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Josephs, R.D, Koeber, R., Bernreuther, A., Linsinger, T.P.J. & Schimmel, H. 2004. Development of certified reference materials for mycotoxins in: Barug D, Van Egmond HP, López Garciá R, van Osenbruggen WA, Visconti, A. Meeting the mycotoxin menace. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 237-254.
Kloet, D.G. 2002. Harmonization of standards for mycotoxins in the Codex Alimentarius in Scholten, OE, Ruckenbauer P, Visconti A, van Osenbruggen WA, den Nijs APM. Food safety of cereals: A chain-wide approach to reduce Fusarium Mycotoxins. European Commission, Brussels, 62-63.
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附 录

附录1：致 谢

作者向诸多有关人员和政府部门表示衷心的谢意，感谢他们提供了国家和区域一级食品和饲料真菌毒素的法规和限量的详细和最新信息，正是这些信息为本食品和营养论文奠定了基础。
尤其要感谢：
·Ir J. Nieuwenhuize（荷兰农业部自然和食品司，外国农业处处长），感谢其支持荷兰各大使馆农业处参与并帮助国际调查活动。
·荷兰驻世界各国使馆农业处
·M. Lauwaars女士（欧洲联盟联合研究中心，标准物质与测量研究所，比利时黑尔），Ir J. de Koe（顾问，荷兰瓦赫宁根），J.L. Jouve 先生和M. Pineiro博士（二者来自位于意大利罗马的粮食及农业组织），感谢他们提供了那些可以参与该调查的人员地址。
·D.G. Kloet博士（国家农产品质量控制研究院－食品安全研究所，荷兰瓦赫宁根），感谢其在了解食品法典委员会制定真菌毒素最大限量的程序中所提供的帮助。
·I.L.M. Aitton女士和M.A. Kartasasmita女士（荷兰国家健康与环境研究所，食品和残留分析实验室），感谢她们在调查期间一直提供的秘书服务。
此外，感谢以下人员和研究所提供了各国真菌毒素的限量和法规的信息：
·K. Benchaalal先生，荷兰王国驻阿尔及利亚大使馆；
·Ir J.F. Rummenie（农业参赞）和P. Kalkman女士，荷兰王国驻阿根廷大使馆，布宜诺斯艾利斯（还有智利的工作区）；
·J. Harutyounian先生（主任），亚美尼亚理化和显微研究专门实验室；
·Somsak先生，东盟农业、食品、森林和矿物秘书处（印度尼西亚），东盟；
·A. Prakash先生，澳大利亚/新西兰食品标准，澳大利亚；
·F. Vojir博士，Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit and Generationen，H. Lew博士，Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft，以及R. Krska教授、博士，奥地利农业生物工程所；
·P.E. Bethel女士，巴哈马商业农业及工业部，渔业司；
·V.I. Murokh博士（主任），白俄罗斯共和国食品质量科学中心；
·Ir P.M.B. de Vries（农业参赞），荷兰驻巴西总领事；
·E. Tsankova博士，保加利亚，索非亚城市卫生监察员；
·T. Kuiper博士，毒理评估部，和L. Underhill女士，加拿大食品检验署，加拿大；
·M. Vega先生和R. Saelzer先生，Departamento de Bromatología, Nutrición y Dietética, 智利；
·X. Liu教授（副所长），中国营养和食品卫生研究所，中国；
·G.J. Diaz教授，博士，毒理实验室，和N.S. Perilla女士，MICOTOX有限公司，（sesores en micotoxinas）哥伦比亚；
·D. Budimir先生，荷兰王国大使馆，克罗地亚萨格勒布，和N. Milanovic女士，克罗地亚国家公共健康研究所，克罗地亚；
·M.V. Luna Martínez博士，Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos，古巴；
·T. Antoniou博士，塞浦路斯农业部，和E. Ioannou-Kakouri博士，国家综合实验室，塞浦路斯卫生部，塞浦路斯。
·Ing D. Capounova，捷克农业和食品检验检验员，捷克共和国；
