Grapes

Grapes. Several grape trials were carried out in Australia during the years 1992 to 1995, but in all of them the application rates or the number of applications or both were higher than those specified in proposed GAP.

The trials in 1992-1993 were with high volume sprays to the point of run-off. The reported residues are the averages of samples from duplicate trials at the same rates (Anderson, 1993). The 1994-1995 trials were also with high-volumes prays applied to the foliage (Armstrong, 1995).

In a large number of trials with red and white grapes at different locations in France between 1990 and 1992 (Gocha, 1995a) the plot sizes ranged from 11 m² to 48 m² with 5 to 22 vines in each plot. Most trials were with 4 replicates while some others were single or in duplicate. One or two applications were made. Samples were harvested at intervals of 0 to 89 days after the (last) application. Only a few of these trials were according to GAP. The original GLC method used in 1990 measured tebufenozide residues with an LOD of 0.04 mg/kg. The extraction and methylation steps were slightly modified for the 1991 analyses to reach an LOD of 0.025 mg/kg. In 1992, using different chromatographic and methylation conditions, the laboratory was able to reach an LOD of 0.01 mg/kg in both solid and liquid substrates. This method was validated (Mellet, 1993a). Grape samples from two trials were processed to wine or spirit.

Three trials in France in 1992 for processing studies (DeWilde et al., 1995a) were conducted with treated and untreated plots without replicates. The plot sizes were chosen according to the quantity of sample to be harvested but were not less than 1 ha. Two trials in 1993 in France for processing studies (DeWilde et al., 1995b) complied with GAP. The plot sizes were not less than 1.4 ha. Applications were made with a motorized knapsack sprayer. Samples were harvested when the grapes reached the maturity required for commercial wine production.

The residues in the trials which accorded with French GAP ranged from 0.05 to 0.28 mg/kg.

Five trials in Germany were according to proposed GAP (Ulrich et al., 1994). The plot sizes were not less than 0.58 ha. The applications were carried out with a motorized knapsack sprayer. At the last sampling about 200 kg of grapes were taken from at least 30 vines from two trials for processing to must and wine. Samples were analysed by GLC. Four similar trials, again according to proposed GAP, were carried out by Kaiser (1994).

Residues in the grapes from the German trials at the proposed 28-day PHI ranged from 0.21 to 0.5 mg/kg.

Four trials at two different locations in Italy (Kaiser and Holzwarth, 1994) were at excessive rates and the grapes were vinified. The limit of determination was 0.02 mg/kg for grapes, and 0.01 mg/kg for must, new wine and potable wine.

Two trials in Thailand (Ishii and Higuchi, 1995) were not according to GAP or GLP. The results of the supervised trials on grapes are shown in Table 24. Table 24. Residues of tebufenozide in grapes. Underlined residues are from treatments according to GAP.

