A2.1 Chapter 1 of the case study: The urban, socio-economic and institutional context
A2.2 Chapter 2 of the case study: Urban food demand, food insecurity and FSDSs
A2.3 Chapter 3 of the case study: The city and FSDSs in the future
A2.4 Chapter 4 of the case study: Conclusions and recommendations
A2.5 Data verification
A2.6 Graphic support and pictures
A2.1.1 The urban context
A2.1.2 The socio-economic, institutional and legislative context
Spatial description: brief description and illustrations of the city ten years previously, as it is today and how it is expected to develop in spatial terms over the next ten years. The geographical location of the city concerned will be given in relation to the location of national, regional and international roads. Give the names of stations, airports, main communication networks, water transport systems, etc.
The urban population: the size, and rates of growth, of the urban and rural populations (previous ten years, present and in ten years time); the cause of the increase in the urban population (migration/natural growth). Any commuter population (e.g. people working in the city but living outside the city).
Urban growth: the growth of the city concerned in relation to that of other cities in the country or in neighbouring countries.
Urban population distribution by income level, ethnic group, job types, density, and any other factor considered important for the analysis (e.g. the districts where the immigrants settle upon arrival in the city). Urban consumers’ purchasing power, and a projection ten years into the future.
Urban poverty: description of urban poverty levels and characteristics and its spatial distribution in and around the city area. Details of the level and quality of public infrastructure and services in low-income urban districts. Description of programmes and measures taken to help the urban poor and of institutional responsibilities.
FSDS-generated employment: What types of jobs do the FSDSs generate? What are their characteristics (direct-indirect, formalinformal, stable-unstable, their distribution by type of activity)? Who are the beneficiaries? How important are such jobs as a source of income?
* What FSD-related jobs are done by women and youth and how important are they among poor urban households?
Public services: description of urban public services (e.g. transport and health) used by FSDS operators. How efficient are they?
The political and macro-economic contexts: brief critical description of the current status of structural adjustment, liberalization, privatization and decentralization programmes, and their effect on FSDSs.
Institutional context:
* Detailed description of the role of local authorities, especially the municipalities, in FSDSs.
* Description of municipal FSDS development programmes. How are they designed? How are decisions made? Do consultations take place between central and local institutions?
* Which institutions make the decisions to invest public money in FSDSs? What is the decision-making process? Do conultations take place between central and local institutions?
On-going policies and programmes
* Do current conditions encourage private investment in FSDSs?
The official and unofficial legislative and regulatory context: comment on the legislative as well as official and unofficial regulatory context relating to FSD activities and related services and transactions. How have they been amended to meet current food trading requirements?
A2.2.1 Urban food demand and food insecurity
A2.2.2 Food supply to cities subsystem
A2.2.3 Urban food distribution subsystem
A2.2.4 Policies, programmes and institutions
Quantities of food consumed in the city: estimate of the quantities and relative importance of each group of foods, how these have varied over the past ten years and projection ten years into the future.
Urban food habits: analysis of:
Differentiate the analysis by consumers’ income levels.
* What is the food consumption strategy of poor urban households?Urban consumers’ purchasing patterns: analysis of consumers’ purchasing patterns by group of product and income level: monetary/non-monetary purchases, where do they buy, how often and why; give practical details.
* What changes in consumers’ food habits and purchasing patterns can be determined by urbanization, e.g. eating meals outside the home because of traffic and women going out to work.
An important element is consumers’ perception of the advantages and disadvantages of each sales outlet in terms of prices, diversity and quality of products, services associated with the sale, geographical proximity, credit and confidence, and as a source of social contact and information.
* Why urban consumers buy food from one retailer rather than others?
* What services are offered by retailers to consumers, e.g. information, credit, opening times, parking facilities, advice and assistance?
Nature and extent of urban household food insecurity and its causes: estimate of current caloric intake by low-income urban households using available data or through field investigation (see Hoddinott, 1999 and Maxwell and Frankenberger, 1992. See also IFPRI Web site for additional documentation).