·R. Nijland女士，荷兰王国驻丹麦大使馆，哥本哈根，和D. Licht女士，丹麦兽医和食品管理署，丹麦；
·K. Naguib教授，博士，埃及真菌毒素中心实验室，埃及；
·M. Toome女士（残留及污染物实验室质量管理员），Taimse Materjali Kontrolli Keskus，爱沙尼亚；
·A. Poirier女士和A. Kashay女士，埃塞俄比亚质量和标准署、埃塞俄比亚；
·Ir F. Verstraete博士，欧洲委员会：卫生和消费者保护主任，布鲁塞尔，欧洲联盟；
·M. Aalto 女士，芬兰农业与林业部，Mrs K. Nuotio女士，芬兰海关实验室；M. Eskola女士，EELA国家兽医和食品研究所，和S. Marmo女士，KTTK（植物保护检验中心），芬兰化学部，芬兰；
·Ir L. Braakenburg（农业参赞），A. Feekes女士（助手），荷兰王国驻法国大使馆，（工作地区，阿尔及利亚和法国），和N. Zylbermann博士（chef du bureau sécurité C2），Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie，法国；
·Ir J.J. Pape（荷兰王国大使馆农业参赞），H. Rosner博士（Bundesinstitut für ichen Verbraucherschutz），W. Töpner博士和W. Quasigroch女士（助手）Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft，德国；
·R.T. Awuah教授，博士，加纳瓜米鲁玛科技大学，加纳；
·M. Plessas-Schallenberg女士，（农业参赞助手），荷兰王国驻希腊大使馆（工作地区为希腊和以色列）；I. Stafanaki女士，经济和财政部国家化学综合实验室，和E. Kamarinou女士，希腊农业部，饲料司动物生产投入董事会动物生产处主任，希腊；
·B.M. Derks女士，荷兰王国驻危地马拉大使馆；O.R. Torres de Matute女士和H.L.lgado先生（主任），危地马拉巴拿马中美洲营养中心研究所，危地马拉；
·M. Ng Piu Chu（高级农业参赞），荷兰农业、自然管理和渔业部的总领事，中国香港特别行政区；
·Y.C. Fung先生，（高级健康检验师），中国政府香港特别行政区进出口部，香港；
·J.A. Smak博士（兽医官员），农业参赞办公室，荷兰王国驻匈牙利大使馆；B. Sas博士（执行主任），匈牙利国家食品研究所，匈牙利；
·Ir A. Parzer（农业参赞），荷兰王国驻印度大使馆；M.M. Chitale先生，蛋白食品和营养开发协会，印度（工作区域还包括孟加拉国）；
·I. Gandjar教授，博士，印尼大学，微生物学，S. Subagyo博士，国家药物和食品控制署，印尼；
·M.H.S.H. Hassanpour先生（司长），伊朗工业标准协会粮食及农业司，H. Yazdanpanah教授，博士，Shaheed Beheshti医科大学药学院，伊朗伊斯兰共和国；
·I. Pratt博士，爱尔兰食品安全局；
·荷兰王国驻以色列大使馆；R. Varsano女士，博士（农业污染物司司长）食品控制处；R. Ashkenazy女士，植物保护和检验处，以色列；
·Ir H. Beltman博士（农业参赞），荷兰王国驻意大利大使馆（工作地区还包括马耳他和塞浦路斯）；M. Marseglia博士，意大利卫生部，兽医公共卫生、食品和营养司司长，意大利；
·Rieks Toxopeus（农业参赞）及S. Saito女士（助手），荷兰王国驻日本大使馆；T. Goto博士（安全与质量实验室主任），日本农业林水产省，国家食品研究所；J. Yamano先生，家畜产业司饲料处，日本农业林水产省；E. Yokota先生，日本卫生劳动及福利部；
·W. Steemers博士（农业参赞）和Il-Yong Ha（助手），荷兰王国驻大民韩国大使馆；
·V. Bartkevics先生，拉脱维亚共和国农业部下属的食品及兽医处国家医疗诊断中心；
·J. Petraitis博士（实验室主任），立陶宛国家营养中心，中心实验室，立陶宛；
·M. Sabino博士，Pesquisadora Cientifica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz，南方共同市场（阿根廷、巴西、巴拉圭、乌拉圭）；
·D. van der Veer先生（农业处助手），荷兰王国驻墨西哥大使馆（工作区域还包括古巴和危地马拉）；Doralinda Guzman de Pena博士，墨西哥；
·N. Opopol教授（科学主任）国家科学和应用预防医学中心，摩尔多瓦；
·M. Madji先生（Chef de la Division de la Répression de Fraudes; Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes），Ministère de l'Agriculture, du Développement et des Eaux et Forêts，南方共同市场