Country, year	Form.	Application			PHI, days	Residue, mg/kg	Ref, comments
		No.	kg ai/ha	kg ai/hl
Australia	SC	5	0.044-0.12	0.006	0	1.31	Anderson, 1993
1992-1993					7	1.01
					14	0.821
					28	0.571
Australia	SC	5	0.129-0.192	0.010	0	1.91	Anderson, 1993
1992-1993					7	1.51
					14	1.21
					28	0.871
Australia	WP	5	0.036	0.006	0	1.0	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995			l		7	0.98
					14	0.7
					28	0.32
Australia	WP	5	0.058	0.010	0	1.6	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	2.0
					14	1.7
					28	1.12
Australia	SC	5	0.036	0.006	0	1.1	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	1.9
					14	0.9
					28	0.5
Australia	SC	5	0.058	0.010	0	1.2	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	0.63
					14	0.9
					28	0.42
Australia	WP	5	0.09-0.15	0.006	0	0.61	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	1.4
					14	1.3
					28	0.71
Australia	WP	5	0.144-0.24	0.010	0	1.6	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	2.0
					14	1.2
					28	1.8
Australia	SC	5	0.09-0.15	0.006	0	1.4	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	1.1
					14	1.2
					28	1.1
Australia	SC	5	0.144-0.24	0.010	0	1.96	Armstrong, 1995a
1994-1995					7	2.4
					14	1.3
					28	1.67
France	SC	1	0.10	0.10	65	0.08	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	2	0.05	0.05	53	0.13	LOD 0.04 mg/kg
France	SC	1	0.10	0.10	89	0.09	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	2	0.05	0.05	76	0.04
France	SC	1	0.10	0.10	78	0.29	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	2	0.050	0.050	64	0.21
France	SC	1	0.10		71	0.05	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	1	0.150		71	0.09
France	SC	2	0.15	0.05	29	0.43	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	2	0.20	0.07	29	0.25
	SC	2	0.15	0.05	22	0.56
France	SC	2	0.15	0.04	18	0.19	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	2	0.20	0.05	18	0.12
	SC	2	0.15	0.04	12	0.16
France	SC	1	0.15	0.05	74	<0.04	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	1	0.15	0.05	81	<0.04
	SC	1	0.20	0.06	81	<0.04
France	SC	1	0.10	0.022	77	0.05	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	1	0.15	0.033	77	0.07
France	SC	1	0.10	0.10	48	0.17	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	1	0.20	0.20	48	0.20
France 1990	SC	1	0.096	0.042	56	<0.04	Gocha, 1995a
France 1990	SC	1	0,096	0.046	56	<0.04	Gocha, 1995a
France 1990	SC	1	0.096	0.064	77	0.06	Gocha, 1995a
France 1990	SC	1	0.096	0.064	38	0.08	Gocha, 1995a
France	SC	2	0.100	0.100	0	0.33	Gocha, 1995a
1990					7	0.23
					14	0.26
					29	0.43
					58	0.24
France	SC	2	0.100	0,050	0	0.29	Gocha, 1995a
1990					7	0.53
					14	0.49
					30	0.21
					45	0.19
					60	0.18
France	SC	1	0.20	0.10	80	0.19	Gocha, 1995a
1990	SC	1	0.40	0.20	80	0.32	LOD 0.025 mg/kg
France	SC	1	0.144	0.021	66	0.05
1991	SC	1	0.12	0.018	59	0.06
	SC	1	0.144	0.021	59	0.07
France	SC	1	0.144	0.048	0	0.14	Gocha, 1995a
1991	SC	1	0.144	0.048	2	0.13
	SC	1	0.144	0.048	7	0.05
	SC	1	0.144	0.048	14	0.05
	SC	1	0.144	0.048	21	0.05
France	SC	1	0.144	0.041	58	0.03	Gocha, 1995a
1991	SC	1	0.12	0.034	50	0.05
	SC	1	0.144	0.041	50	0.03
France	SC	1	0.10	0.067	78	<0.025	Gocha, 1995a
1991	SC	1	0.10	0.067	78	0.72
	SC	1	0.125	0.083	78	0.04
	SC	1	0.125	0.083	78	0.07
France	SC	1	0.144	0.032	72	0.14	Gocha, 1995a
1991	SC	1	0.12	0.027	61	0.13
	SC	1	0.144	0.032	61	0.17
France	SC	1	0.12	0.040	66	0.09	Gocha, 1995a
1991	SC	1	0.144	0.048	66	0.11
France	SC	1	0.144	0.048	20	0.24	Gocha, 1995a
1992	SC	1	0.144	0.048	29	0.13	LOD 0.01 mg/kg
	SC	1	0.144	0.048	39	0.44
France	SC	1	0.144	0.048	21	0.12	Gocha, 1995a
1992	SC	1	0.144	0.048	30	0.07
	SC	1	0.144	0.048	56	0.08
France	SC	1	0.144	0.044	21	0.06	Gocha, 1995a
1992	SC	1	0.144	0.044	30	0.04
	SC	1	0.144	0.044	61	0.14
France	SC	1	0.144	0.048	0	0.72	Gocha, 1995a
1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	3	0.81
					7	0.9
	SC	2	0.144	0.048	14	0.29
					21	0.07
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	21	0.28	Gocha, 1995a
France	SC	2	0.144	0.048	14	0.68	Gocha, 1995a
1992						0.81
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	7	1.07	Gocha, 1995a
France	SC	2	0.144	0.048	3	3.7	Gocha, 1995a
1992						2.7
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	0	4.2	Gocha, 1995a
France 1992	SC	1	0.144	0.048	65	0.04	Gocha, 1995a
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	30	0.05	Gocha, 1995a
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.048	21	0.26	Gocha, 1995a
France 1992	SC	2	0.144	0.144	50	0.17	Gocha, 1995a
France	SC	3	0.144	0.096	40	0.18	DeWilde, 1995a
1992							average of 2 analyses
France	SC	3	0.144	0.048	41	0.06	DeWilde, 1995a
1992							average of 2 analyses
France	SC	3	0.144	0.048	25	0.08	DeWilde, 1995a
1992							average of 2 analyses
France	SC	3	0.144	0.048	19	0.18	DeWilde, 1995b
1993							average of 2 analyses
France 1993	SC	3	0.144	0.048	21	0.28	DeWilde, 1995b
Germany	SC	4	0.079-0.206	0.013-0.040	0	0.59	Ulrich, 1994
1992					7	0.48	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	1.1
					28	0.28
Germany	SC	4	0.074-0.196	0.013-0.040	0	0.37	Ulrich, 1994
1992					7	0.20	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.44
					28	0.5
Germany	SC	4	0.075-0.210	0.0130.040	0	0.5	Ulrich, 1994
1992					7	0.28	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.79
					28	0.24
Germany	SC	4	0.074-0.204	0.013-0.040	0	0.33	Ulrich, 1994
1992					7	0.53	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.47
					28	0.27
Germany	SC	4	0.075-0.207	0.013-0.040	0	0.54	Ulrich, 1994
1992					7	0.57
					14	0.4
					28	0.40
Germany	SC	4	0.070-0.200	0.012-0.036	0	0.52	Kaiser, 1994a
1993					7	0.95	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.16
					28	0.21
Germany	SC	4	0.076-0.197	0.012-0.036	0	0.33	Kaiser, 1994a
1993					7	0.50	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.15
					28	0.26
Germany	SC	4	0.070-0.193	0.012-0.036	0	0.46	Kaiser, 1994a
1993					7	0.42	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.64
					28	0.22
Germany	SC	4	0.072-0.196	0.012-0.036	0	0.46	Kaiser, 1994a
1993					7	0.32	LOD 0.02 mg/kg
					14	0.28
					28	0.42
Italy	SC	2	0.238-0.240	0.012	0	0.5	Kaiser, 1994b
1992					21	0.56
Italy	SC	2	0.48	0.024	0	0.8	Kaiser, 1994b
1992					21	0.86
Italy	SC	2	0.216-0.240	0.012	0	0.37	Kaiser, 1994b
1992					21	0.26
Italy	SC	2	0.48	0.024	0	0.72	Kaiser, 1994b
1992					21	0.84
Thailand	SC	8	0.10	0.005	0	0.91	Ishii, 1995a
1994					7	0.52	LOD ± 0.01 mg/kg
					14	0.15
					21	0.18
					35	0.14
Thailand	SC	8	0.10	0.005	0	0.53	Ishii, 1995a
1994					7	0.20	LOD 0.01 mg/kg
					14	0.10
					21	0.18

¹ Mean of duplicate trials