UK monitoring data

UK monitoring data. Table 14 shows the results of the 1994 UK monitoring programme for DDT residues (Anon., 1995g).

Table 14. Residues of DDT in foods in the UK, 1994 (Anon., 1995g).

Commodity	No. of samples	Residue or range, mg/kg, and (no. of samples)	Basis	MRL, mg/kg	Remarks
Bread	53	<0.01 (53)
Milk	202	0.0008 (201), 0.002 (1)	whole product	0.04	residue present as p,p'-DDE
Apple, dessert	25 UK 48 imported	<0.05 (73)
Apple, cooking	29 UK	<0.05 (29)
Apple, juice	40 UK 9 imported	<0.05 (49)
Asparagus	6 UK 20 imported	<0.01 (26)
Lettuce
imported	31	<0.01 (30), 0.02 (1, France)		0.05	residue present as p,p'-DDE
UK produced	56	0.01 (56)
Infant cereals	12	0.01 (12)
Wheat germ	8	0.01 (8)
Wheat bran	11	0.01 (11)
Cream
UK produced	30	0.04 (30)	fat
unknown origin	6	0.04 (6)	fat
Chocolate
UK produced	62	0.02 (62)	fat
imported	2	0.02 (2)	fat
Honey
UK produced	20	0.008 (20)	whole		residue present as p,p'- DDT and o,p'-DDT
imported	60	0.008 (59), 0.009 (1, Mexico)	product
blended	20	0.008 (20)
Vegetable oils			fat
imported	57	0.02 (62)
unknown origin	16	0.02 (2)
Goat cheese
UK produced	11	0.01 (11)	fat
imported	11	0.01 (11)	fat
unknown origin	6	0.01 (6)	fat
Goat milk	8	0.004 (8)	whole product
Pig kidney
UK produced	11	0.008 (11)	whole
imported	1	0.008	product
unknown origin	11	0.008 (11)
Lamb kidney				0.1
UK produced	11	0.008 (9), 0.009 (2)	whole		1st sample: 0.009 p,p'- DDE,
imported	6	0.008 (6)	product		2nd sample: 0.003 p,p'-TDE and 0.006 p,p'-DDE
unknown origin	8	0.008 (8)
Ox kidney
UK produced	15	0.008 (15)	whole
unknown origin	16	0.008 (16)	product
Lamb, imported	74	0.01 (38),	fat	1	residue present as p,p'-DDE
		0.01-0.09 (23)
		0.1-0.3 (12), 0.8
Lamb liver
UK produced	12	0.008 (12)	whole
imported	5	0.008 (5)	product
unknown origin	7	0.008 (7)
Chicken liver				0.1
UK produced	24	0.008 (24)	whole		residue present as p.p'-DDE
unknown. origin	7	0.008 (6), 0.01	product
Ox liver
UK produced	10	0.008 (10)	whole
unknown origin	14	0.008 (14)	product
Cattle, kidney fat
UK produced	116	<0.01 (108), 0.01-0.05 (8)	fat		residue present as p,p'-DDE
Pig, kidney fat
UK produced	114	<0.01 (108), 0.01-0.05 (6)	fat		residue present as p,p'-DDE
Sheep, kidney fat
UK produced	114	<0.01 (96), 0.01-0.06 (18)	fat		residue present as p,p'-DDE
Pheasant				0.1
UK produced	46	0.008 (42), 0.009-0.01 (4)	whole		residue present as p,p'-DDE
unknown origin	22	0.008 (21), 0.008	product
Rabbit				0.1
UK produced	29	<0.004 (26), 0.007-0.008 (3)	whole		residue present as p,p'-DDE
imported	32 (China)	0.008 (23), 0.009, 0.01-0.04 (8)	product
unknown origin	1	0.09
Wood pigeon				0.1	0.5 mg/kg:
UK produced	17	0.004 (8), 0.004-0.007 (8), 0.5	whole		0.01 p,p'-DDE, 0.04 p,p'-TDE, 0.02 p,p'- DDT
unknown origin	13	0.004 (7), 0.004-0.002 (6)	product
Fish pate
UK produced	19	0.008 (12), 0.01-0.09(7)	whole		residue present as p,p'- DDE, p,p'-TDE and p,p'-DDT
imported	1	0.008	product
unknown origin	22	0.008 (10), 0.009-0.05 (12)
Fish paste
UK produced	16	0.004 (8), 0.004-0.009 (6),	whole		residue present as p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE and p,p'-DDT
		0.01-0.02 (2)	product
imported	1 (Italy)	0.02
unknown origin	26	0.004 (15), 0.004-0.009 (9),
		0.01 (2)
Eel (common)
UK produced	15	0.008 (2), 0.01-0.3 (13)	whole		residue present as p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE and p,p'-DDT
	(14 jellied, I fresh)		product
unknown origin	27	0.008 (2), 0.01-0.2 (25)
	(26 jellied, I fresh)
Eel (conger)
unknown origin	3	0.008 (2), 0.02
Herring, smoked,		0.006 (2)	whole product
unknown origin	2
Mackerel, smoked	40	0.006 (39), 0.02	whole product		residue present as p,p'- DDE

Residues of DDT in foodstuff's from GEMS/Food database (Table 15). Data on residues of DDT in various foods from the GEMS/Food database were available from WHO (Moy, 1996a). Most of the data (Table 15) are too summarized for the estimation of ERLs. Supplementary information on the number of samples, if available was supplied by Moy (1996b).

Table 15. DDT residues in foodstuffs from various countries (GEMS/Food; Moy, 1996a,b).

Commodity/Country	Year	Residues, mg/kg				Remarks and {no. of samples}
		Median	Mean	90th percentile	Range
Cereals/Australia	1990-1992		0.0082		0.00002-0.0023
Cereals/Canada	1989-1990	<0.01		0.01	0.01-0.02	Breakfast cereal {50}
		<0.01		0.01	0.01-0.01	Infant cereal {50}
Cereals/China (P.R.)	1992	0.019	0.027	0.095	0.001-0.095
	1990		0.0012		0.0009-0.0014
Cereals/India	1990 (R)		0.12		max.0.52	Wheat
	1990 (R)		0.026		max.0.085	Rice
	1990 (R)		0.31		max 1.3	Maize
	1989		0.0035		0.0017-0.0054
Cereals/Former Soviet	1991 (R)		1.3			o,p'-DDT in wheat
Union	1991 (R)		1.2			p,p'-DDT in wheat
Cereals/Spain	1990-1991		0.001		0.001-0.003	Bread, Basque country
	1990-1991		0.001		0.001-0.003	Cereals, Basque country
Cereals/Qatar	1989-1991		0.01			Wheat, barley, maize, rice, flour {233}
Cereals/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.002		0.001-0.0033	Rice
Chicken/Brazil	1991	0.001		0.07	0.001-0.3	Sao Paulo {30}
	1990	0.001		0.04	0.001-0.22	Sao Paulo {22}
	1989	0.001		0.07	0.001-0.16	Sao Paulo {36}
Chicken/Canada	1984-1989		0.001		max. 0.003	Chicken meat, domestic
	1986-1988		0.0014		max.0.0013	DDE, Avian, broiler
	1986-1988		0.0009			DDE, Avian, turkey