·M. Dos Anjos Hauengue女士，L. Da Silva Carrilho女士和Carlos D. Sono先生，莫桑比克；
·T. Aye先生（副总经理和处长），缅甸农业和灌溉部，植物保护处；T. Zhengping先生（粮农组织驻缅甸代表），联合国粮食及农业组织，缅甸；
·R.M. Joshi博士（食品微生物实验室主任），尼泊尔食品研究中心实验室；
·H.J. Jeuring博士，食品及消费产品安全局；及A. Veldman博士，CLO－动物营养研究所，兰；
·M.S. Momodu先生，尼日利亚国家食品和药物管理和控制机构，尼日利亚；
·A. Vidnes博士；挪威食品控制局，挪威；
·M. Zargham Khan博士，巴基斯坦农业大学兽医病理学系；
·Ministerio de de Salud，DISEGA主任，及C.F. Pastor Talledo先生（执行主任），秘鲁食品卫生及人畜共患病控制署；
·Pit Laquian先生，荷兰王国驻菲律宾大使馆农业处；和E.T. Begino女士，真菌毒素和毒理学实验室，动物生产局，菲律宾动物生产局；
·J. Zmudzki教授、博士（药理及毒理学系主任），以及H. Wisniewska-Dmytrow女士，波兰农业和食品经济部，国家兽医研究所，波兰；
·L. Martins博士，Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria，葡萄牙；
·C.R. Olteanu女士，兽医健康的卫生研究所，罗马尼亚；
·A. Alexeeva女士（农业助理），荷兰驻俄罗斯使馆农业处，俄罗斯联邦；
·S. Huay Leng女士（食品控制处处长），新加坡农产品和兽医局，食品和兽医管理，新加坡；
·L. Dasko先生，斯洛伐克国家兽医及食品管理局，测试实验室，斯洛伐克Priemyselna；
·A. Vengust博士，兽医学院，斯洛文尼亚；和Dunja Sever先生，斯洛文尼亚共和国卫生检验所，斯洛文尼亚；
·荷兰王国驻南非大使馆农业处，比勒陀利亚；G.S. Shephard博士，医学研究委员PTROME处，及M.E. Herbst女士，医学研究委员会
·C.W. Zwitser博士（技术助理），荷兰王国驻西班牙大使馆（工作区域还包括摩洛哥）；
·J. Ignacio Arranz Recio先生（Subdirector General de Seguridad Alimentaria），Dirección General de Salud Pública y Consumo, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo，西班牙；
·S. Nagiah先生，斯里兰卡卫生部食品监管均部门，斯里兰卡；
·H. Tjon Kon Fat女士，斯里兰卡中心实验室/公共卫生局，斯里兰卡；
·M. Olsen博士，瑞典国家食品管理局，瑞典；
·Bundesamt für Gesundheit，瑞士；
·Muhamad Rateb Salam博士，叙利亚供应及国内贸易部，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国；
·Fwu-Chyn Hsueh，中国台湾省卫生部；
·Chuan-Cheng Lin和H.N. Chou教授、博士（主任）台湾国立大学，中国台湾省；
·E. Urio女士，坦桑尼亚食品和营养中心；
·J. Bröker女士（农业参赞助理），荷兰王国驻泰国大使馆，（工作区域还包括斯里兰卡和越南），泰国曼谷；
·Pornpimol Kattinanon女士（化妆品安全性高级专家，代理秘书长），泰国公共卫生部，食品和药物管理局，泰国；
·A. Chibani先生，Institut National de la Normalisation et de la Propriété Industrielle，突尼斯；
·Ir G.J.M. Terberg（农业参赞），荷兰王国驻土耳其大使馆，安卡拉，和Sennur Ozkaya博士，土耳其；
·A. Kaaya先生，马克里尔大学食品科学技术系，乌干达；
·E. van de Vrugt女士（农业参赞），荷兰王国驻乌克兰大使馆（工作区还包括亚美尼亚）；
·荷兰王国驻英国大使馆，伦敦；B.D. Jones博士，英国食品标准机构，英国；
·I. Hamid-Hardenberg女士，荷兰驻美国大使馆（农业参赞办公室），华盛顿；L. Posnick博士，食品及药物管理局，食品安全及应用营养中心，美国；
·荷兰王国驻乌拉圭大使馆，蒙得维的亚；J.M. Cea博士，乌拉圭技术实验室，乌拉圭；
·M. van Genne先生（农业参赞），荷兰王国驻委内瑞拉大使馆，加拉加斯，（工作区还包括秘鲁）；B. Bastardo女士，Instituto Nacional de Higiene，Ciudad 大学，委内瑞拉；
·Phan Thi Kim，越南食品管理局，越南；
·阿曼苏丹国，区域自治、环境和水资源部，卫生监管司司长，也门
·D. Sukovic女士，门的内哥罗生态毒理学研究中心，塞尔维亚和黑山；K. Choongo博士，生物医学系，Samora兽医学学校，赞比亚。
　

