work and that of other authors.

Fig. 18

Fig. 18 - Diagram of the dominant sedimentological features of the paralic domain with regard to confinement and hydrous deficit. From PERTHUISOT and GUELORGET, 1982, 1983.

1. Terrigenous detritals.

2. Biodetrital limestone.

3. Biochemical limestone.

4. Evaporties.

5. Autochthonous organic matter (oil ?).

6. Detrital organic matter (coal ?).

Fig. 19

Fig. 19 - A diagrammatic representation of the biological zoning (Roman figures) in the pattern of the Mediterranean paralic ecosystem. See definitions in the text. From GUELORGET et al., 1983.

Fig. 20

Fig. 20- Diagrammatic map of confinement zones in the Bahiret el Biban. From GUELORGET et al., 1982.

N.B. The shading scale used here is the same as in figures 19 and 21–27

 Fig. 21
 Fig. 21 - Diagrammatic map of confinement zones in the Nador lagoon (Mar Chica or Sebkha bou Areg). From GUELORGET et al., 1983.

Fig. 22 - Biological zoning in the lagoons of the Louros Delta (Amvrakikos, Greece). Isohalines in ‰. From GUELORGET et al., 1983.

Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Fig. 23 - Biological zoning in the lagoons of the eastern plain of southern Corsica from GUELORGET et al., 1983.

Fig. 24 
Fig. 24 - Biological zoning in the Etang de Biguglia in the northern part of the eastern Corsican plain. From GUELORGET et al., 1983.Fig. 25
Fig. 25 - Biological zoning in “Lake” Melah (Algeria). From GUELORGET et al., 1983.
Fig. 26

Fig. 26 - Biological zoning in the Palavas lagoons (France) From GUELORGET et al., 1983.

Fig. 27

Fig. 27 - Biological zoning in the Bermuda Triangle (Santa Pola, Spain) From GUELORGET et al., 1983, PERTHUISOT et al., 1983 and C. MONTY (in preparation).
Isohalines en g/l. Unbroken lined: June 1981. Dotted line: October 1981.

Fig. 28

Fig. 28 - Relative quantities of “migrant” and “sedentary” species in the ichthyofauna of the lagoons of Diana and Urbino. From XIMENES, 1980.

Fig. 29
Fig. 29 -A.A diagrammatic representation of the biological zoning (roman figures) defining the scale of confinement (in Arabic figures) in the model of the Mediterranean paralic ecosystem.
B.Variations showing the phytoplanktonic and benthic biomass in relation tot he confinement scale. The single points of the diagram (maximum curve crossings) remain fixed in relation to the biological zoning. The corresponding values of the biomass can vary according to the overall productivity of each basin.
Fig. 30

Fig. 30 - Annual malacological production of the Etang du Prévost. From GUELOHGET et al., 1982.

Fig. 31

Fig. 31 - Seasonal evolution of the malacological production of the Etang du Prévost. From GUELORGET et al., 1982.

Fig. 32

Fig. 32 - Situation of the stations and levels of total malacological production (in kg/ha/year) in the different parts of the Etang du Prévost. From GUELORGET et al., 1982.

Fig. 33

Fig. 33 - The biological gradients (specific richness, density, biomass) of the hard substrate macrobenthofauna in the Etang du Prévost.
The stations concerned (X, 7, 11) are shown in Fig. 32.
The biomass measured in January'76 corresponds to an annual production.

Fig. 34 - Comparative production of some terrestrial and aquatic systems.

(Adapted from BASSON et al., 1977, and ALLEN et al., 1979)

Fig. 34
Fig. 35

Fig. 35 - The potentialities of the Near paralic in the genesis of hydrocarbons in relation to confinement.
In parallel, with an idealized section of a paralic basin, a diagrammatic representation of the various values which control the accumulation of potential mother rocks.
It is noticed that, with regard to an increasing confinement, there are relay points between the various links in the chain of the primary production. Moreover, the organic matter, a consequence of the biological activity of all the consumers (dead bodies, various secretions, faeces), contributes to the organic sedimentation : it has been shown that the recent development of intensive aquacultural activities speeds up the enrichment of paralic sediments in organic matter.

Fig. 36

Fig. 36 - A comparison between demersal halieutic production and lagunar prudoction along the Mediterranean coastline. From the FAO Atlas (1972) and AMANIEU and LASSERRE (1981), modified. The coasts with a high demersal production always border on a large paralic domain.

Fig. 37

Fig. 37 - Map of aragonite content (in %) of the superficial sediments in the lagoon of Logarou (Amvrakikos Greece).

Dotted line: Presence of higher magnesian calcite (note that this is found in zones which are not greatly confined in relation with the sea and in the marginal backwaters where Pirenella conica are found in profusion on a cyanobacterian substrate). The aragonite maximum seems to be in relation with the contact between the confined waters which have travelled along the northern fringe of the basin, and “fresh” waters coming from the Bay of Amvrakikos. From FRISONI et al., 1982.

Fig.38

Fig.38 - Situation of observation stations in the lagoons of Bells Plaine and Manche à Eau.

Fig. 39

Fig. 39 - Abiotic parameters. Correlations between variables and principal axes.

Fig. 40 - Analysis of abiotic data into principal components:
Positioning of the stations on the main plane.

Fig. 40
Fig. 41

Fig. 41 - Multidimensional positioning of the stations according to similarities of benthic populations.
S : threshold of similarity.