Description and analysis of:
* Which are the main supply areas for each group of products consumed in the city? How have they been affected over the last 10-20 years by urbanization (e.g. land conflicts, displacement of production areas and intra-urban production).
* How have the urban food needs of the last ten years been met (increase in yields, new production areas, increased imports)?
* How important is urban and periurban food production in meeting present urban food needs?
* How important are non-monetary food supplies (e.g. from villages) and how do they operate?
* What are the main problems faced by the different players engaged in food supply activities (from the point of view of the users of their services)?
* In each main flow, where are the police control and tax levy points? What is the level of tax levies (legal or illegal)?
* What laws and regulations (formal and informal) are relevant? Are they appropriate, complex, adequately implemented?
Costs, profits and margins: make as detailed an analysis as possible of the supply costs and margins for each food groups and by component (e.g. production, transport, losses and packaging). Use graphs. If historical data are available, make a brief analysis of the changes in the costs and margins of some groups of products, stating the main determining factors (see Shepherd, 1994).
* What is the level of food supply-related costs per group of product? What is the relative importance of production, transport, processing, costs, etc. in the retail prices? How much lower could such costs be if present constraints were eliminated?
* What is the level of profits generated by wholesalers? What determines such level? Are they ploughed back into business development? If not, why?
Social costs and negative externalities generated by food supply activities, and their causes, in terms of health and environmental implications.
* Are current constraints due to a lack of intervention or the implementation of inappropriate measures in the past?
* Have public investments in food production, market infrastructure and transport facilities been implemented with adequate knowledge of FSDSs and of commercial operators’ requirements? Has there been dialogue between the authorities and private operators?
Description and analysis of:
* Are urban markets specialized?
* What are the areas of influence of the major urban markets? (delineate on maps)
* What is the respective significance of the various types of retailers?
* How important are informal food distribution systems and how do they operate?
* What are the main problems faced by the different players engaged in urban food distribution activities (from the point of view of the users of their services)?
* Where are the police control and tax levy points? What is the level of tax levies? Are they legal or illegal?
* What laws and regulations (formal and informal) are relevant? Are they appropriate, complex, adequately implemented?
* What is the degree of concentration and competition in the wholesale and retail market system? Conditions supporting such a situation: lack of credit for traders, legislation not appropriate or not implemented, lack of information, abuses, social factors, etc.
* What are the services and facilities available to traders and shopkeepers: infrastructure, equipment, credit, information, packaging, transport, storage and cold storage facilities, slaughterhouses and processing facilities, opening times, advice and assistance?
* What access do wholesale and retail traders have to facilities and services? Do they own or rent their premises?
* What is the attitude of authorities towards traders, street vendors and informal traders?
* For problems encountered by women traders, identify and briefly analyse those that are gender-related.
* Are markets conveniently located? Are they effectively managed?
* Are recently developed markets fully utilised by food traders? If not, why?
* Describe any low-cost FSD arrangements, if any, targeting urban poor households.
Costs, profits and margins: make as detailed an analysis as possible of the distribution costs and margins for each food groups at wholesale and retail and by component (e.g. transport, losses and packaging) (see Shepherd, 1994). Use graphs. If historical data are available, make a brief analysis of the changes in the costs and margins of some groups of products, stating the main determining factors.
* What is the level of food distributionrelated costs per group of product? What is the relative importance of wholesale and retail and costs in retail prices? How much lower could such costs be if present constraints were eliminated?
* How much revenue is generated by market taxes? What percentage is ploughed back into the maintenance and development of infrastructure, facilities and services?
* What is the level of profits generated by market traders and shopowners? What determines such level? Are they ploughed back into business development? If not, why?
* Are there political prices for specific food products and what conflicts are generated with the private trade?
Social costs and negative externalities generated by urban food distribution activities and their causes, in terms of health and environmental implications.
Public or private sector FSD development programmes, in rural, periurban and urban areas. The analysis should cover:
* Which central and local government policies are relevant for FSDSs and urban food security?
* Describe and analyse private sector arrangements (e.g. privately-run markets, integrated systems, urban retail cooperatives).