 附录2：表 

格表1：目前已有的真菌毒素标准物质的概况

注：这些标准物质是由欧共体标准局于2003年12月之前制定。

表2. 所调查国家的基本情况

截至2003年12月粮农组织在全球范围所调查的国家拥有食品和饲料真菌毒素法规的情况。

表3的缩略语和参考文献

阿尔及利亚[DZ]

缩略语：

MT： 贸易部

参考文献：

DZ1 AOAC (1990). 986.22. Aflatoxins in peanuts and peanuts products – CB method Food and Drug Laboratories – Canada – Best food method.
DZ2 NF-VF (1980). Animal feed – aflatoxins measurement B1, June 1980:
18-200.

阿根廷[AR]

参考文献：

AR1 Mercosur Resolution 56/94

亚美尼亚[AM]

缩略语：

SSHAHS: 卫生标准管理处及健康监管局

参考文献：

AM1 Moscow (1997). Foodstuffs and their raw materials. Hygienic requirements for quality and safety of foodstuffs and their raw materials. Sanitary regulations and norms Sanitary Supervision 2.3.2 560-96.
AM2 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs, December 10,1980 Moscow. No. 2273-80.
AM3 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of the content of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs and their raw materials, using the high effective liquid chromatography, March 20,1986 Moscow. No. 4082-86.
AM4 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Zearalenone in foodstuffs, January 23, 1984, Moscow. No. 2964-84.
AM5 GOST 28001-88. Corn, the products of its processing, combicorm. Method of determination of mycotoxins, namely: T-2 toxin, Zearalenone (F-2) and ochratoxin A. Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin.
AM6 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of the content of T-2 toxin in foodstuffs, December 29, 1984, Moscow. No. 3184-84.
AM7 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) in corn and grain products, October 10, 1985, Moscow. No. 3940-85.
AM8 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1990). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) and Zearalenone in corn and grain products, July 27,1990, Moscow. No. 5177-90.
AM9 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1982). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of the content of Patulin in both fruit and vegetable juices and those paste, December 30,1982 Moscow. No. 2655-82.
AM10 Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin. GOST 28038-89.
AM11 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical recommendations for quality control of Aflatoxins in food coming from animals, October 11,1985 Moscow. No. 3942-85.

澳大利亚[AU]

缩略语：

AQIS： 澳大利亚检疫及检查处
STANZHD： 澳大利亚国土部及新西兰卫生部

参考文献：

AU1 Maximum limits of these toxins are listed in Australia New Zealand. Food Standard Code: Standard 1.4.1 – Contaminants and Natural Toxicants.

奥地利[AT]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部

参考文献：

AT1 CEN-Method prEN 14123.
AT2 Lew, et al. (2001). Clean-up by Romer-column, silylation, GC-ECD. Die Bodenkultur 52 (3): 199-207.
AT3 Schuhmacher, et al. (1998). Clean-up by immunoaffinity column, HPLC. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 360: 241-245.

