PARASITE-HOST LIST (Cont.)

SUBFAMILY HEMIURINAE

Hemiurus sigani Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964			(M)
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Siganus argenteus (2)
		S. guttatus (2)
		S. spinus (1)
	Dist: Palawan
	Records: 1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c; 2. Velasquez 1974 (-)

SUBFAMILY LECITHOCHlRIINAE

Lecithochirium magnaporum Manter, 1940		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Euthynnus affinis
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c

Lecithochirium sp.		(M)
	Location: stomach
	Host: Lates calcarifer
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: ADB/NACA 1991

SUBFAMILY PLERURINAE

Plerurus digitatus (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1907			(M)
		Syn: Paraplerurus sauridae Fischthal and Kuntz, 1963
	Location: intestine
	Host: Trichiurus lepturus
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c
	Remarks: Velasquez (1975a) listed Paraplerurus sauridae as a junior synonym of Plerurus longicaudatus (Yamaguti, 1953); however, Bray (1990) considered both these names to be synonyms of Plerurus digitatus.

FAMILY LECITHASTERIDAE

SUBFAMILY HYSTEROLECITHINAE

Hysterolecitha acanthuri Annereaux, 1947		(M)
	Location: stomach?
	Host: Acanthurus triostegus
	Dist.: Samar
	Record: Annereaux 1947

SUBFAMILY LECITHASTERINAE

Lecithophyllum cheilionis			(M)
		(Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964) Yamaguti, 1971
		Syn.: Brachadena cheilionis Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Host: Cheilio inermis
	Dist: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c
	Remarks: Although Overstreet (1973) synonymized the genus Brachadena Linton, 1910 with Aponurus Looss, 1907, Velasquez (1975a) considered it to be valid.

FAMILY PROSOGONOTREMATIDAE

SUBFAMILY PROSOGONOTREMINAE

Prosogonotrema bilabiatum Perez Vigueras, 1940			(M)
	Syn.:	Prosogonotrema carangi Velasquez, 1961
	Location: stomach
	Hosts:	Caranx sp. (1)
		Naso hexacanthus (2)
	Dist: Luzon, Mactan
	Records: 1. Velasquez 1961a (Luzon); 2. Machida and Uchida 1990 (Mactan)

SUBFAMILY PROSORCHIINAE

Prosorchiopsis aluterae Yamaguti, 1970		(M)
	Location: stomach
	Host: Naso vlamingii
	Dist: Mactan
	Record: Machida and Uchida 1990

SUPERFAMILY TRANSVERSOTREMATOIDEA

FAMILY TRANSVERSOTREMATIDAE

Transversotrema haasi Witenberg, 1944			(M)
	Location: beneath scales
	Hosts:	Oxycheilinus diagrammus (1,2)
		?Scarus festivus (I)²⁷
	Dist.: Cebu, Mindoro
	Records: 1. Velasquez 1974,2. 1977a
	Remarks: A detailed redescription of this species is provided by Cribb et al. (1992).

Transversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924) Cruz and Sathananthan, 1960				(B)
		Syn.: Transversotrema laruei Velasquez, 1958
	Location: beneath scales
	Hosts:		Anodontostoma chacunda (2)
			Chanos chanos (5,6,9,10,11,12)
			Lates calcarifer (1,2)
			Megalops cyprinoides (2)
			Mugil sp. (2)
			Oreochromis mossambicus (2,5,6)
			O.niloticus niloticus (5,6,7,8,14,15)
			Poecilia latipinna (2)
			Rhynchorhamphus georgii (2)
			Scatophagus argus (2)
			Tilapia sp. (3,4)
			Terapon plumbeus (2)
			tilapia (13)
	Dist.: Luzon, Palawan, Panay
	Records: 1. Velasquez 1958 (Luzon), 2. 1961b (Luzon), 3. 1986a (Luzon), 4. 1988 (Luzon); 5. Lopez 1986 (Luzon), 6. 1988 (Luzon); 7. Natividad et al. 1986a (Luzon)²⁸, 8. 1986b (Luzon); 9. Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 10. Regidor and Arthur 1986 (Luzon), 11. 1990 (-), 12. 1992 (Luzon); 13. Palisoc 1988 (Luzon); 14. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1989a (-), 15. 1990 (Palawan, Panay)
	Remarks: The synonymy is provided by Cribb et al. (1992), who reviewed the family Transversotrematidae. Velasquez (1958), initially believing this parasite to be a progenetic metacercaria, listed the site of infection as the muscles and intestine. In a study of the life cycle (Velasquez 1961b), she was able to infect Mollenesia latipinna (syn. of Poecilia latipinna ) experimentally. Transversotrema patialense has been reported to cause problems in tilapia culture on Luzon Island. Velasquez (1986a, 1988) reported that a “whirling syndrome” was associated with infections in tilapia raised in ponds at Pililia, while Palisoc (1988) noted high mortality in pond-reared fish at Cardona.

ORDER ECHlNOSTOMIDA

SUPERFAMILY ECHINOSTOMATOIDEA

FAMILY ATRACTOTREMATIDAE

Isorchis parvus Durio and Manter, 1969		(M)
	Location: pyloric caeca
	Host: Chanos chanos
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 1992

FAMILY ECHlNOSTOMATIDAE

Echinochasmus novalichesensis Tubangui, 1932 metacercaria			(F)
	Location: not given
	Hosts:	Glossogobius giuris
		Ophieleotris aporos
		Terapon plumbeus
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939
	Remarks: In their individual host-parasite tables, Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1939) listed this species only as Echinochasmus sp.

