Residue data from supervised trials on fruit and tree nuts are summarized in Tables 7-16.
|
Table 7. |
Apples. Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, USA. |
|
Table 8. |
Pears. Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, USA. |
|
Table 9. |
Apricots. USA. |
|
Table 10. |
Cherries. Spain, USA. |
|
Table 11. |
Nectarines. Italy, USA. |
|
Table 12. |
Peaches. France, Italy, Spain, USA. |
|
Table 13. |
Plums. France, Spain. |
|
Table 14. |
Almonds. USA. |
|
Table 15. |
Pecans. USA. |
|
Table 16. |
Almond hulls. USA. |
Where residues were not detected, the results are recorded in the Tables as below the limit of determination (LOD), e.g. <0.05 mg/kg. Residues, application rates and spray concentrations have generally been rounded to 2 significant figures or, for residues near the LOD, to 1 significant figure. Only when residues were detected in control samples are they recorded in the Tables. Dithiocarbamate (CS2) residues were detected in control samples in 3 apple trials, 4 pear trials, and 1 trial each on nectarines, peaches, plums and almonds (hulls).
The trials were generally fully reported and well documented. Ziram residues had been expressed as CS2 in some cases and as ziram in others. All the residues in the supervised trials in this monograph are expressed as CS2 irrespective of the mode of expression in the original. The theoretical factor 0.497 was used to calculate CS2 levels from ziram levels.
In some trials on tree crops a treated plot within the trial was divided for sampling purposes into sub-plots. In such cases the separate analytical results for each subplot are recorded in the Tables and provide some information on the variation of residue levels which can occur even from within one sprayed plot.
Knapsack air sprayers, mistblowers and wheelbarrow sprayers were use to apply ziram to apple trees in the European trials. Plot sizes ranged from 8 to 20 trees. Freezer storage stability studies suggest that the duration of freezer storage can affect ziram residue levels. No direct information was available on the duration of sample storage in trials B 93-2, B 93-7, B 93-8, B 93-1 or B 93-5. However, an upper limit can be calculated from the dates of sampling and the final date for each study. The maximum periods of sample storage in these five apple trials were in the range 5-9 months. The duration of sample storage before analysis was 2-3 months for trial 304662 and l1/2-3 months for 94021/01-FPAP. In the 5 ground application trials on apples in the USA ziram was applied by airblast sprayers and backpacks with handgun sprayers. Aerial application in one trial was by helicopter. Plot sizes were 24-120 m2 for ground application and 2200 m2 for aerial application. The intervals between harvest and analysis were 1-2 months.
In the pear trials in Europe plot sizes were in the range 8 to 20 trees. In some trials in France and Spain plots were samples as 3 sub-plots. Ziram was applied by knapsack mistblower and wheelbarrow sprayers. Only a summary was available for a Belgian trial in 1966. No direct information was available on the duration of sample storage before analysis in 4 trials (2-37, B 93-12, B 94-1 and B 94-2), but the upper limits could be calculated as before, giving estimated intervals of 5-20 days in trial 2-37, 9.5-11 months in B 93-12, 7-8 months in B 94-12, and 7.5-8.5 months in trial B 94-2. Intervals between harvest and analysis in other trials were 2-3 months in trial 304727, 3/2-4 months in trial 94021/02, 31/2-5 months in trial 94021/01, and 6-14 weeks in trials 90A-88, 89B-88 and 90C-88. In the US pear trials ziram was applied by airblast sprayer; plot sizes ranged from 35 m2 to 1.1 ha.
In the US trials on apricots ziram was applied by aircraft and by airblast sprayer from the ground. Plot sizes were 1100-3700 m2 for the ground applications and 5 ha for aerial spraying. Samples were stored in a freezer for 3-4 months between harvest and analysis.
Cherry trees were sprayed with a plot knapsack sprayer in the Spanish trials where the plot of 8 trees was treated as 3 sub-plots for sampling. Intervals between harvesting and analysis of the samples were 4-6 months, which may have allowed some decrease in residue levels. In the 5 cherry trials in the USA the trees in 3 (plot sizes 300-1100 m2) were sprayed with airblast sprayers and in 2 (plot sizes 1900-3000 m2) from fixed-wing aircraft. The periods of sample storage in a freezer before analysis were mostly 3-4 months, but 2 samples were stored for 5 months.
In the Italian trial on nectarines ziram was applied by a compressed air operated sprayer. The plot size was 9 trees. About 2-4 months elapsed between sampling and analysis. In the US trials on nectarines ziram was applied by airblast sprayer and by aircraft. Plot sizes were 300 and 1100 m2 for ground application and 2000 m2 for aerial application. Samples were stored between harvest and analysis for 2-3 months.
Ziram was applied to peach trees in trials in France, Italy and Spain with a backpack airblast sprayer, a wheelbarrow sprayer and a plot knapsack sprayer respectively. Plot sizes ranged from 8 to 14 trees. In the US trials ziram was applied with airblast or back-pack sprayers in 6 trials and by fixed-wing aircraft in the seventh trial. Plot sizes in the US ground spraying trials ranged from 15 to 1100 m2; the plot size in the aerial spraying trial was 2000 m2. No direct information was available on the duration of sample storage before analysis in trials UCB 211 and B 93-6, but from the sampling and report dates it could be calculated that samples were stored no longer than 3.5 months in UCB 211 and 11-12 months in B 93-6. Periods of sample storage in other trials were 2-3 months in trial 304646, 21/2-5 months in trial 94021 and l1/2-3 months in the US trials. No field report was available for trial UCB 211 so there was no information about the sprayer, plot sizes or whether other dithiocarbamates were used.
In the French and Spanish trials on plums plots of 8 trees were sprayed with knapsack sprayers and plots were sampled as 3 sub-plots. Samples were held in a freezer for 3-3/2 and 5-6 months before analysis in the French and Spanish trials respectively.
Airblast sprayers were used for ground application in 5 almond trials (plot sizes 40-5000 m2) in the USA while in the other two trials (plot sizes 1400 and 12000 m2) ziram was applied by helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. Samples from 2 trials were stored in a freezer for 3-4 months and those from 5 trials for 6-61/2 months before analysis.
Pecan trees were treated with ziram with an airblast sprayer or a hand-held wand sprayer. Plot sizes ranged from 80 to 1300 m2. The duration of freezer storage between harvest and analysis was 119-164 days.
In all trials (Tables 7-16) underlined residues are from treatments according to GAP and are valid fro the estimation of maximum residue levels.
Table 7. Residues of ziram (as CS2) in apples from foliar application of ziram in supervised trials in Belgium, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and the USA.
|
Country, year (variety) |
Application |
PHI, days |
Ziram residues as CS2 mg/kg |
Ref. |
|||
|
Form |
kg ai/ha |
kg ai/hl |
No. |
||||
|
Belgium, 1966 (Reine des Reinettes)
|
WP
|
7x3.6 |
7x0.18 |
11 |
0 |
0.601 |
66/09
|
|
+4x2.7 |
+4x0.15 |
|
14 |
<0.2 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.50 |
|||
|
Belgium, 1966 (Ellison's Orange)
|
WP
|
7x3.6 |
7x0.18 |
11 |
0 |
1.91 |
66/09
|
|
+4x2.7 |
+4x0.15 |
|
2 |
0.50 |
|||
|
|
|
|
7 |
0.45 |
|||
|
|
|
|
14 |
<0.2 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
<0.2 |
|||
1 Residues in this trial were measured as ziram by a polarographic method. Residues in the Table are calculated and expressed as CS2.
|
Country, year (variety) |
Application |
PHI, days |
Ziram residues as CS2 mg/kg |
Ref. |
|||
|
Form |
kg ai/ha |
kg ai/hl |
No. |
||||
|
Belgium, 1993 (Jonagold)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.23- |
6 |
0 |
0.90 c 0.92 |
UCB B 93-1 93101-RU-010-1
|
|
|
0.37 |
|
7 |
1.2 |
|||
|
|
|
|
14 |
0.58 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.53 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
0.61 |
|||
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.45 |
|||
|
France, 1993 (Wellspur)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.28- |
6 |
0 |
4.0 |
UCB B 93-7 93101-RU-010-4 |
|
|
0.42 |
|
7 |
2.0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.4 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
0.78 |
|||
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.83 c 0.39 |
|||
|
France, 1993 (Golden Delicious)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.24 |
6 |
0 |
1.5 |
UCB B 93-5 93101-RU-010-3
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
1.2 |
|||
|
|
|
|
13 |
0.53 |
|||
|
|
|
|
20 |
0.21 |
|||
|
|
|
|
27 |
0.29 |
|||
|
|
|
|
34 |
0.33 |
|||
|
France, 1993 (Golden Delicious)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.28- |
6 |
0 |
5.2 |
UCB B 93-8 93101-RU-010-5
|
|
|
0.42 |
|
7 |
5.6 |
|||
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.9 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.1 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
2.4 |
|||
|
|
|
|
35 |
2.0 |
|||
|
Italy, 1993 (Perleberg 3)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.16 |
4 |
7 |
2.5 |
304662 RA-2095/93
|
|
|
|
5 |
0 |
4.5 |
|||
|
|
|
|
10 |
0.90 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.55 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
0.36 |
|||
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.29 |
|||
|
Netherlands, 1993 (Golden Delicious)
|
WG
|
2.4 |
0.25- |
6 dt1 |
0 |
2.1 |
UCB B 93-2 93101-RU-010-2
|
|
|
0.37 |
|
7 |
0.71 |
|||
|
|
|
|
14 |
0.70 |
|||
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.54 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
0.44 |
|||
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.23 |
|||
|
Spain, 1994 (Granny Smith)
|
WG
|
2.3 |
0.23 |
4 |
0 |
2.6 4.3 4.4 |
94021/01-FPAP
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
2.0 3.0 1.5 |
|||
|
|
|
|
28 |
1.9 1.2 1.6 |
|||
|
USA (CA), 1988 (Newton Pippin) |
WG |
6.8 |
0.83 |
4 |
5 |
3.1 2.3 4.0 4.2 |
83A-88 |
|
|
|
|
14 |
2.4 1.6 2.4 2.3 |
|||
|
USA (GA), 1988 (Red Delicious) |
WG |
6.8 |
1.5 |
7 |
14 |
0.38 |
82G-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.8 |
|||
|
USA (IL), 1988 (Lodi, Red Delicious, Jonathan) |
WG |
6.8-7.9 |
1.45-1.7 |
7 |
14 |
1.9 |
82F-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
3.5 |
|||
|
USA (MI), 1988 (Macspur) |
WG |
6.8 |
1.45 |
7 |
14 |
1.1 |
82E-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.52 c 0.05 |
|||
|
USA (NY), 1988 (Twenty Ounce) |
WP |
6.8 |
2.0 |
7 |
14 |
0.98 |
82A-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.48 |
|||
|
USA (NY), 1988 (Twenty Ounce) |
WG |
6.8 |
2.0 |
7 |
14 |
1.2 |
82A-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.4 |
|||
|
USA (NY), 1988 (Twenty Ounce) |
SC |
6.8 |
2.0 |
7 |
14 |
0.97 |
82A-88 |
|
|
|
|
21 |
0.84 |
|||
|
USA (WA), 1988 (Red Delicious, Red Chief) |
WG |
6.8 |
8.1 |
4 a |
5 |
0.36 |
83D-88 |
|
|
|
|
14 |
0.16 |
|||
1 Metiram used in May, approximately 4 months before harvest
dt: other dithiocarbamates also used during the growing period.
c: control sample.
a: application by aircraft.
