FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER - 281
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Edited by
M.S. Doty
St. John Plant Science Laboratory
Department of Botany
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
J.F. Caddy
Fishery Resources and Environment Division
FAO, Rome
B. Santelices
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago, Chile
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1987
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-43
ISBN 92-5-102540-1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1987
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
Ascophyllum nodosum and its harvesting in Eastern Canada
1.1 Nomenclature
1.2 Taxonomy
1.3 Morphology, anatomy & reproductive structures
1.4 Life cycle and sex composition5. HARVESTING, BIOMASS RECOVERY AND ECONOMICS
5.1 Harvesting
5.2 Regrowth
5.3 Economics of harvesting techniques6. AQUACULTURE
7. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESOURCE8.1 Chemical and nutritional content
8.2 Human food
8.3 Animal fodder
8.4 Fertilizer
8.5 Industrial products and processes9. REFERENCES
APPENDIX I EXCERPTS FROM: MARINE PLANTS/ATLANTIC FISHERY REGULATIONS
1.1 The crop
1.2 Taxonomy
1.3 Nomenclature
1.4 Morphology and anatomy2. DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND METABOLISM
2.1 Geographical extent
2.2 Local vertical and horizontal distribution
2.3 Effects of ecological determinants
2.4 Seasonality of growth
2.5 Nutrition and growth4. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MORTALITY
4.1 Age, weight or size composition
4.2 Sporophyte-gametophyte and sex composition
4.3 Mortality, morbidity
4.4 Grazing
4.5 Regeneration5. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RESOURCE
5.1 Standing stock and yield
5.2 Physical and biological factors affecting yield
5.3 Genetic improvement of wild stocks
5.4 Contributions of sexual and vegetative reproduct ion and regeneration
5.5 Enhancement of wild stock environments6. METHOD OF HARVESTING AND HARVESTING CYCLE
6.1 Annual cycle of operations
6.2 Manpower productivity
6.3 Alternate employment7. EQUIPMENT USED FOR HARVESTING AND CULTURE OF SEAWEED RESOURCES
8. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESOURCE
9.1 Chemical and nutritional content
9.2 Human foods
9.3 Animal fodder
9.4 Manure
9.5 Industrial products and processesACKNOWLEDGMENTS
10. REFERENCES
APPENDIX I: Terms of reference for the southwestern Nova Scotia Marine Plants Advisory Committee Committee
The production and use of Eucheuma
1.1 Taxonomy
1.2 Nomenclature and terminology
1.3 Morphology and anatomy2. DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND METABOLISM
2.1 Geographical distribution
2.2 Local horizontal and vertical distributional determinants
2.3 Effects of non-distributional ecological determinants
2.4 Environment and growth
2.5 Life form versus environment3. LIFE HISTORY
4. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MORTALITY4.1 Population structure of wild crops
4.2 Population structure of farmed crops
4.3 Morbidity, mortality and health
4.4 Grazing
4.5 Storm and other mechanical damage
4.6 Wound healing, regeneration, and secondary attachment5. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RESOURCE
5.1 Global tonnage and dollar productivity
5.2 Natural determinants of Eucheuma production
5.3 Genetics and high technology in Eucheuma production
5.4 Relative contributions of sexual and vegetative reproduction
5.5 Anticipated agronomic improvement of Eucheuma production6. METHODS OF HARVESTING AND HARVESTING CYCLE
6.1 General harvesting cycle
6.2 Farm productivity
6.3 Eucheuma farming as an alternative means of employment7. EQUIPMENT USED FOR HARVESTING AND CULTURE OF EUCHEUMA
7.1 Wild resource management
7.2 General statements regarding capitalization
7.3 Sources of credit and insurance of the crop8. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESOURCE
8.1 Management of seaweed resources
8.2 Regulation of seaweed9.1 Chemical and nutritional content
9.2 Human food
9.4 Animal Fodder
9.5 Manure
9.6 Industrial products and processes
The wild harvest and culture of the economically important species of Gelidium in Chile
2. DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND METABOLISM
2.1 Geographic extent
2.2 Local vertical and horizontal distribution
2.3 Effects of ecological determinants
2.4 Nutrition and growth4. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MORTALITY
4.1 Population structure
4.2 Sporophyte - gametophyte and sex composition
4.3 Density
4.4 Mortality - morbidity5. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RESOURCE
5.1 Standing stock values of wild resources
5.2 Factors affecting productivity
5.3 Possibilities of genetic improvement
5.4 Relative contribution of sexual reproduction and vegetative regeneration to economic harvesting
5.5 Possibilities of improvement by environmental enhancement6.1 Annual cycle of operations
6.2 Manpower productivity
6.3 Alternate employment7. EQUIPMENT USED FOR HARVESTING AND CULTURE OF RESOURCES
8. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CROP8.1 Management of seaweed resources
8.2 Regulation of seaweeds9.1 Chemical and nutritional content
9.2, 9.3 & 9.4 Human food, animal fodder and manure
9.5 Industrial products and processes
The wild harvest and culture of Laminaria longicruris in Eastern Canada
2. DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND METABOLISM
2.1 Geographical extent
2.2 Local vertical and horizontal distribution
2.3 Effects of ecological determinants
2.4 Nutrition and growth4. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MORTALITY
4.1 Age, weight and size composition
4.2 Sporophyte-gametophyte and sex composition5. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RESOURCE
5.1 Standing Stocks and Harvestable Yields
5.2 Physical and biological determinants of productivity, growth and mortality
5.3 Potential for genetic improvement of stocks
5.4 Relative contributions of sexual and vegetative reproduction
5.5 Potential for environmental enhancement6. METHOD OF HARVESTING AND HARVESTING CYCLE
6.1 Annual cycle of operations
6.2 Manpower productivity
6.3 Alternate employment7. EQUIPMENT USED FOR HARVESTING OF SEAWEED RESOURCES
7.1 The wild resource
7.2 Seaweed culture
7.3 Sources of credit and insurance of the crop8. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESOURCE
8.1 Management of seaweed resources
8.2 Regulation of the harvest9.1 Chemical and nutritional content
9.2 Human food
9.3 Animal fodder
9.4 Manure
9.5 Industrial products and processes
Laminaria mariculture in China
1.1 Crop history and nomenclature
1.2 Taxonomy
1.3 Morphology and anatomy2.1 The sporophyte generation
2.2 The gametophyte generation3.1 Floating raft mariculture
3.2 Culture of summer sporelings
3.3 Fertilizing kelps in the open sea
3.4 Southward extension of commercial cultivation
3.5 The tip-cutting practice
3.6 Environmental and pathogenic diseases4. GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND BREEDING OF NEW STRAINS
5. HARVESTING, PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION
6. UTILIZATION AND MARKETING OF THE CROP
7. REFERENCES
Biology of the Macrocystis resource in North America
2. DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND METABOLISM
2.1 Geographical extent
2.2 Local vertical and horizontal distribution
2.3 Effects of ecological determinants
2.4 Nutrition and growth4. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MORTALITY
4.1 Age, weight or size composition
4.2 Sporophyte - gametophyte sex composition
4.3 Mortality, morbidity5. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RESOURCE
5.1 Productivity and harvesting yield
5.2 Principal factors affecting productivity
5.3 Genetic studies and breeding studies
5.4 Relative contributions from vegetative & sexual reproduction to the harvest
5.5 Environmental enhancement6. METHOD OF HARVESTING AND HARVESTING CYCLE
6.1 Annual operations
6.2 Manpower productivity
6.3 Alternate employment7. EQUIPMENT USED FOR HARVESTING
7.1 Wild resources
7.2 Macrocystis culturing
7.3 Sources of credit and insurance8. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESOURCE
9.1 Chemical and nutritional content
9.2 Human Food
9.3 Animal fodder and feed additives
9.4 Manure and fertilizer
9.5 Industrial products and processes