FAMILY WARETREMATIDAE

Carassotrema philippinense Machida, 1996		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Mugil cephalus
	Dist: Mactan, Palawan
	Record: Machida 1996

Megasolena acanthuri Machida and Uchida, 1991		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Acanthurus lineatus
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: Machida and Uchida 1991

Waretrema piscicola Srivastava, 1939		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Scatophagus argus
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: Velasquez 1961a, 1966

SUPERFAMILY NOTOCOTYLOIDEA

FAMILY ANGIODICTYIDAE

Hexangium leptosomum Machida and Uchida, 1990		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Naso unicornis
	Dist: Palawan
	Record: Machida and Uchida 1990

Hexangium sigani Goto and Ozaki, 1929			(M)
	Syn.:	Hexangium affinum Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1944
		Hexangium secundum Annereaux, 1947
	Location: intestine, stomach
	Hosts:	Caesio cuning (5)
		Neoniphon sammara (5)
		Siganus argenteus (3,4)
		S. canaliculatus (6)
		S. fuscescens (5)
		S. guttatus (2,5)
		S. javus (1)
		S. spinus (6)
		Siganus sp. (5)
		Stolephorus commerson (6)
	Dist.: Luzon, Palawan, Samar
	Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944 (Luzon); 2. Annereaux 1947 (Samar); 3. Velasquez 1961a (Luzon), 4. 1966 (Luzon), 5. 1974 (-); 6. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a (Palawan)

SUPERFAMILY PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA

FAMILY PARAMPHISTOMIDAE

Cleptodiscus bulbosus Hanson, 1955		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Naso vlamingii
	Dist.: Mactan
	Record: Machida and Uchida 1990

ORDER PLAGIORCHIIDA

SUPERFAMILY ALLOCREADIOIDEA

FAMILY ALLOCREADIIDAE

Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1931 metacercaria			(F)
	Location: musculature
	Hosts:	Clarias macrocephalus
		Oreochromis mossambicus
	Dist.: Luzon (experimental)
	Record: Sirikantayakul 1985
	Remarks: The life cycle of Orientocreadium batrachoides in the Philippines was elucidated experimentally by Sirikantayakul (1985), who demonstrated that the snail Lymnaea viridis served as both the first intermediate and the primary second intermediate host. A few metacercariae were also recovered from tilapia and catfish fry, and other aquatic organisms experimentally exposed to newly emerged cercariae.

Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1931			(F)
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Clarias batrachus (1,2)
		C. macrocephalus (3,4,6,7)
		Glossogobius giuris (2)
		unspecified fish (5)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Tubangui 1931a; 2. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944; 3. Velasquez 1975a; 4. Hanviriyapant 1977; 5. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 6. Trovela 1979; 7. Sirikantayakul 1985
	Remarks: Velasquez (1975a) redescribed this species based on specimens from Clarias macrocephalus. Sirikantayakul (1985) also established experimental infections in C. macrocephalus. Kabata (1985) listed many additional fish species as host to this parasite in the Philippines; however, this resulted from a misinterpretation of Velasquez (1975a), who summarized hosts reported throughout the parasite's world-wide distribution.

FAMILY OPECOELIDAE

SUBFAMILY OPECOELINAE

Opegaster minima (Tubangui, 1928) Yamaguti, 1934			(F)
	Syn.:	Opecoelus minimus Tubangui, 1928
		Opecoelus sp. of Lopez, 1979
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Arius manillensis (3)
		Channa striata (3)
		Clarias batrachus (3,5,6)
		Glossogobius biocellatus (1)
		G. giuris (1,3,4,5,6)
		Pomadasys argenteus (1,2)
		Terapon plumbeus (3)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Tubangui 1928; 2. Tubangui and Francisco 1930²⁹; 3. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944; 4. Lopez 1979³⁰, 5. 1986,6. 1988³¹
	Remarks: Lopez (1979) recorded Opecoelus sp. from throughout the host's digestive tract, but noted that the intestine is the normal site of infection.

Paropecoelus palawanensis (Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964) Pritchard, 1966			(M)
	Syn.:	Opecoelus palawanensis
		Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Parupeneus barberinus
		P. indicus
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b

Pseudopecoeloides carangis (Yamaguti, 1938) Yamaguti, 1940			(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Sphyraena jello
	Dist: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b

SUBFAMILY PLAGIOPORINAE

Hamacreadium lethrini Yamaguti, 1934			(M)
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Lethrinus erythropterus
		Lutjanus gibbus
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b

Helicometra nasae			(M)
		Nagaty and Abdel Aal, 1962
		Syn.: Stenopera rectisaccus Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Host: Sargocentron violaceum .
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b
	Remarks: The synonymy follows Sekerak and Arai (1974), who also noted that H. nasae is possibly a synonym of H. equilata (Manter, 1933).

Macvicaria longisaccus			(M)
		(Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964) Bray, 1985
		Syn.: Plagioporus (Plagioporus) longisaccus Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Host: Choerodon anchorago
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b
	Remarks: The synonymy follows Bray (1985).