* What significant changes (e.g. organization, technological innovations, and flow control by traders) can be seen in FSDS components over the past ten years? What caused these changes?
Institutional aspects:
* Are current constraints due to a lack of intervention or the implementation of inappropriate measures in the past?
* Have public investments in market infrastructure and transport facilities been implemented with adequate knowledge of how FSDSs are structured and operate and of commercial operators’ requirements? Has there been dialogue between the authorities and private operators?
A2.3.1 The city in ten years time
A2.3.2 The scenarios
This section contains a description of the city in ten years time: its spatial and demographic expansion and distribution, level and composition of food requirements, etc.
Two scenarios are needed for the preparation of the case study, they are:
The preparation of a scenario (see Table A2.1) entails imagining and evaluating the changes in commercial activities, integrating spaces and dimensions (e.g. infrastructures and rules) based on realistic premises. It is necessary to:
The comparison of scenarios helps identify the desirable changes to the internal and external factors acting on the FSDSs. How are these changes made? What will the implications be for the FSDSs? What are the risks? What are the likely economic, political and social costs? The answers determine the strategy.- evaluation of the development trends of the factors acting on and within FSDSs;- evaluation of ongoing policies and programmes likely to impact on the issues;
- appreciation of the relationships which will arise between the various factors in the short (1-3 years), medium (4-6 years) and long terms (7-10 years).
Scenarios need to be compared and analyzed to identify the various direct and indirect measures required to remove the constraints on the FSDSs. Measures should be identified as relating to:
It would be preferable to present this section in the form of a matrix.
* What could the major consequences be for urban food security in ten years if public sector measures continue unchanged and no additional interventions are taken?* If public sector measures continue as before, to what extent will the rise in the city’s food demand be met "naturally" by the private sector? What form will that take and what will the difficulties be? In particular:
- what increases in FSD costs are to be expected?
- what will the social costs and external problems (e.g. traffic, waste and public health) be?
* What will the implications of increased urban food demand be for:
- food production (higher yields, new areas);
- imports;
- rural-urban and periurban-urban linkages (market organization, storage and transport infrastructure, etc.).
* What changes should be induced to the FSD structures in order to achieve the "desirable" situation? Where should the wholesale and retail markets be located in the city in ten years’ time?
* What are the requirements in terms of new food retail outlets (i.e. markets, supermarkets and shops), particularly in the new low-income in urban areas?
* What form of distribution must be promoted (vertically and/or horizontally integrated)? What are the modernization processes? How are they to be brought about?
* What immediate improvements are feasible?
* What should the role of central and local, public and private, institutions be? How can this change be brought about? Who is responsible?
* Which elements of the FSDS analysis are important for the definition of an urban FSD development policy and programmes
* To what extent and in what respect should current policy (e.g. national, urban and municipal- if any exists) be formulated/revised to facilitate the development of FSDSs in urban areas?
* What efforts are necessary in terms of information provision to raise decisionmakers’ awareness of the need for appropriate FSDS remedial measures?
* What are the training requirements for the staff of public and private, central and local institutions involved in FSDSs?
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Table A2.1 The Premises for the Scenarios
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A2.4.1 Conclusions
A2.4.2 Recommendations
Conclusions and recommendations must be pertinent, coherent, specific, clear and concise.
The conclusions should focus mainly on:
The recommendations shall be based on the logical relationship:
PROBLEM® CAUSES® CONSEQUENCES® REMEDIAL MEASURES® RECOMMENDATIONS
and shall be drafted so as to facilitate the formulation, by the various institutions, of urban, periurban and rural development and investment policies and programmes.
All the tables, graphs and diagrams must include a correct and complete reference to the source(s) of the data and information used. The source must be given below the table, graph or diagram.
All mathematical calculations contained in tables must be carefully checked to ensure that they are correct, even if they are taken from another source.
In order to clearly illustrate concepts, situations and problems, it will be necessary to use as many graphic supports as possible including maps, drawings and photographs. For instance, drawings, maps and photos will be provided to illustrate:
