North American forestry commission
Second world eucalyptus conference
FAO panel on education in forestry
FAO/IUFRO committee on bibliography
Study tours in the U.S.S.R.
United nations special fund for economic development
Institute for the development of poplar culture in Turkey
FAO technical assistance reports on forestry and forest products
In view of the desire of the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States of America to arrange for the discussion of forestry matters of mutual interest in a more systematic and co-ordinated manner than was possible under existing informal arrangements, the Tenth Session of the Conference of FAO decided in 1959 to establish a North American Forestry Commission. The first session of the Commission was held in Mexico City from 24 to 29 July 1961, at the invitation of the Government of Mexico and laid down the lines which its future activities should follow.
Under the chairmanship al Dr. Enrique Beltrám, Undersecretary for Forest Resources and Wildlife, Mexico, the commission received brief statements from each delegation broadly setting out the areas of immediate interest and the principal forestry and forest products problems of their countries. J.D.B. Harrison, Deputy Minister of Forestry at Ottawa, spoke for Canada and Richard E. McArdle, Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, for the United States of America. It was agreed that any financial obligations arising from the activities of the Commission in tacklin these problems would been met by the Member Governments, and Sir Henry Beresford-Peirse, Deputy Director of Forestry and Forest Products Division, explained how the FAO secretariat would provide liaison services.
Forest insect pests and diseases
One of the principal problems dealt with by the commission was that of forest insect pests and diseases. M. L. Prebble of Canada summarized the position as follows:
(a) With respect to general exchange of information and biological materials among forest entomologists and pathologists, numerous channels were already in existence as regards the United States and Canada,(b) In pest problems requiring control action in two or more North American countries - by direct means, biological control measures, or the. administration of plant protection legislation and accompanying regulations - the commission would be the suitable body to formulate recommendations on control policies,
(c) In the field of intercontinental co-operation on forest insect and disease problems, the commission should be able to promote full participation among North American countries and, through other regional forestry commissions of FAO, secure collaboration also by countries in other regions on problems of broad international significance. It would be advantageous to enlist the co-operation of other international agencies such as the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), which has already promoted large-scale collaboration on forest disease problems.
As a result of its discussions, the commission decided to create a working party on forest insects and diseases to prepare an analysis of the principal problems in the region; indicate which problems are of immediate concern, and suggest priorities among these problems for study and action. If the members of the commission agreed before the next session that the analysis and priorities constitute satisfactory terms of reference, the chairman would authorize the working party to proceed forthwith with an action program.
Forest fires
J. N. Diehl of the United States delegation described the forest fire problem of the region in its three main aspects: prevention, control technology, and research, and gave examples of past collaboration between the three countries. He suggested that a working party on forest fire control should also be set up to:
(a) promote sharing of the latest fire prevention "know - how" and materials;(b) provide ways of achieving a better exchange of information on improved fire control techniques, equipment use, and new developments in equipment design;
(c) recommend interchange of services in fire control of advisory, consultant or training experts, where feasible and desired;
(d) facilitate the sharing of fire weather data, fire danger rating forecasts, whenever applicable and desired;
(e) foster mutual correlation of plans for a research program and identification of the most urgent research needs;
(f) encourage prompt exchange of the results of fire research, progress reports and completed publications;
(g) further the adoption of international forest fire control compacts and agreements, whenever and wherever needed and desired;
(h) assist, when requested, in the preparation of national legislation needed to implement mutual aid in forest fire control among the North American countries;
(i) report at each session of the commission on progress and make recommendations to the commission for action on those matters deemed appropriate.
Discussion by the delegates brought out the existence of certain activities of collaboration in prevention, as for example with the "Smoky Bear Campaign," and in control technology and research. Attention was called to the importance of lightning- caused fires in certain parts of the countries concerned, and to the major significance of man-caused fires in all the member countries. It was felt that research on ways to reduce both kinds of fires should have a prominent position in fire research programs.
The commission finally adopted Mr. Diehl's proposal and invited nominations for membership of the continuing working party.
International trade in forest products
Juan Manuel Gonzalez of Mexico, the rapporteur of the session, introduced the subject of Mexico's need to increase its manufacturing capacity for forest products, not only to supply the internal market but also to expand exports. Certain difficulties had to be faced in regard to the latter, and the other delegations agreed that further consideration would have to be given in their respective countries before any definite action could be expected from the commission.
Other business
Topics suggested by delegates for consideration at, future sessions included the preservation of natural forest areas, attention being called to the current activities of the Society of American Foresters in the United States; forest inventory methods, with emphasis on photogrammetry; forestry and wildlife; forestry and recreation; and the co-ordination of bilateral and multilateral technical aid programs. The commission agreed to draw the attention of universities and other training institutions to the need for foresters who were being trained in international work to be given also training in languages, and in the proper attitudes and understanding necessary to make them effective international experts. The commission noted the value of study tours. Mention was made of the first such study tour organized by FAO, that on fire control methods, for which the United States had been host and to which both Mexico and Canada had sent participants, and of the most recent tour on Latin-American conifers in 1960, for which Mexico had been the host and in which the United States had participated. Travel facilities between member countries of the commission were especially favorable to future study tours on these and other aspects of forestry.
The Canadian delegate called attention to its national Conference on Resources for Tomorrow (held in October 1961) which was designed to reach agreement on principles of conservation and management of renewable resources including agriculture, forestry, waters, fisheries, wildlife., and recreation.
Mexico cited uncontrolled colonization of tropical forests as one of its major problems, resulting in the destruction of potentially valuable forests to obtain only poor farmland for the colonists.
The commission accepted Canada's offer to be host in 1963 for the next session, it being understood that the exact date should be agreed after consultation between the Director-General of FAO and the members of the commission.
The Second World Eucalyptus Conference was held at the invitation of the Brazilian Government at São Paulo from 20 to 26 August 1961, following a study tour of one week's duration in the State of São Paulo. Attending were 250 participants from 20 nations. A. Navarro Sampaio (Brazil) was elected chairman and M. R. Jacobs (Australia) and A. Chebicheb (Morocco) vice-chairmen. Four working languages were used: English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. More than 130 working papers were presented, translated or summarized and discussed.
The week preceding the debates of the conference proper, the delegates were taken on a study tour in the State of São Paulo, by the generosity of the Government and the leading lumbering and wood-using companies. The exceptionally well-balanced program made it possible to visit many plantations, arboreta, experimental forests and wood-processing plants. A detailed report was drawn up by G. Giordano (Italy) and H. L. Malherbe (South Africa).
During the meetings of the conference the technical questions were divided among five main sections, each under a discussion leader.
Section I - Potential value of eucalyptus
Leader: R. M. Alvaranga (Brazil)
Reports received and discussions held in this section brought out the fact that in the course of the last five years eucalypts have increased considerably in importance in the broad forest policies of many countries with a tropical or Mediterranean-type climate. The total area now under eucalyptus plantations exceeds 1 million hectares, of which 800,000 hectares are in Latin America, 410,000 in Africa and 400,000 in the Mediterranean basin, including the Near East.
Brazil, with its 560,000 hectares under eucalyptus, produces annually 19 million cubic meters with a total standing volume of approximately 97 million cubic meters. This is remarkable when compared, for example, with the figures given by Australia, whose total annual production of eucalyptus wood amounts to approximately 14.6 million cubic meters from a total area of 44 million hectares of eucalyptus forest.
In the Mediterranean basin, the increase in areas planted over the last five years for many countries reaches about 50 percent of the 1956 figures. Certain countries, such as Viet-Nam and Korea, which are new to eucalyptus growing in their reforestation programs, are contemplating planting projects, the size of which it is intended will increase in geometrical progression over millions of hectares during the next five years.
In certain tropical countries, such as Brazil, there is a tendency to replace eucalyptus plantations with tropical pines, which are expected to yield a largely equivalent volume coupled with better quality pulp and paper. Nevertheless it seems that eucalyptus will continue to predominate in reforestation programs in these areas. In any case, the general picture is one in which the planting of rapid-growth forest species is assuming an increasingly important place.
The main eucalyptus species used in most reforestation programs are largely the same as before with no new introductions. Eucalyptus alba gives remarkable results in Brazil and its highly selected seed is being produced in great quantities at Rio Claro. It would be advantageous to introduce the species into many countries with a similar climate and soil.
Although the economics of eucalyptus plantations have not always been the object of sufficiently detailed study, it appears from the data furnished by several countries that the returns from capital invested in eucalyptus plantations, with rotations which may run from eight to twelve years, vary from approximately 4 to 10 percent at compound interest.
Section II - Basic problems
Leader: M. R. Jacobs (Australia)
Few points of importance seem to have emerged during the last five years. However, in several countries a start is being made with the production of selected seed and different applications of forest genetics. A very go-ahead team is operating at Rio Claro (headed by Mr. R. F. Guimaraes), and, from what the conference was able to observe in the course of the. study tour, much has been achieved there.
The Australian Government intends to set up a special bureau, the Australian eucalyptus clearing house, whose principal duties will be: to collect technical information on eucalyptus and forward it to FAO for periodical circulation to all parts of the world; to collect and preserve, at Canberra, seeds of different eucalyptus species intended either:
(a) for distribution on a commercial basis for large-scale reforestation programs, or
(b) to be exchanged or sent as a gift to research institutes for scientific purposes.
It was also agreed that it is on national and regional bases that production could best he organized, as well as the control and marketing or exchange of seed for large-scale reforestation programs. Australia, Brazil, and Morocco agreed to take part in such exchanges on commercial or scientific bases.
Section III - Silviculture and influences
Leader: J.P. Lacaze (France)
Increasingly wider use is being made of machinery in eucalyptus plantations. High forest methods are being increasingly adopted and it is in all cases recommended that heavy, low thinning should be practiced.
Considerable progress has also been recorded in plantation protection against termites and other ants.
Finally, the beneficent influence of eucalyptus shelterbelts on the environment and on the adjacent crops has been made the object of interesting practical experimental work in Italy.
Section IV - Utilization
Leader: C. S. Elliot (Australia.)
A great deal of work has been done over the last five years on the technical utilization of eucalyptus wood. Findings give ground for considerably greater optimism than in 1956.
Two encouraging facts are outstanding.
1. The doubts raised today regarding the utilization of wood from young eucalyptus plantations were experienced in Australia 40 years ago but it has since been proved that these were unfounded.2. Although there are differences between the properties of eucalyptus wood from young, rapid growth plantations on the one hand and, on the other, the properties of mature trees of the same species in their natural habitat, these are only differences in degree and do not give rise to really new problems.
In practice, however, although generally speaking its uses are limited mainly to roundwood or small timber, a number of countries have very impressive figures to show for eucalyptus wood consumption. (In Portugal and Chile this runs to several hundred thousand cubic meters.) Among the various uses of roundwood, some interesting experiments have been made with pitprops in Morocco and round sleepers (crossties) in Brazil.
Section V - Future work
Leader: J. J. M. Garcia (Argentina)
The wish was expressed that the next World Eucalyptus Conference should be held in Australia in 1966 and should be supplemented by a study tour. M. R. Jacobs promised to transmit this wish to his Government.
Three ad hoc working parties were set up, consisting of persons chosen in each of the principal eucalyptus growing regions of the world, namely Latin America, Africa, the Mediterranean basin and Near East, and Asia-Pacific, in order that between now and the next conference the wishes and resolutions communicated by the different technical working parties might be dealt with in a speedier and more co-ordinated fashion. The following members of these working parties have been put forward:
1. Biological problemsR. Jacobs (Australia)
A. de Philippis (Italy)
R. F. Guimaraes (Brazil)
H. L. Malherbe (South Africa)2. Utilization
G. Giordano (Italy)
C. S. Elliot (Australia)
J. J. M. Garcia (Argentina)3. Plantation economics and utilization of eucalyptus
E. Susaeta (Chile)
K. L. Truettner (Brazil)
The main function of these working parties is to ensure, in liaison with FAO Headquarters in Rome, the implementation of the resolutions and recommendations put forward at the conference by the different technical sections. In the main international organizations or at meetings, their purpose will be to prepare and submit special studies and problems affecting eucalyptus.
In addition the conference asked that FAO should publish a new edition of Eucalypts for planting, which had elicited favorable comment in recent years but was now out of print. Certain chapters should be brought up to date and new ones added, a task that will be entrusted to experts working on a voluntary basis and chosen in consultation with the ad hoc working parties referred to above.
Lastly, it was requested that further study tours be organized by FAO with a view to the collection of selected seed and on the primary utilizations of eucalyptus timber.
The publication of the proceedings of the conference will be undertaken by the Brazilian Government. These will consist of the reports and resolutions of the conference in the four working languages, together with the technical papers in their original language, either in summary form or in extenso, if funds permit.
Hernan Santa Cruz, Assistant Director-General of FAO (Latin-American Affairs, Santiago) chaired the closing session. He sketched a very wide canvas of the problems confronting Latin America and thanked the Brazilian Government. for the great success of the Second- -.World 'Eucalyptus Conference.
Established in 1956, this panel is charged with advising the Director-General on policy and programming of work related to forestry education. The purpose of its third meeting, held in Vienna from 8 to 9 September 1961, under the chairmanship of H. L. Shirley, Dean of the College of Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, was to consider the professional manpower supply and requirements in the developing regions, and the extent to which FAO should sponsor the expansion of forestry education facilities during the next few years.
The panel formulated recommendations on a new survey of manpower needs, general principles for the organization of forestry education centers, and the necessary levels of education, and on how to deal with the growing demand for technical experts in developing countries with the resultant need for personnel trained to serve abroad. The panel decided that it should enlarge its membership to ensure wider representation of regions and, more particularly, of the developing countries.
The twelfth session of the FAO/IUFRO Committee on Bibliography was held from 5 to 7 September 1961 also in Vienna and prior to the thirteenth congress of IUFRO, under the chairmanship of Professor E. Saari of Finland. Developments relating to the use and expansion of the Oxford Decimal Classification System for Forestry, and in the preparation of the FAO multilingual forest terminology were considered.
The Oxford Decimal Classification has now been published in four principal languages (English, French, German and Spanish) and has been widely adopted in countries using these languages as well as in many other countries where national language versions have been prepared.
On the other hand, progress with the preparation of a multilingual forest terminology has been rather slow, although the need is no less urgent. Means of speeding up the work were discussed and will be pursued, especially the securing of adequate financial support. The committee considered that, in the meantime, a temporary multilateral forest glossary should be prepared on the basis of material already available, to answer the increasing demand made by international bodies and conferences and by foreign experts who are working under international technical assistance and other aid programs.
Among other subjects treated was the World list of periodicals and serials of interest to forestry, which has been issued by FAO in close collaboration with the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford, and with other centers.
Two study tours in forestry were organized during 1961 under the United Nations Expanded Program of Technical Assistance. The first, on logging and floating, was held in June/July in the Leningrad-Moscow area. Foresters from Burma, India, Indonesia and Pakistan participated. Among other features, the research institute on logging mechanization at Chimki and two experimental logging enterprises were visited. One of these enterprises (at Olenino) uses mainly tractors for skidding. The tractor TDT 40 shown in Figure 1 is used for skidding bundles of trees; Figure 2 shows another tractor with attachment which collects trees one by one as they are felled. Lorries are used for transportation to the "lower yard."
The other enterprise (at Krescy) makes use of cableways for skidding and loading (Figures 3 and 4) and narrow-gauge railways for the transport of whole trees with crowns. The delimbing is done by special electrical saws in the lower yard, where the branches are cut off, and the logs bucked, sorted and stored in special boxes for loading into long distance transport. Most logging enterprises in the U.S.S.R. already have or are building some kind of primary conversion plant, mainly for conversion of low quality logs, branches, small-sized timber, and wood waste.
The second tour had participants from Afghanistan, Greece, India, Israel, Pakistan, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Republic and Yugoslavia, and was concerned in particular with protective afforestation in semiarid and zones. Figures 5 and 6, taken of shelterbelt plantings in the Volgagrad area, show two experimental cultivators. The horizontal wheels, with bicycle tires, serve to enable the cultivator to work very close to the plant row without damaging the plants. The cultivator in Figure 6 with the propeller-like blades is being used where the rows are planted on a ridge. It is being dragged along the ridge, the blades letting the plants slip through while moving. Figures 7 and 8 show prefabricated houses at the Volgagrad sawmill. These houses are built in two halves on a steel frame. They are transported in halves and used in places where large work projects are to be carried out.
These study tours are arranged as one means of utilizing the contributions by the U.S.S.R. to the United Nations technical assistance program. Such contributions are for the most part in inconvertible roubles which generally have to be spent within the country itself on the purchase of equipment and machinery or on granting fellowships. The U.S.S.R. authorities are interested in organizing a seminar on aerial forest surveying in 1964.
Four national projects are now in operation for which FAO, through the Division of Forestry and Forest Products, is acting as executing agency for the Special Fund.
Mexico
This project entails carrying out the initial stages of a national forest inventory, embracing an assessment of the potentially productive but hitherto unexploited forests with a view to establishing forest industries to meet the growing needs of Mexico itself and the export trade. The inventory, which will later be extended by the Mexican Government to cover the whole of the forests of the country, will enable forest management to be undertaken on a sustained-yield basis, and at the same time it will define the limits of the existing forests so that plans can be made for their conservation.
The Special Fund contribution is limited to assisting the Government, which has already established an inventories section at the forest research institute, with the first four years of the national forest inventory. This stage consists principally in carrying out an aerial survey, on which all future work including the ground surveys will be based. The project will include additional equipment for the photogrammetric laboratory already established, aerial photography, inventory equipment and transport. Provision is also made for the services of one expert (F. Hummel, United Kingdom) and fellowships for Mexican staff who will require additional specialized training abroad. A pilot survey of a selected area of tropical forest forms part of the project; the reason for the latter is that techniques for the aerial assessment and ground inventory of tropical forests are far from being standardized, and experimental work will be needed in Mexico to determine the best techniques to suit local conditions.
The project will involve the following phases.
(a) Strengthening of the inventories section of the forests research institute to enable it to undertake the survey on a national scale and prepare full working management plans. The forest research institute already has the physical facilities (buildings and land) and essential personnel to start this project. The strengthening will take into account such long-term aspects of forest inventories as changes due to periodicity of growth, extraction, clearance, etc. It is therefore necessary to organize a national system of annual reporting to the Inventories Office of changes in forest conditions.(b) Collection and study of available aerial photographs regardless of whether taken for forestry or other purposes. This stage will be concerned with preliminary map preparation, photo interpretation, photo transfer and the determination of suitable aerial survey techniques. Similar work has already been carried out over selected forest areas in Mexico and this will be evaluated prior to the start of the national forest inventory.
(c) The aerial survey remaining to be done will begin in the forest regions of the country that are most accessible and best known as promising for immediate development. These are the states of Michoacan, Durango, Chihuahua, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Jalisco, Veracruz, Coahuila and Sinaloa. The Inventories Office will devise standardized methods of collecting and presenting information, such as definitions of forest types for management purposes. The aerial survey is estimated to cover a total of about 40,000 square kilometers of temperate forests and a pilot zone of tropical forest whose area will be decided by a co-ordinating committee.
(d) Ground surveys will follow immediately after the aerial survey of each area. For this purpose the Inventories Office will organize a ground survey section to carry out base mapping where necessary, and ground operations including gathering statistical data. Technical studies to determine the possibility of exploitation will be made during this stage. Operating working plans for each specific area will be worked out over the whole period of the survey, but first attention will be given to areas where immediate industrial development is contemplated.
Chile
This project entails the establishment and initial operation of an institute for the development of forest resources and industries to be created by the Government of Chile.
In co-operation with the Chilean Development Corporation, the Ministry of Agriculture and other interested agencies and institutions, the institute will be concerned with the economic and technical development and the rational exploitation of Chile's forest resources as called for in the national ten-year plan for economic development. It will be charged with the following responsibilities:
(a) evaluation of Chile's present and potential forest resources;(b) improvement in management and conservation of these resources;
(c) technical assistance for the development of the forest industries by rationalizing the exploitation, processing and marketing of forest products;
(d) practical training of both government and industrial personnel at all levels in forestry and the forest products fields;
(e) improving the marketing and promoting the demand for forest products;
(f) conducting and co-ordinating applied research in forestry and forest products.
The institute will have its headquarters at Santiago, and its work will be initiated with the assistance of a project manager (L. Hartman, Finland) and a team of foreign experts. The duration of the project will be four years, and during this period the project manager will act as adviser to the director of the institute. Field stations will be established at locations to be determined by the project manager in consultation with the Chilean authorities, and use will be made of suitable existing research and training facilities.
The training aspects of the project will receive special attention in the program of work, and the foreign expert staff of the institute will not only be charged with the responsibility for training counterpart personnel at the professional level, but also with developing facilities and programs directed toward training intermediate level personnel for both forest operations and the woodprocessing industries. Training courses will be set up to provide practical training for both government and private industry personnel in logging, sawmilling and sawdoctoring, wood seasoning and preservation and other secondary wood-processing operations. Similarly, courses in forest surveys and mapping, mensuration, tree planting and nursery practices, as necessary, may be conducted on the forestry side. The present and augmented facilities at the co-operating universities as well as the equipment from the FAO forest experiment station at Llancacura will be employed as required.
Morocco
A rural economic preinvestment project for the Western Rif entails, during the initial two-year period, a planning study to cover two kinds of activities to be undertaken simultaneously; the framing of a development plan for the entire Western Rif, and the immediate application, within a limited but typical area called the "Taunate spearhead zone" of agricultural, grazing and silvicultural techniques designed to solve the particular economic and social problems of the areas. As soon as sufficient progress has been made in the first phase of the project which has come into being as a result of FAO's program for Mediterranean Development of which Egon Glesinger is the project leader, the project manager will submit proposals for proceeding to the next phase or phases, aimed at placing the economic planning for the entire region on more solid foundations, or to extend it to other similar regions in Morocco.
The Taunate spearhead zone, through which the Units highway passes, lies in the heart of the Western Rif, and is typical of it as a whole. It occupies about 230,000 hectares and has about 110,000 inhabitants in 13 communes. The demonstration and experimental activities will be centered here. G. W. Chapman, United Kingdom, is the forestry member of the project team.
Turkey
Another project that has grown out of FAO's Mediterranean Development Project is for a preinvestment survey to be undertaken to plan for the balanced economic and social development of the Antalya region. This plan will:
(a) constitute the basis for the implementation of the Turkish economic development program in the region;(b) provide a valuable pattern for the formulation and implementation of similar plans for other regions of the country;
(c) furnish opportunity for training national staff in the techniques of formulating development plans.
The Antalya region is a natural economic unit situated in the southern Mediterranean part of Turkey, and its present population is about 600,000, of which 90 percent live by farming, forestry and grazing. Four fifths of the land is mountainous and mainly covered with forest or scrub; cultivation extends over 470,000 hectares, 65 percent of the cultivated area being on good plain land, suitable for irrigation. Its development is planned as follows.
(a) Forest program. This would concentrate on the protection of the existing forest lands, the intensification of forest management and reforestation with quick-growing species. The forest road system would have to be extended and the forest service strengthened. Resettlement of surplus population from forest areas in new employment elsewhere would be an important element. The expert in charge of this sphere is A. Y. Goor, Israel. J. A. von Monroy, who is also working in Turkey on a technical assistance assignment, is helping.(b) Agricultural program. Emphasis here would be mainly on the rapid development of irrigation. The present pattern of free range grazing would be gradually changed into a more intensive form of animal husbandry based on the production of fodder crops. Dry farming on the nonirrigated lands would be intensified with the gradual reduction each year of the area under fallow and the introduction of legumes in the rotations. In the irrigated plains, the ultimate aim would be the transition to mixed farming; special attention would be given to increased export, while extensive areas in the lowland scrub would be brought into production.
(c) Industrial program. The development of hydroelectric energy, the rapid exploitation of such mineral resources as chromite, bauxite and coal, as well as the tapping of sources of natural methane gas would form its chief concern. New industries would be established for processing agricultural, fisheries and forest raw materials. Special emphasis would be paid to the organization of a tourist trade.
An institute for the development of poplar culture in Turkey, which is being built at Izmit with the help of E. Vaccarone, an FAO technical assistance officer, is due to be completed shortly (Figure 1). Selection and testing of local and foreign poplar varieties, fertilizer trials, rotation practices with other crops, spacing and cultivation methods and experiments, have been proceeding for some time (Figure 2).
Although poplars are not native to Turkey, they have over the centuries established themselves and are now grown by the million (Figure 3). Turkey is, therefore, a good central country from which to spread poplar cultivation to other countries of the Mediterranean area.
In the Izmit area on the Sea of Marmara the land is swampy and the winds strong. These are ideal conditions for showing the adaptability of poplars to unfavorable conditions and their considerable value in land reclamation and as windbreaks to protect other crops.
There are now about 30 hectares of nurseries and comparative and demonstration plots (Figures 4 and 5). Poplar varieties from Turkey, Italy, Syria, Switzerland, Germany, France, Spain and the United States are being tested. Some 100,000 plants were distributed in 1960 and the production will reach 130,000 this year. By 1962 the Institute will be able to distribute plant material to all the other nurseries in Turkey.
Support is being sought from the United Nations Special Fund for Economic Development to make the Izmit Institute an international poplar center for the region.
Addenda to the list published in Unasylva, Volume 15, Number 1, 1961
Africa
Nigeria
Ref. No
|
- |
Agricultural Survey of Northern |
|
|
- |
Region of Nigeria Supplementary Memorandum on Forestry (Chapter XVI) - 1961 |
FAO/ICA team |
Tunisia
|
- |
Sur les aménagements forestiers en Tunisie - 1961 |
P. Cochet |
Uganda
|
1287 |
Present Wood Consumption and Future Requirements in Uganda - 1961 |
S. L. Pringle and J.E.M. Arnold |
Asia and pacific
Ceylon
|
1412 |
Woodworking - 1961 |
J. McVeigh |
India
|
1298 |
Integration of Forests and Forest Industries - 1961 |
J. A. von Monroy |
|
1349 |
A Program of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding Research - 1961 |
J. D. Matthews |
Indonesia
|
1278 |
Aspects of Forestry in Relation to the Rayon Plant Project in South Sumatra - 1961 |
F. Loetsch |
|
1281 |
Application of Mean Tariffs for the Further Development of Forest Management of the Plantation Forests - 1961 |
F. Loetsch |
|
1315 |
Improvement of Fuelwood Cooking Stoves and Economy in Fuelwood Consumption - 1961 |
H. Singer |
|
1394 |
Development of Wood Preservation - 1961 |
W. Liese |
|
1400 |
Development of the Match, Veneer and Plywood Industry 1961 |
K. Fraedrich |
Philippines
|
1403 |
The Philippine Forest Products Research Institute - Its Development and Future - 1961 |
G. M. Hunt |
Thailand
|
1375 |
Development of the Thai Ply wood Factory - 1961 |
K. Fraedrich |
Europe
Turkey
|
1360 |
Silviculture - 1961 |
F. Zednik |
|
1362 |
Soil Conservation and Range Improvement in Problem Watersheds in the Forest Zones of Turkey - 1961 |
G. W. Chapman |
|
1421 |
L'industrie, le commerce et l'exploitation des bois feuillus - 1961 |
M. Han |
Near East
Sudan
|
1372 |
Development of the Forest Industries - 1961 |
M. N. Gallant |
Syria
|
1314 |
National Forest Policy for Syria - 1961 |
M. D. Chaturvedi |
Latin America
Argentina
|
1325 |
Actividades Forestales en las Zonas Aridas y Semiaridas - 1961 |
A. Y. Goor |
Brazil
|
1337 |
Application of Silvicultural Methods to Some of the Forests of the Amazon - 1961 |
J. Pitt |
Colombia
|
1219 |
La Industria Colombiana del Papel y la Celulosa- Situación Actual y Tendencias Futuras - 1960 |
Grupo Asesor en Papel y Celulosa para. América Latina. |
Peru
|
1348 |
La Industria, Peruana de Aserrar Madera - 1961 |
M.A.F. Dijkmans |