Propycnadenoides philippinensis			(M)
		Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Host: Gymnocranius griseus
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a

SUPERFAMILY GYLIAUCHENOIDEA

FAMILY GYLIAUCHENIDAE

Gyliauchen papillatus (Goto and Matsudaira, 1918) Goto, 1919			(M)
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Anodontostoma chacunda (1)
		Siganus fuscescens (2)
	Dist: Palawan
	Records: 1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a; 2. Velasquez 1974 (-)

SUPERFAMILY LEPOCREADIOIDEA

FAMILY ACANTHOCOLPIDAE

Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lutjanus bohar
	Dist: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a

FAMILY LEPOCREADIIDAE

Aephnidiogenes barbarus Nicoll, 1915		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Pomadasys argenteus
	Dist.: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c

Preptetos caballeroi Pritchard, 1960		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Naso vlamingii
	Dist: Mactan
	Record: Machida and Uchida 1990
	Remarks: Bray et al. (1993b) considered this species a synonym of Preptetos xesuri (Yamaguti, 1940); however, Bray and Cribb (1996) have recently substantiated its validity.

SUPERFAMILY OPISTHORCHIOIDEA

FAMILY CRYPTOGONIMIDAE

Neochasmus microvatus (Tubangui, 1928)			(F)
		Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944 metacercaria
	Location: not given
	Host: unspecified fish
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: Lopez 1979
	Remarks: This report is based on the unpublished findings of Dr. C.C. Velasquez.

Neochasmus microvatus (Tubangui, 1928) Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944				(F)
		Syn.: Metadena microvata Tubangui, 1928
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:		Glossogobius biocellatus (1)
			G. giuris (1,3,4,5,6,7,8)
			Pomadasys argenteus (1,2)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Tubangui 1928; 2. Tubangui and Francisco 1930; 3. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944; 4. Velasquez 1961c, 5. 1966; 6. Lopez 1979, 7. 1986, 8. 1988³²
	Remarks: Tubangui and Francisco (1930) in an apparent lapsus calami, erroneously gave the species name of this digenean as Metadena ovata. Although specimens have also been recovered from the buccal cavity, esophagus and stomach, the intestine is the normal site of infection.

Paracryptogonimus acanthostomus			(M)
		Yamaguti, 1934
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lutjanus sp.
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966

Paracryptogonimus apharei (Yamaguti, 1942)			(M)
		Velasquez, 1961
		Syn.: Metadena apharei (Yamaguti, 1942)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lutjanus sp.
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966

Paracryptogonimus manilensis				(M)
		Velasquez, 1961
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:		Lutjanus fulviflamma (2)
			L. vitta (1)
			Parachaetodon ocellatus (1)
	Dist.: Luzon, Palawan
	Records: 1. Velasquez 1961c (Luzon); 2. Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964a (Palawan)

Paracryptogonimus orientalis			(M)
		Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lutjanus fulviflamma
	Dist: Palawan
	Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a

Pseudallacanthochasmus grandispinus			(M)
		Velasquez, 1961
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lutjanus sp.
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1961c

Pseudometadena celebesensis Yamaguti, 1952			(M)
	Location: stomach, caeca, intestine
	Host: Lates calcarifer
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966

Pseudometadena sp.			(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Lates calcarifer
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: ABD/NACA 1991

FAMILY HETEROPHYIDAE

Ascocotyle sp. metacercaria		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host: Trichogaster lalia
	Dist.: Luzon (aquarium)
	Records: Lumanlan et al. 1990³³, 1992
	Remarks: This genus has not been recorded from Philippine natural waters, the record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involving a dwarf gourami imported from Singapore for the ornamental fish trade which was examined in Quezon City.

Centrocestus caninus Leiper, 1913 metacercaria				(F,B)
		Syn.: Stamnosoma formosanum Nishigori, 1924
	Location: gills
	Hosts:		Anabas testudineus (1)
			Channa striata (1)
			Glossogobius giuris (1)
			Hyporhamphus dussumieri (2)
			Terapon plumbeus (1,2)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939³⁴, 2. 1940
	Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) noted that intestinal infection in man has been recorded from Manila.

Centrocestus sp. metacercaria				(F &/or B)
		Syn.: Stamnosoma sp. Hosts: Ambassis buruensis
	Location: not given
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis
			Atherina balabacensis
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Vaquez-Colet and Africa 1938

Cercarioides sp. metacercaria				(F &/or B)
		Syn.: Microlistrum sp.
	Location: [musculature]
	Host: Ambassis buruensis
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938
	Remarks: The synonymy follows Velasquez (1975a).

Galactosomum anguillarum (Tubangui, 1933) Tubangui and Africa, 1938 species inquirenda metacercaria?			(M)
		Syn.: Haplorchis anguillarum Tubangui, 1933
	Location: intestine
	Host: Anguilla marmorata
	Dist.: Leyte
	Record: Tubangui 1933b
	Remarks: This species was redescribed from the original specimens by Tubangui and Africa (1938) who transferred it to the genus Galactosomum. Yamaguti (1958) listed it as belonging to the genus Tubanguia Srivastava, 1935. However, Pearson (1973) noted that the single type specimen of G. anguillarum, the only species in the genus Tubanguia, had been destroyed, and as a result, the position of the genus could not be decided. He thus listed G. anguillarum (Tubangui, 1933) as species indeterminata. We follow Velasquez (1975a) in considering it a species inquirenda. It seems probable that this report involves a metacercaria occurring on the host's viscera which was accidently liberated from its cyst during dissection.

Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899 metacercaria				(F,B)
		Syn.: Haplorchis taihokui (Nishigori, 1924)
	Location: musculature
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (1)
			Channa striata (1)
			Gerres filamentosus (1)
			Glossogobius guirus (1)
			Puntius binotatus (2)
			Siganus javus (1)
			Terapon plumbeus (1)
	Dist: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939 (Luzon); 2. Velasquez 1973a (Mindanao)
	Remarks: The first valid report of Haplorchis pumilio (as H. taihokui) from the Philippines is that of Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1939)³⁵. The reports of this species (as Monorchotrema taihokui) by Garcia (1936) and Africa et al. (1937) are referred to H. yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932), following Africa (1937, 1938a, 1938b) and Refuerzo (1940). Haplorchis pumilio is of potential zoonotic importance in the Philippines (see Velasquez 1982a).

Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Chen, 1936 metacercaria				(F,B)
	Location: musculature
	Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (2)
			Arius manillensis (2)
			Channa striata (1,3,4)
			Puntius binotatus (3)
			Spratellicypris palata (3)
	Dist: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939 (Luzon); 2.Velasquez 1966 (Luzon), 3. 1973a (Luzon, Mindanao), 4. 1973b (Luzon)
	Remarks: Velasquez (1982a, 1986a), summarizes the host and geographical distribution of this zoonotically important species.

Haplorchis yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932) Chen, 1936 metacercaria				(F,B)
	Syn.:		Monorchotrema yokogawai Katsuta, 1932
			Monorchotrema taikohui auctorum
	Location: musculature
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (5)
			Arius manillensis (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
			Channa striata (1,6)
			Chanos chanos (9,10)
			Clarias batrachus (2,3,4,5,6)
			Gerres kapas (6)
			Liza subviridis (5)
			Rhynchorhamphus georgii (5)
			Siganus javus (8)
			Terapon plumbeus (6)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Garcia 1936 (-); 2. Africa 1937 (-), 3. 1938a (-); 4. Africa et al. 1937; 5. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938³⁶, 6. 1939, 7. 1940; 8. Tubangui 1947; 9. Velasquez 1979, 10. 1984
	Remarks: In the Philippines, Haplorchis yokogawai has been associated with human infections involving myocardial complications and heart failure due to blockage of coronary vessels caused by the parasite's eggs entering the circulatory system via the intestinal mucosa (see Africa 1937, 1938a; Refuerzo 1940). Human infections occur via ingestion of metacercariae in raw or inadequately cooked fish. Piscivorous birds, and dogs and cats serve as natural definitive hosts. Velasquez (1982a, 1986a), summarizes the host and geographical distribution of this zoonotically important species. The reports of Monorchotrema taikohui by Garcia (1936) and Africa et al. (1937) are referred to H. yokogawai following Africa (1937, 1938a, b) and Refuerzo (1940).

Heterophyopsis expectans				(B)
		(Africa and Garcia, 1935) Tubangui and Africa, 1938 metacercaria
		Syn.: Heterophyes expectans Africa and Garcia, 1935
	Location: musculature
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (2,3,4)
			Atherina balabacensis (2)
			Chanos chanos (6,7)
			Gerres filamentosus (3)
			G.kapas (3)
			Liza subviridis (2)
			Pelates quadrilineatus (3,5)
			Rhynchorhamphus georgii (2,3)
			Siganus javus (3)
			Terapon puta (4)
			mullet (1)
	Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Africa and Garcia 1937 (-); 2. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938 (Luzon)³⁷, 3. 1939 (Luzon); 4. Velasquez 1966 (Luzon, Mindanao), 5. 1973a (Mindanao); 6. Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 7. 1992 (Luzon)

Phagicola sp. metacercaria			(F &/or B)
		Syn: Parascocotyle sp.
	Location: not given
	Host: Ambassis buruensis
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938

Procerovum calderoni (Africa and			(B)
	Garcia, 1935) Price, 1940 metacercaria
	Syn.:	Haplorchis calderoni (Africa and Garcia, 1935)
		Monorchotrema calderoni Africa and Garcia, 1935
		Procerovum varium of Velasquez, 1973a
	Location: musculature, base of fins
	Hosts:	Acentrogobius janthinopterus (2,3)
		Ambassis buruensis (1,2)
		Anabas testudineus (2,3,4,5)
		Atherina balabacensis (1,3)
		Butis amboinensis (5)
		Channa striata (2,4)
		Chanos chanos (5)
		Eleutheronema tetradactylum (2)
		Gerres filamentosus (2)
		Glossogobius giuris (2)
		Liza subviridis (1,5)
		Oxyurichthys microlepis (5)
		Pelates quadrilineatus (2,5)
		Platycephalus indicus(4,5)
		Poecilia latipinna (4,5,6)
		Rhynchorhamphus georgii (1,2,5)
		Scatophagus argus (4,5,7)
		Siganus javus (2)
	Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938 (Luzon)³⁸, 2. 1939 (Luzon), 3. 1940 (-); 4. Velasquez 1966 (Luzon), 5. 1973a (Luzon, Mindanao), 6. 1973c (Luzon); 7. Galvez 1979 (Luzon)
	Remarks: Pearson and Ow-Yang (1982) listed Procerovum varium of Velasquez (1973a) as a synonym of P. calderoni. These authors also considered it likely that the metacercariae illustrated in figures 3 and 6 of Velasquez (1973c) were not P. calderoni. Africa (1938b) noted that this species infects dogs, cats and man in the Philippines.