Fig. 42

Fig. 42 - The Caspian Sea, bathymetric map. From ZENKVITCH (1951) And TASKIN (1954) in ZENKEVITCH (1957).

Fig. 43
Fig. 44 - Salinity Levels in the Caspian Sea. From DZENS-LITOVSKIJ, 1962, (modified).Fig. 44
Fig. 45

Fig. 45 - Benthic biomass distribution in the Caspian Sea, in 1935. From ZENKEVITCH (1951) in ZENKEVITCH (1957).

Fig. 46

Fig. 46 - Distribution of Nereis succinea biomass in the northern basin of the Caspian Sea, in 1948. From ZENKEVITCH (1951) in ZENKEVITCH (1957).

Fig. 47

Fig. 47 - Diagrammatic map of confinement zones in the Caspian Sea from data by ZENKEVITCH (1957).
This map concerns only the upper water level (0 – 200 m).

Fig. 48

Fig. 48 - Diagrammatic section of the Caspian Sea and zoning linked to “bathymetric confinement”. From data: by ZEBJEVUTCH (1957). Profile A - B (Fig. 42).

Fig. 49

Fig. 49 - Map of total algal biomass distribution (drained wet weight) in the Etang du Prévost. From RIOUALL, 1976. 1. 17 April 1975 – 2.25 April 1975.

Fig. 50

Fig. 50 - Monthly variations of total specific (Ulva, Enteromorpha, Stictyosiphon) algal biomass in the central zone of the Etang du prévost (drained wet weight in g/m2). From RIOUALL, 1976.

Fig. 51 - Biological zoning of the intertidal zone on rocky surface at Port Aransas (Texas). From HEDGPETH (1953) in DOTY (1957)

Note the increase in the intertidal zone on surfaces exposed to the waves, and the distance of the supratidal zone from the mean tide level. On the contrary, on sheltered surfaces, zonation is much tighter. On exposed surfaces the confinement gradient is reduced by wave lapping, and spray.

Fig. 51
Fig. 52

Fig. 52 - Extent of the different layers of the Paleogene in the Paris Basin (for the Stampian, see figures 53, 56 and 57). From FURON and SOYER, 1947.

Fig. 53

Fig. 53 - Evolution of confinement in the Paris Basin during the Paleogene, reconstituted according to thalassoid paleofauna.

Fig. 54

Fig. 54 - Situation of principal Stampian fossil deposits in the Paris Basin. From ALIMEN (1936).

Fig . 55Fig . 56
Fig . 55 - An attempt to reconstitute the confinement zones of the Lower Stampian in the Paris Basin.
The figures represent the diversity of species in each deposit according to ALIMEN (1936).
The underlined figures denote mixed or indeterminate fauna.
Fig. 56 - An attempt to reconstitute the confinement zones of the Upper Stampian in the Paris Basin.
The figures represent the diversity of species in each deposit according to ALIMEN (1936).
The underlined figures denote mixed or interminate fauna.
Fig. 57

Fig. 57 - Diagrammatic paleographical map of the Stampian in N.W. France From POMEROL, 1973.
Dotted areas: Marine facies.
Lined areas: Lagunar facies of the Isel of Wight.

Fig. 58

Fig. 58 - An attempt at peleogeographical reconstitution of the Stampian in N.W. France according to paleofauna.
Dotted areas: Marine domains.
Lined areas: Paralic domain (near paralic).

Fig. 59

Fig. 59 - The Baltic Sea and its principal basins.

Fig. 60

Fig. 60 - Density of benthic macrofauna in the Baltic in June and July 1967. From ANDERSIN et al., 1976.

Black dots indicate stations devoid of macrofauna; grey areas indicate regions where the dissolved oxygen level is below 2 ppm; black areas indicate regions where H2S is present.

Fig. 61

Fig. 61 - Biomass (dry weight) of benthic macrofauna in the Baltic in June and July 1967. From ANDERSIN et al., 1976. Same symbols as for fig. 60.

Fig. 62

Fig. 62 - Diversity of Benthic macrofauna species (Shannon rating in PIELOU, 1966) in the Baltic in June and July 1967. From ANDERSIN et al., 1976.

Same symbols as for fig. 60. Triangles represent stations where only one species was found.

Fig. 63

Fig. 63 - Increase in percentage of the total number if individuals with the increase in the number of taxa, in different parts of the Baltic From ANDERSIN et al., 1976..

Fig. 64Fig. 64
Note the “Channel effect” opposite the Øresund and the other Danish straits where the water flow ensures a sufficient stream of “vital elements” to allow good development of Echinodermata. This “channel effect” was suggested by A. JAUZEIN; it corroborates the authors' hypothesis as the ways in which confinement acts.
Fig. 65

Fig. 65 - Map of confinement zones in the Baltic Sea.

Fig. 66Fig. 67
Fig. 68

Fig. 69Fig. 70
Fig. 69 - Confinement in the Nador lagoon.
Fig. 71

Fig. 72
Fig. 72 - “Negative” socio-economic aspects in the immediate surroundings of the Nador lagoon.
Fig. 73
Fig. 73 - Proposition for short-term aquacultural development for the Nador lagoon.
Fig. 74
Fig. 74 - Longer-term development of aquacultural activities in the Nador lagoon, after modification of communication with the sea.

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