Chicken/Denmark	1986-1991		0.003		0.002-0.003	Poultry meat, domestic
Chicken/Japan	1992-1993		0.001
Chicken/Kenya	1988 (R)		0.68
Chicken/Poland	1992		0.056
			0.02
Chicken/Spain	1995 (R)		0.00063		0.0004-0.00087	DDE, fresh poultry sausage
Eggs/Canada	1986-1988		0.008		max. 0.009	DDE, extractable fat, Ontario
Eggs/China (P.R.)	1992	0.02	0.03	0.095	0.01-0.095
	1990		0.041		0.013-0.072
Eggs/Cuba	1985-1988		0.61			Fat
Eggs/Denmark	1986-1991		0.02		0.02-0.03
Eggs/Finland	1994 (R)		0.0016		0.0005-0.024	Imported (fat)
Eggs/Netherlands	1990-1992				0.11-0.20	Egg powder (fat)
Eggs/Spain	1990-1991		0.001			Basque country
Fish/Arabian Gulf	1987 (R)				0.002-0.011	NW Arabian Gulf
	1987 (R)				0.005-0.045	Hor-al-Hammar
Fish/Australia	1990-1991		0.022		0.00014-0.23
Fish/Canada	1984		2			Cod, Admiralty Intel
	1984		3			Cod, Barrow Strait
Fish/China (P.R.)	1992	0.024	0.046	0.095	max. 0.31	Fish uncooked
	1990		0.14		0.0097-0.44	Aquatic food
Molluscs/Croatia	1976-1990	0.0051	0.0079			Bivalves
	1976-1990	0.0051	0.0084			Mussels
	1976-1990	0.006	0.0063			Oysters
Fish/Cuba	1985-1988		0.075
Fish/Egypt	1990 (R)		0.0049			o,p'-DDE
	1990 (R)		0.076			p,p'-DDT
	1990 (R)		0.047			o,p'-DDT
	1990 (R)		0.015			p,p'-DDT
	1986-1988		0.73			o,p'-DDT, Red Sea gov.
	1986-1988		0.23			p,p'-DDE, Ismailia gov.
	1986-1988		0.057			p,p'-DDT, Ismailia gov.
	1986-1988		0.01			o,p'-DDE, Suez gov.
Fish/Finland	1979				0.7-2.2	Herring muscle (fat)
	1986				0.3-1.0	Herring muscle (fat)
Molluscs/France	1989 (R)				<0.0004-0.59	dry wt., Mussels
	1989 (R)				0.001-0.73	dry wt., Oysters
Fish/India	1989-1993		0.015		0.00086-0.14
	1989		0.015		0.00086-0.14
Fish/Indonesia	1989-1993		0.028		0.00066-0.076
Fish/Japan	1992-1993		0.001			Tuna
	1992-1993		0.0087			Sea bream
	1992-1993		0.0091			Horse mackerel
	1992-1993		0.0089			Salmon
	1992-1993		0.041			Young yellowtail
	1992-1993		0.00016			Shrimp
	1992-1993		0.00016			Short-necked clam
	1992-1993		0.0024			Salted salmon
	1992-1993		0.0032			Semi-dried horse mackerel
	1992-1993		<0.001			Canned tuna
	1992-1993		0.0011			Seasoned tuna
	1992-1993		0.0036			Fish paste products
	1992-1993		<0.0001			Fish sausage
	1990	0.002		0.0048	0.001-0.005	Fishes, flat, fresh {11}
	1990	0.002		0.009	0.001-0.018	Horse mackerel, fresh
						{12}
Fish/Qatar	1989		0.01		0.01	Greasy grouper
	1989		0.01		0.01	Whitespotted-spinefoot
	1989		0.01		0.01	Gold toothless-trevally
	1989		0.01		0.01	Starry pigface bream
Fish/Spain	1990-1992		0.081		0.003-1	wet wt., Catalonia
	1990-1992		9.9		0.033-183	lipid wt., Catalonia
	1990-1991		0.002		0.001-0.003	wet wt., Basque country
Fish/Thailand	1989-1993		0.0062		0.00048-0.019	wet wt.
Fish/Molluscs/UK	1988		0.016			wet wt., Mackerel, liver
	1988		0.016			wet wt., Herring, liver
	1988		0.031			wet wt., Monkfish, liver
	1988		0.12			wet wt., Dogfish, liver
	1988		0.014			wet wt., Crab, hepato-pancreas
	1988		0.002			wet wt., Mussels, whole
Fish/Molluscs/USA	1986-1989		0.42			p,p'-DDE, Carp
	1986-1989		0.08			p,p'-DDE, White sucker
	1986-1989		0.63			p,p'-DDE, Channel catfish
	1986-1989		0.06			p,p'-DDE, Largemouth bass
	1986-1989		0.03			p,p'-DDE, Smallmouth bass
	1986-1989		0.03			p,p'-DDE, Walleye
	1990 (R)		0.0054		0.005-0.016	wet wt., Oysters
	1990 (R)		0.030		0.005-0.18	wet wt., Crabs
Fish/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.026		0.0039-0.076	wet wt., Fish
	1990-1991		0.0017			wet wt., Prawn
	1990-1991		0.00.72			wet wt., Shellfish
	1990-1991		0.078			wet wt., Crab
	1990-1991		0.090		0.050-0.12	wet wt., Caviar
Fruits/Australia	1990-1992		0.00013		0.00002-0.00024	wet wt.
Fruits/Canada	1992-1993	<0.01		0.01	0.01-0.01	Cherry
	1984-1989		0.02		0.01-0.03	Grapes, domestic
	1984-1989		0.03			Grapes, imported
	1984-1989		0.08		0.04-0.12	Pear, imported
Fruits/China (P.R.)	1992	0.002	0.035	0.095	0.001-0.095
	1990		0.003		0.0007-0.006
Fruits/India	1990 (R)		0.003		max. 0.005	Guava
	1990 (R)		0.004		max. 0.007	Apple
	1990 (R)		0.004		max. 0.006	Grape
Fruits/Spain	1990-1991		0.001			Basque country
	1990-1991		0.0002			Sugars, Basque country
Fruits/USA	1991-1992				max. 0.01	Sugar beet
Meat/Australia	1990-1992		0.013		0.00016-0.083	wet wt., Meat and fat
Meat/Canada	1984-1989		0.14		0.10-0.17	Pig meat (fat), domestic
	1986-1988		0.030		max. 0.41	DDE, Beef (fat)
	1986-1988		0.008		0.008	DDE, Goat (fat)
	1986-1988		0.055		max. 0.15	DDE, Rabbit (fat)
	1986-1988		0.029		max. 0.20	DDE, Lamb, Mutton (fat)
	1986-1988		0.024		max. 0.08	DDE, Pork (fat)
	1985-1987				0.00025-0.0038	highest in Pork
Meat/China (P.R.)	1992	0.095	0.16	0.48	0.001-0.6	DDT, Meat, uncooked
	1990		1.2		0.12-4.1	Meats, fat
Meat/Cuba	1985-1988		0.43			Pork fat, Havana
Meat/Denmark	1986-1991		0.04		0.02-0.09	Cattle meat (fat), domestic
	1986-1991		0.04		0.02-0.10	Pig meat (fat), domestic
Meat/Egypt	1993 (R)				1-5	Beef carcases, Cairo
	1993 (R)				1-7	Beef carcase muscle, Cairo
	1993 (R)				4	Beef carcase fat, Cairo
	1993 (R)					Buffalo carcases, Cairo
	1993 (R)				0	Buffalo carcase muscle, Cairo
	1993 (R)				4	Buffalo carcase fat, Cairo
	1993 (R)				9.6	Buffalo carcase liver, Cairo
	1993 (R)					Mutton carcases, Cairo
	1993 (R)				4	Mutton carcases muscle,
	1993 (R)				1-7	Cairo
	1993 (R)				5	Mutton carcase fat, Cairo
						Mutton carcase liver, Cairo
Meat/India	1989		0.5		0.00065-4.1	wet wt., (fat)
Meat/Japan	1992-1993		0.016			Beef fat