Procerovum varium Onji and Nishio 1916 metacercaria			(B)
	Syn.:	Haplorchis sisoni Africa, 1938
		Procerovum sisoni (Africa, 1938)
	Location: musculature, fins
	Hosts:	Anabas testudineus (4)
		Poecilia latipinna (4)
		Terapon plumbeus (1,2,3)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Africa 1938b (-); 2. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939, 3. 1940; 4. Velasquez 1966
	Remarks: Pearson and Ow-Yang (1982) referred Procerovum varium of Velasquez, 1973a to P. calderoni. The records of Velasquez (1966) of P. sisoni from two of the same hosts and from the same locality may thus also involve a misidentification of P. calderoni.

Procerovum sp.		(F)
	Location: not given
	Host: Puntius manalak
	Dist.: Mindanao
	Record: Velasquez 1966

Pygidiopsis genata Looss, 1907 metacercaria		(B)
	Location: [musculature]
	Host: Liza subviridis
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938³⁹
	Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included this species among those parasites transmissible to man.

Pygidiopsis marivillai Rufuerzo and Garcia, 1937 metacercaria		(B)
	Location: [musculature]
	Host: Liza subviridis
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938⁴⁰
	Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included this species among those parasites transmissible to man.

Scaphanocephalus adamsi Tubangui, 1933 metacercaria		(M)
	Location: fins, under scales
	Host: Bodianus mesothorax
	Dist.: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Tubangui 1933b
	Remarks: This species was described from a fish which died in an aquarium at the Fish and Game Administration in Manila.

Stellantchasmus falcatus				(B)
		Onji and Nishio, 1915 metacercaria
	Syn.:		Diorchitrema pseudocirrata Witenberg, 1929
			Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis Yokogawa in Katsuta, 1932
	Location: musculature, body cavity
	Hosts:		Anabas testudineus (2)
			Liza subviridis (1,3)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938⁴¹, 2. 1939, 3. 1940
	Remarks: Velasquez (1974, 1977a, 1980b) listed these records under Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis. . She (Velasquez 1980b) noted that this species is of zoonotic importance, human infections having been reported from Luzon. The synonymy follows Pearson (1964) who noted that the status of S. falcatus in the Philippines was questionable.

Stictodora guerreroi				(F,B)
		Garcia and Refuerzo, 1936 metacercaria
	Location: fins, musculature, body cavity, heart
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (1,2,3)
			Atherina balabacensis (1,3)
			Liza subviridis (1)
			Ophieleotris aporos (4)
			Rhynchorhamphus georgii (1,2,3)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938⁴², 2. 1939, 3. 1940; 4. Velasquez 1966
	Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included this species among those parasites transmissible to man.

Stictodora manilensis				(F,B)
		Africa and Garcia, 1935 metacercaria
	Location: body cavity, fins, musculature
	Hosts:		Ambassis buruensis (1,2,3,5)
			Arius manillensis (4)
			Atherina balabacensis (1,3)
			Gerres filamentosus (2,3)
			Liza subviridis (1,3)
			Pelates quadrilineatus (2)
			Terapon jarbua (3)
			T. plumbeus (2)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938⁴³, 2. 1939⁴⁴, 3. 1940; 4. Velasquez 1966, 5. 1973a
	Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included this species among those parasites transmissible to man.

Stictodora palmifera Vazquez-Colet 1943 metacercaria		(B?)
	Location: not given
	Host: Sillago maculata
	Dist.: Philippines
	Record: Vazquez-Colet 1943 c
	Remarks: The validity of this species requires re-assessment. Velasquez (1975a) considered it a nomen nudum.

Stictodora tanayensis Velasquez, 1973 metacercaria		(F)
	Location: musculature
	Host: Ophieleotris aporos
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1973a

Unidentified Heterophyidae

Heterophyidae gen. sp. metacercaria		(F)
	Location: musculature
	Host: unspecified fish
	Dist.: Mindanao
	Record: Velasquez 1986b⁴⁵

SUPERFAMILY PLAGIORCHlOIDEA

FAMILY GORGODERIDAE

Phyllodistomum sp.		(F)
	Location: [ureters, urinary bladder]
	Host: Clarias batrachus
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: Lopez 1986, 1988
	Remarks: Lopez (1986, 1988) recorded this parasite as occurring in the host's gonads, intestine and stomach; however, members of the genus Phyllodistomum are parasites of the ureters and urinary bladder.

FAMILY MACRODEROIDIDAE

Gauhatiana batrachii (Dayal and Gupta, 1954) Gupta, 1955		(F)
	Location: stomach, intestine
	Host: Clarias batrachus
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Lopez 1988
	Remarks: Lopez (1988) suggested that this digenean has been introduced from Thailand along with its host.

FAMILY MICROPHALLIDAE

Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa and Garcia, 1935) Velasquez, 1975			(F)
	Location: intestine
	Hosts:	Glossogobius giuris (1)
		unspecified fish (2)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Velasquez 1975b; 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-)
	Remarks: Davy and Graham (1979) in a lapsus calami, listed this species as “Carneophallus breceae.” This digenean is of zoonotic importance in the Philippines, human infections being acquired via consumption of metacercariae in freshwater shrimp ( Macrobrachium sp.) (see Velasquez 1975b, 1980b, 1988).

SUPERFAMILY ZOOGONOIDEA

FAMILY MONORCHIIDAE

Hurleytrematoides malabonensis Velasquez, 1961		(M)
	Location: intestine
	Host: Parachaetodon ocellatus
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1961a

FAMILY ZOOGONIDAE

Deretrema (Luxitrema) philippinensis Beverley-Burton and Early, 1982			(M)
		Syn.: Deretrema sp. of Burn, 1980
	Location: gall bladder
	Host: Anomalops katoptron
	Dist.: Mactan
	Records: Burn 1980; Beverley-Burton and Early 1982
	Remarks: Bray (1987) created the subgenus Luxitrema, with Deretrema (Luxitrema) philippinensis as type-species. The records of Burn (1980) and Beverley-Burton and Early (1982) involve fish of Philippine origin which were kept in public aquaria in the United States.

Digenea of Unknown Systematic Position

Cercaria dorsocauda Tubangui, 1928 metacercaria		(M)
	Location: not given
	Host: Pomadasys argenteus
	Dist.: Philippines
	Record: Tubangui and Francisco 1930 (experimental)

Unidentified Digenea

Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria			(F,B)
	Location: body cavity, fins, gills, musculature, skin
	Hosts:	Carassius auratus (9)
		Chanos chanos (2,4,5,6,7)
		Epalzeorhynchos bicolor (9)
		E. frenatum (9)
		Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (3,8)
		unspecified fish (1)
	Dist.: Luzon, Panay
	Records: 1. Africa 1938a (-); 2. Anon 1973b (Panay); 3. Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); 4. Regidor and Arthur 1986 (Luzon), 5. 1990 (-), 6. 1992 (Luzon); 7. Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 8. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 (Luzon); 9. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon)⁴⁶

Digenea gen sp.			(F,M)
	Location: stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine
	Hosts:	Channa striata (2,3)
		Chanos chanos (5,6)
		Clarias batrachus (2,3)
		C.macrocephalus (1)
		Glossogobius giuris (4)
		Monopterus albus (8)
		Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (7)
		Pantodon buchholzi (8)
	Dist: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Anon 1975 (Luzon); 2. Guerrero and Paycana 1981b (Luzon); 3. Guerrero 1982 (Luzon); 4. Vallejo 1988 (Luzon); 5. Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 6. 1992 (Mindanao); 7. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 (Luzon); 8. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon)⁴⁷

CLASS MONOGENEA

SUBCLASS POLYONCHOINEA

ORDER CAPSALIDEA

FAMILY CAPSALIDAE

Allometabenedeniella orbicularis		(M)
	(Gupta and Khanna, 1975) Hussey, 1986
	Syn.: Allometabenedeniella plataxi Velasquez, 1982
	Location: gills
	Host: Platax orbicularis
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1982b
	Remarks: The synonymy follows Hussey (1986).

Bendenia malaboni Velasquez, 1982		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Epinephelus undulosus
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1982b

Caballerocotyla philippina Velasquez, 1982		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host Platax orbicularis
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1982b

Encotyllabe caballeroi Velasquez, 1977		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Lethrinus nebulosus
	Dist.: Mindoro
	Record: Velasquez 1977b
	Remarks: Williams and Beverley-Burton (1989) redescribed the adults of this species from Heron Island, Australia, while Whittington and Kearn (1992) described the egg, oncomiracidium and juvenile from specimens tentatively identified as E. caballeroi from the same locality. Williams and Beverley-Burton (1989) note that members of the genus Encotyllabe attach to the papillae of the host's pharynx, lower pharyngeal plate or gill arches, rather than to the gill filaments.

Neobenedenia manilae Velasquez, 1982		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Platax orbicularis
	Dist.: Luzon
	Record: Velasquez 1982b

Tristomella pricei (Hidalgo Escalente, 1959) Price, 1960		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Sphyraena sp.
	Dist.: Visayan islands
	Record: Velasquez 1982b
	Remarks: Velasquez (1982b) notes that the host may have been misidentified; other reports of this species have involved members of the genus Makaira. The generic position of this species is unsettled. Yamaguti (1963a) considered the genus Tristomella Guiart, 1938 a synonym of Capsala Bosc, 1811, a decision followed by Egorova (1989); however, Pozdnyakov (1990), in his synopsis of scombrid parasites, retains Tristomella.

ORDER DACTYLOGYRIDEA

SUBORDER DACTYLOGYRINEA

FAMILY DACTYLOGYRIDAE

SUBFAMILY ANCYLODISCOIDINAE

Silurodiscoides sp.		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host: Pangasius sutchi
	Dist.: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992
	Remarks: The genus Silurodiscoides has not yet been recorded from Philippine natural waters, this report involving an aquarium fish imported from Hongkong which was examined in Quezon City.

Unidentified Ancylodiscoidinae

Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp.		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host: Leiocassis siamensis
	Dist: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992⁴⁸

SUBFAMILY ANCYROCEPHALINAE

Ancyrocephalus manilensis Tubangui, 1931			(M)
	Location: gills
	Hosts:	Anyperodon leucogrammicus .
		Lutjanus sp
		Siganus virgatus
	Dist: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Tubangui 1931b⁴⁹
	Remarks: The host fishes were taken from the aquarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila.

Cichlidogyrus longicornis			(F)
	Paperna and Thurson, 1969 sensu stricto
	Syn.:	Cichlidogyrus longicornis longicornis Paperna and Thurston, 1969
	Location: gills
	Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao)
	Remarks: Douëllou (1993) elevated Cichlidogyrus longicornis gravivaginus Paperna and Thurston, 1969 to specific status and regarded the only other subspecies, C. longicornus minus Dossou, 1982, as conspecific with C. l. longicornis. This species was introduced with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990).

Cichlidogyrus sclerosus				(F)
		Paperna and Thurston, 1969
	Location: gills
	Hosts:		Oreochromis mossambicus (1)
			O. niloticus niloticus (3,4,5,7,8)
			Tilapia sp. (6)
			unspecified fish (2)
	Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: 1. Duncan 1973 (Luzon); 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Lopez 1986 (Luzon), 4. 1988 (Luzon); 5. Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); 6. Velasquez 1986a (Luzon); 7. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 8. 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao)
	Remarks: This species was introduced with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990). Although Kabata (1985) indicated that Cichlidogyrus sclerosus has been reported to cause severe damage to the gills of tilapia in the Philippines, we have found no published evidence supporting this conclusion.

Cichlidogyrus tiberianus Paperna, 1960		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao)
	Remarks: This species was introduced with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990).

Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao
	Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao)
	Remarks: This species was introduced with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990).

Cichlidogyrus sp.		(F)
	Location: gills
	Hosts: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (3,4,5,6,7,8)
	tilapia (2)
	unspecified fish (1)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 2. Guerrero 1981 (-); 3. Hopkins and Cruz 1982; 4. Quines and Paycana 1982a, 5. 1983; 6. Natividad et al. 1986a⁵⁰; 7. Lumanlan et al. 1992⁵¹; 8. Yambot and Lopez 1997

Enterogyrus cichlidarum Paperna, 1963		(F)
	Location: stomach
	Host Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 1990
	Remarks: This species was introduced into the Philippines with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990).

Heteronchocleidus sp.		(F)
	Location: gills
	Host Trichogaster lalia
	Dist: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992
	Remarks: This genus has not yet been shown to occur in Philippine natural waters, the above report involving an aquarium fish imported from Singapore which was examined in Quezon City.

Tetrancistrum lutiani Tubangui, 1931		(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Lutjanus sp.
	Dist: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Tubangui 1931b⁵²
	Remarks: The host was obtained from a marine aquarium at the Bureau of Science, Manila.

Unidentified Ancyrocephalinae

Ancyrocephalinae gen sp.				(F)
		Includes: Actinocleidus sp. auctorum Ancyrocephalidae gen sp.
	Location: gills, buccal cavity
	Hosts:		Clarias batrachus (2,3)
			C.macrocephalus (1)
			Puntius tetrazona (4)
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: 1. Hanviriyapant 1977; 2. Lopez 1986, 3. 1988; 4. Lumanlan et al. 1992⁵³
	Remarks: According to Beverley-Burton (1986), the genus Actinocleidus occurs only on North American centrarchid fishes.

SUBFAMILY DACTYLOGYRINAE

Dactylogyrus sp.			(F)
	Location: gills
	Hosts:	Aristichthys nobilis (16)
		Carassius auratus (16)
		C. carassius (7,9)
		Carassius sp. (4)
		Clarias batrachus (9)
		C. macrocephalus (13)
		Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2,4,6,10,11,12,16)
		Cyprinus sp. (16)
		Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (16)
		Mugil sp. (16)
		Oreochromis mossambicus (5)
		O. mossambicus × O. niloticus niloticus (5)
		O. niloticus niloticus (4,5,7,8,11)
		catfish (2)
		unspecified fish (3,14,15)
	Dist.: Luzon
	Records: 1. Anon. 1975; 2. Velasquez 1977a (Luzon); 3. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 4. Guerrero and Battad 1980; 5. Guerrero and Monje 1980; 6. Guerrero 1981 (-), 7. 1982; 8. Guerrero and Paycana 1981a, 9. 1981b; 10. Hopkins and Cruz 1982⁵⁴; 11. Quines and Paycana 1982a, 12. 1983; 13. Kabata 1985 (-); 14. Palisoc 1988⁵⁵; 15. Lumanlan et al. 1990 (-)⁵⁶, 16. 1992
	Remarks: Velasquez (1977a) reported that Dactylogyrus was responsible for 20% mortalities of catfish raised at a farm in Pansol, Laguna. Reports of Dactylogyrus species on Clarias spp. are likely misidentifications, as these monogeneans do not occur on members of this genus in Southeast Asia (S.L.H. Lim, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, pers. comm.). Similarly, reports of this genus on the gills of tilapias probably involve Cichlidogyrus spp.