	1992-1993		0.0086			Pork fat
	1992-1993		0.075			Sausage fat
Meat/Mexico	1995 (R)		0.14			Bovine kidney fat, Vera Cruz
Meat/Netherlands	1990-1992				0.11-0.50	Calf (fat), domestic
	1990-1992				0.11-0.50	Pig (fat), domestic
	1990-1992				0.01-0.05	Sheep (fat), domestic
	1990-1992				0.01-0.05	Goat (fat), domestic
	1990-1992				0.01-0.10	Horse (fat), domestic
Meat/New Zealand	1990-1991	0.03			0.03	Beef (fresh) {48}
	1990-1991	<0.03			0.03	Meat products {48} p,p'- DDT, o,p'-DDT
Meat/Poland	1990-1993		0.87
	1990-1993		0.73			DDT, Wild boar
	1990-1993		0.26			p,p'-DDE, Roe-deer
	1990-1993		0.28			DDT, Roe-deer
	1990-1993		0.12			p,p'-DDE, Stag
	1990-1993		0.14			DDT, Stag
	1990-1993		0.12			p,p'-DDE, Elk
	1990-1993		0.14			DDT, Elk
	1991 (R)				0.00034-0.0018	Muscle, Horse
	1991 (R)				0.022-0.12	Fat, Horse
	1987-1988				0.045-0.084	Fat, Ruminants
	1987-1988				0.079-0.14	Fat, Rabbits, Swine,
						Turkeys, Geese
	1987-1988				0.40-0.44	Fat, Duck, Wild boar
	1986-1989		0.18			Fat, Wild boar
	1986-1989		0.063			Fat, Roe-deer
	1986-1989		0.048			Fat, Stag
	1986-1989		0.049			Fat, Elk
	1986		0.10			Fat. Pig
	1986		0.032			Liver, Pig
	1986		0.0065			Meat, Pig
	1984-1985				0.18-0.32	Fat, Wild boar. Roe-deer,
						Red deer
	1984-1985				0.006-0.009	Brain, Wild boar, Roe-deer,
						Red deer
	1980-1983		0.23			Fat, Wild boar
	1980-1983		0.057			Fat, Roe-deer
	1980-1983		0.045			Fat, Stag
	1980-1983		0.0071			Fat, Elk
Meat/Former Soviet Union	1991 (R)		2.0			o,p'-DDT, Pork
	1991 (R)		2.0			p,p'-DDT, Pork
Meat/Spain	1994 (R)		25		max. 91	Lamb
	1990-1991		<0.003			Meat, Basque country
	1990-1991		<0.005		<0.005-0.007(2)	Meat products, Basque
	1995 (R)					country
	1995 (R)		0.0063		0.004-0.016	DDE, Pork, Cured sausage
	1995 (R)					(fat)
	1995 (R)		0.007		0.004-0.015	DDE, Pork, Cured ham (fat)
			0.016		0.009-0.03	DDE, Pork, Bologna (fat)
	1995 (R)		0.0066		0.004-0.013	DDE, Fresh sausage with
						beef and pork (fat)
			0.0077		0.004-0.013	DDE, Fresh beef sausage
						(fat)
Meat/USA	1991-1992				max. 0.50	Cattle (fat), imported
	1992				max. 0.19	Pig (fat), imported
	1992				max. 0.44	Sheep (fat), imported
	1991				max. I.I	Sheep, lamb, goat (fat),
						imported
	1991				max. 0.27	Pig (fat), imported
Meat/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.0013		0.061-0.18	Wet wt., Fat
	1990-1991		0.048		0.01-0.086	Wet wt., Meat
Edible Oils/Australia	1990-1992		0.0021		0.00036-0.0053	Wet wt.
Edible Oils/China (P.R.)	1992	0.022	0.035	0.095	0.007-0.095
Edible Oils/India	1990.(R)		0.59		max. 0.73	Vegetable
	1990 (R)		2.4		max. 7.5	Mustard
	1990 (R)		1.5		max. 2.2	Groundnut
	1990 (R)		0.21		max. 0.65	Sesame
	1989		0.021		0.0018-0.057	Wet wt.
Edible Oils/Spain	1990-1991		<0.01			Fats and oils, Basque country
Edible Oils/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.067			Wet wt.
Pulses/Australia	1990-1992		0.0024		0.00002-0.0086	Wet wt.
Pulses/India	1990 (R)		0.022		max. 0.051	Arhar
	1990 (R)		0.016		max. 0.057	Moong
	1990 (R)		0.023		max. 0.086	Gram
	1990 (R)		0.063		max. 0.16	Lentil
	1990 (R)		0.039		max. 0.12	Black Gram
	1989		0.02		0.0011-0.04	Wet wt.
Pulses, Nuts/Spain	1990-1991		0.001			Basque country
Pulses/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.0019		0.00034-0.003	Wet wt.
Vegetables/Australia	1990-1992		0.0033		0.00007-0.0089	Wet wt.
Vegetables/Canada	1984-1989		0.04		0.01-0.11	Carrots, domestic
	1984-1989		0.43		0.39-0.48	Carrots, imported
	1984-1989		0.05			Potatoes, domestic
	1984-1989		0.04		0.01-0.07	Potatoes, imported
	1984-1989		0.02			Cucumbers, imported
Vegetables/China (P.R.)	1992	0.019	0.024	0.095	0.001-0.095	Fresh vegetable
	1990		0.0021		0.0015-0.0028	Legumes and nuts
	1990		0.0016		0.0004-0.0033	Potatoes
	1990		0.0009		0.0032-0.008	Vegetables
	1994 (R)		0.38			Vegetables (fatty food)
	1992 (R)				0.0012-0.11	Vegetables
Vegetables/Egypt	1990 (R)		0.002		max. 0.005	Spinach
Vegetables/Spain	1990-1991		0.001			Basque country
Vegetables/USA	1991-1992				max. 0.17	Carrots, domestic
	1991-1992				max. 0.13	Carrots, imported
	1991-1992				max. 0.03	Tomatoes, imported
Dairy/Argentina	1994		0.00096			Butter, Santa Fe, Rosario
Dairy/Australia	1990-1992		0.0059		0.0016-0.018	Wet wt., Dairy products
Dairy/Brazil	1989-1991	0.020	0.025	0.05	0.01-0.14	Cow whole Milk, Sao Paulo {184}
Dairy/Bulgaria	1993		<1.0		max. 1.8	Ewe Milk-cheese (one sample)
Dairy/Canada	1986		0.00064			Cow milk (fat basis)
	1984-1989				0.02-0.1	Butter, domestic
	1984-1989		0.03		0.01-0.06	Cheese, domestic
	1984-1989		0.04		0.01-0.11	Cheese, imported
Dairy/China (P.R.)	1992	0.025	0.033	0.095	0.008-0.095	Whole fluid Milk
	1990		0.0028		0.0005-0.0063	(uncooked) Milk
Dairy/Cuba	1985-1988		0.0049			Butter, Havana
	1985-1988		0.024			Whole product, Milk,
	1985-1988		0.030			Havana Whole product, Cheese, Havana
Dairy/Denmark	1986-1991		0.02		0.02-0.03	Butter, domestic
	1986-1991		0.03		0.02-0.05	Cheese, domestic
	1986-1991		0.04		0.02-0.04	Cheese, imported
	1986-1991		0.03		0.03-0.03	Butter, imported
Dairy/Finland	1994 (R)		ND			Wet wt., Milk
	1994 (R)		0.00068		0.0002-0.0007	p,p'-TDE, domestic Cheese
	1994 (R)		0.00054		0.0002-0.0012	p,p'-DDE, imported Cheese
	1994 (R)		0.00014		0.0002-0.00076	p,p'-TDE, imported Cheese
Dairy/Greece	1992-1993		0.10			Northern Greece
Dairy/India	1994 (R)		0.63			Milk (fat)
	1993 (R)				0.042-0.38	Milk, Delhi
	1993 (R)		0.22			Buffalo Milk
	1993 (R)		0.19			Milk, condensed
	1993 (R)		0.34			Cheese
	1993 (R)		0.38			Cream
	1993 (R)		0.19			Curd
	1993		0.006			Cow milk
	1992 (R)				0.040	Bovine milk, Haryana
	1992 (R)				0.74	Baby milk, Haryana
	1990 (R)		0.058		max. 0.22	Milk
	1990 (R)		4.8		max. 9.8	Butter
	1990 (R)		3.8		max. 6.0	Deshi ghee
	1989		0.0014		0.17-5.2	Wet wt.
	1989		1.4		0.78-3.0	Wet wt.
	1988 (R)		0.78			Cheese, Punjab
Dairy/Israel	1986		0.0032			Cow milk
Dairy/Japan	1994	<0.02	<0.02	0.057	<0.02-0.076	Milk, cow's, pasteurized whole fluid
	1994	<0.025	0.025	<0.025	<0.025
	1992-1993		0.0026			Milk, cow's, raw whole fluid
	1992-1993		0.0023
	1992-1993		0.00021			Ice cream
	1993	0.02	0.02	0.029	0.02-0.059	Processed Cheese
	1993	<0.02	0.02	0.028	0.02-0.081	Cow milk
	1992	0.013	0.014	0.023	0.01-0.074	Milk, cow's, raw whole fluid
	1992	0.012	0.015	0.026	0.01-0.056
	1991	0.013	0.022	0.054	0.01-0.17	Milk, cow's, pasteurized whole fluid
	1991	0.019	0.032	0.058	0.01-0.11	Milk, cow's, pasteurized whole fluid
	1990	0.013		0.017	0.01-0.053	Milk, cow's, raw whole fluid
						Milk, cow's, pasteurized whole fluid {90}
						Milk, cow's, raw whole fluid {11}
						Milk, cow's, raw whole fluid {72}
Dairy/Mexico	1993		0.0023		0.00016-0.025	Cow milk
Dairy/Netherlands	1990-1992				0.0044-0.02	Dairy cow products, domestic
Dairy/Poland	1994		0.0026		0.00044-0.015	Milk
Dairy/Qatar	1990		0.01		0.01	Whole dried cow milk
Dairy/Slovakia	1987-1988				0.041	Milk products
Dairy/Spain	1994 (R)		0.056			Milk, sterilized
	1990-1991		0.001			Milk, Basque country
	1990-1991		0.002			Dairy products, Basque country
	1990		0.00084			Cow milk
Dairy/USA	1990-1991				max. 0.019	p,p'-DDE, whole product basis
	1991-1992				max. 0.0076	Milk, domestic
Dairy/Vietnam	1990-1991		0.0072		0.007-0.0073	Wet wt., Butter

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Dietary intake of DDT (Table 16). Data on adult dietary intakes of DDT were prepared by the GEMS/Food programme (WHO, 1996). The data are from studies of regular diets.

Table 16. Dietary intake of DDT by adults (WHO, 1996). ADI: 20 mg/kg bw.

Country	Year	Daily intake, m g/kg bw	% of ADI
Australia	1980	0.39	1.95
	1987	0.026	0.13
Egypt	1988	13.7	68.5
Finland	1984	0.041	0.21
	1986	0.026	0.13
Guatemala	1982	0.26	1.3
	1984	0.2	1.0
	1985	0.065	0.33
	1988	0.031	0.16
India	1981	3.9	19.5
	1983	3.6	18
Japan	1980	0.056	0.28
	1982	0.07	0.37
	1984	0.03	0.15
	1986	0.02	0.1
	1988	0.02	0.1
Netherlands	1984	0.004	0.02
	1985	0.004	0.02
New Zealand	1982	0.003	0.015
Switzerland	1983	0.03	0.15
Thailand	1980	1.6	8
	1987	0.0008	0.004
UK	1980	0.05	0.25
	1981	0.035	0.18
	1985	0.05	0.25
USA	1980	0.36	1.8
	1982	0.033	0.17
	1985	0.036	0.18
	1986	0.019	0.1
	1988	0.025	0.13

Dietary intake of DDT from human breast milk by infants (Table 17). Levels of DDT in breast milk can provide an assessment of the integrated exposure of women to DDT, which is largely due to food contamination. Breast milk is also the sole source for most infants and, consequently, levels of DDT are an important safety concern. Data provided by the GEMS/Food programme (WHO, 1996) from 39 countries show that DDT is present in virtually every sample of breast milk tested.

Table 17. Estimated dietary intakes of DDT for infants from breast milk (WHO, 1996).

Country	Year	Intake, m g/kg bw
		Median	Mean
Australia	1974	16.4
	1978	9.1
	1980	5.5
	1981		5.0
	1982	5.0
	1990	1.6
	1991	3.6
Belgium	1976		12.7
	1982		5.4
Brazil	1987 (Sao Paolo)		4.2
	1987 (Rural)		2.0
Canada	1967		17.4
	1970		9.2
	1975		5.3
	1981		4.7
	1982		4.5
	1982		4.5
	1986	1.0	1.4
China	1982		30.5
Colombia	1987(R)		9.0
Croatia	1981-1982		9.9
Slovakia	1971-1974		33.2
	1989-1992	6.4	8.4
Denmark	1982	4.3
	1982	4.9
Ethiopia	1994(R)		35.3
Egypt	1985-1986		6.9
Finland	1982		3.7
France	1974		13.6
	1986		9.9
Germany (FRG/West)                 Germany (GDR/East)	1973-1974		11.6
	1984		6.3
	1984-1987		3.7
	1988		3.1
	1989		3.2
	1990		2.6
	1991		2.4
	1992-1993		1.6
	1979		12.3
	1980-1981		23.4
	1984-1988		5.8
	1989-1990		12.4
	1990		11.7
	1990-1991		6.2
	1990-1991		10.8
Greece	1974-1975		41.3
	1983		0.2
Guatemala	1983	41.4
Hong Kong	1985	40.0	47.2
Hungary	1975-1976		16.15
India	1980	45.6
	1982	36.7
	1983		29.8
	1986	62.0
	1990(R)	17.3
Iran	1992-1993	1.2	0.7
Iraq	1984(Baghdad)		19.2
Italy	1978		18.4
	1983-1984(Rome)		7.2
	1982-1985		6.6
	1985		6.1
Japan	1980	4.4
	1981	4.7
	1982	4.7
	1983	3.5
	1984	3.5
	1985	2.9
	1989	3.3
	1991	2.9	3.6
	1992	2.4	1.9
Kenya	1983-1985		7.7-85.3
The Netherlands	1979		10.9
Nigeria	1987		17.4
Norway	1981-1982		4.1
	1986		2.6
	1988		3.7
Poland	1979		45.4
	1987(R)		25.0
Rwanda	1983		18.9
South Africa	1987		68.5
Spain	1979-1982(Madrid)		2.7
Sweden	1981		4.6
	1983	5.6
	1983		5.6
	1986(Sundsvall)	2.5	2.6
	1986(Göteborg)	2.5	2.5
	1986(Uppsala)	2.5	3.0
	1987(Borlange)	2.0	2.4
Tunisia	1982		17.4
Turkey	1984-1985(Ankara)		16.7
	1984-1985(Adana)		48.1
	1984-1985(Kocaeli)		15.0
Uganda	1994(R)		14.7
USA	1979		8.6
	1983		9.5
	1984-1987(Hawaii)		2.5
UK	1980	3.7
	1979-1980		8.6
	1982		7.8
	1988	0.025	0.1
Yugoslavia	1984-1985(Serbia)		7.6
Zimbabwe	1989(Harare)		26.9

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