FAMILY DIPLECTANIDAE

Diplectanum sp.			(M)
	Location: gills
	Host: Lates calcarifer
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: ADB/NACA 1991

Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli			(M)
		(Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky and Beverley-Burton, 1986
	Location: [gills]
	Host: Epinephelus malabaricus
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: Leong and Wong 1990
	Remarks: Leong and Wong (1990) reported this species from juvenile grouper imported from the Philippines to Malaysia. They noted that high infections may lead to disease outbreaks in grouper cage culture. The taxonomy of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli was reviewed in detail by Kritsky and Beverley-Burton (1986).

ORDER GYRODACTYLIDEA

FAMILY GYRODACTYLIDAE

Gyrodactylus niloticus				(F)
		Cone, Arthur and Bondad-Reantaso, 1995
	Syn:		Gyrodactylus sp. of Natividad, Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1986 (partim)
	Location: skin
	Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist: Luzon
	Records: Natividad et al. 1986b; Cone et al. 1995
	Remarks: Cone et al. (1995) considered this species likely to be of African origin, and imported with the introduction of Nile tilapia.

Gyrodactylus plotosi Mayes and Brooks, 1977		(M)
	Location: skin
	Host Plotosus lineatus
	Dist: Philippines
	Record: Mayes and Brooks 1977
	Remarks: This species was described from fish of Philippine origin which were examined in the United States.

Gyrodactylus shariffi				(B)
		Cone, Arthur and Bondad-Reantaso, 1995
	Syn.:		Gyrodactylus sp. of Natividad, Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1986 (partim), and of Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1990 (partim)
	Location: skin
	Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus
	Dist: Panay
	Records: Natividad et al. 1986b; Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990; Cone et al. 1995
	Remarks: Cone et al. (1995) believed that Nile tilapia cultured in brackishwater ponds acquired infections of Gyrodactylus shariffi from wild marine fishes, most likely mullets.

Gyrodactylus sp.			(F,B)
	Location: gills, skin
	Hosts:	Carassius auratus (11)
		C.carassius (6,7)
		Carassius sp. (3)
		Channa striata (1)
		Clarias batrachus (1)
		C. macrocephalus (1)
		Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3,5)
		Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (3,4,8,9,10)
		unspecified fish (2)
	Dist.: Luzon, Panay
	Records: 1. Anon. 1975 (Luzon); 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Guerrero and Battad 1980 (Luzon); 4. Guerrero and Monje 1980 (Luzon); 5. Guerrero 1981 (-), 6. 1982 (Luzon); 7. Guerrero and Paycana 1981b (Luzon); 8. Natividad et al. 1986a (Luzon), 9. 1986b (Luzon, Panay)⁵⁷; 10. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 (Luzon, Panay); 11. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon)⁵⁸

SUBCLASS OLIGONCHOINEA

ORDER MAZOCRAEIDEA

SUBORDER GASTEROCOTYLINEA

FAMILY GASTEROCOTYLIDAE

Eyelavera typica Unnithan, 1968			(M)
	Location: gills
	Hosts:	Rastrelliger brachysoma
		R. faughni
		R. kanagurta
	Dist: Luzon
	Record: Rohde 1989
	Remarks: Rohde (1989) examined specimens of this monogenean from R. brachysoma and R. kanagurta collected from various Philippine localities, but did not indicate which collections contained infected hosts. The specimen from R. faughni was collected at Manila.

SUBORDER MAZOCRAEOIDEA

FAMILY MAZOCRAEIDAE

Kuhnia scombercolias				(M)
		Nasir and Fuentes Zambrano, 1983
	Location: gills
	Host: Rastelliger brachysoma
	Dist.: Negros
	Record: Rohde 1989

Kuhnia sprostonae Price, 1961				(M)
	Location: gills
	Host Rastelliger brachysoma
	Dist: Negros
	Record: Rohde 1989

Pseudoanthocotyle pavlovskyi				(M)
		Bykhovsky and Nagibina, 1954
	Syn.:		Indomazocraes jagannath Tripathi, 1959
	Location: gills
	Host: Rastrelliger faughni
	Dist: Cebu, Luzon, Palawan
	Record: Rohde 1989
	Remarks: The synonymy follows Mamaev (1982).

SUBORDER MICROCOTYLINEA

FAMILY MICROCOTYLIDAE

Aspinatrium virgatarum (Tubangui, 1931) Yamaguti, 1963			(M)
		Syn.: Microcotyle virgatarum Tubangui, 1931
	Location: gills
	Host: Siganus virgatus
	Dist: Luzon (aquarium)
	Record: Tubangui 1931b
	Remarks: The host fish was taken from the aquarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila.

Unidentified Monogenea

Monogenea gen. spp.			(F,B)
	Location: gills, skin
	Hosts:	Chanos chanos (1,2)
		Clarias batrachus (3,5)
		Cyprinus carpio carpio (5)
		Oreochromis mossambicus (3)
		Scatophagus argus (8)
		Tilapia zillii (3)
		catfish (4)
		grouper (9)
		unspecified fish (6,7)
	Dist.: Luzon, Panay
	Records: 1. Anon 1973a (Panay), 2. 1973b (Panay), 3. 1975 (Luzon); 4. Velasquez 1977a (Luzon); 5. Kabata 1985 (-); 6. Natividad 1986 (Luzon)⁵⁹, 7. 1988 (Luzon)⁶⁰; 8. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 (Panay)⁶¹; 9. ADB/NACA 1991 (-)