孟加拉国 [BD]

缩略语：

MFL： 渔业和畜牧部
MHF： 卫生及规划部
EIA： 酶免疫测定

参考文献：

BD1 Ridascreen Fast Aflatoxin kit, R-Biopharm GmbH, D-Darmstadt, Germany. Enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of aflatoxin.
BD2 Giasuddin, et al. (2002). Prevalence of poultry disease in Bangladesh. Journal of Bio. Sci. 2002: 212-213.
BD3 Motalib Khan, Khamar (2001). Ochratoxin, the silent killer of poultry. Monthly magazine on poultry livestock & fisheries, March 2001: 17-18.

白俄罗斯[BY]

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部

参考文献：

BY1 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality.
Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 98-101, 112, 116, 133, 160.
BY2 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality.
Sanitarian Code RB 98: 85, 90, 92.
BY3 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality.
Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 81, 112, 160, 72-75.
BY4 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality.
Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-75, 160.

波斯尼亚和黑山 [BA]

参考文献：

BA1 Article 57, Federal Register no.2, 1980, Slǔzbeni list Socijalisticka Federation Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980.
BA2
BA2 Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/ Federal Register no. 60/1978 Slǔzbeni list SFRJ br. 60/1978.

缩略语：

FCLHSW： 联邦劳动卫生社会福利委员会

巴西[BR] （参见南方共同市场）

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

BR1 Ministry Health (1977). Resolução Nº 34/76, CNNPA/MS – Diário Official da União, 19/01/1977 – Seção I: 710.
BR2 Journal AOAC (1989) 72: 22-26 (TLC).
BR3 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. (TLC or HPLC).
BR4 Ministry Agriculture (1988). Portaria Nº 07/88, MAA - Diário Official da União, 14/11/1988, Seção I: 21968-21974.

南方共同市场

ME1 Mercosul/GMC/Res No 56/94.
ME2 FAO (1993). Food and Nutrition Paper 55.
ME3 (1979). International Standard ISO 950.
ME4 Cereals – Sampling (as grain).
ME5 Walting AE (1980). JAOAC 63: 103-106.
ME6 FIL-IDF (1985). International IDF Standard 50B. Milk and Milk Products (and/or current).
ME7 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 968.22 and/or current.
ME8 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.44 and 971.22 (standards).
ME9 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.45 and/or current.
ME10 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 980.21 and/or current.

保加利亚 [BG]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
MAF： 农业及林业部

参考文献：

BG1 Ministry of Health in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Industry and the State Standardization Agency (2000). Regulation No. 11/2000 of 11 July 2000 laying down the maximum levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Newspaper of the Republic of Bulgaria No. 58: 18-24.
BG2 Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85.
BG3 Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85. C-IAC with fluorometric determination.
BG4 AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49, Method 973.37. Ochratoxins in Barley, C-IAC with fluorometric determination.
BG5 (1993). ISO 8128:2
BG6 Russian State Standard Method GOST 3940-85
AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49, Method 986.17. Deoxynivalenol in wheat.
BG7 IAC with fluorometric determination.
BG8 (2001). BDS ISO 6870.

加拿大 [CA]

缩略语：

HC： 加拿大卫生部
CFIA： 加拿大食品检验局

参考文献：

CA1 Tolerance under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations B.01.046 (1) and (n) and B.01.046 (2).
CA2 Guideline under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations, part 4a.
CA3 Codex Standard 209, Rev. 1, 2001.
CA4 Canadian Grain Commission; Official Grain Grading Guide. Standard Procedures for Grain Inspection as specified by the CGC. 
CA5 Unofficial sampling plan of Health Canada [HC].
CA6 Health Protection Branch manual of Official Methods of Analysis – HPB-FC-14, June, 1993.
CA7 Canadian Grain Commission; analytical method for aflatoxins, ochratoxins and zearalenone in grains by HPLC with fluorescence detection.
CA8 Health Protection Branch Methods of Analysis, LPFC-155 (DON in wheat and soybeans) and LPFC-144 (DON in cereals).
CA9 Mass Spectral Investigations on Trichothecene Mycotoxins. 1. Application of Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Techniques for the Simultaneous and Accurate Analysis of Simple Trichothecenes in Picogram Levels, J. of Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry 13: 503 (1986).
CA10 Methods for the determination of Deoxynivalenol and other Trichothecenes in Foods, G.A. Lombaert in Mycotoxins and Food Safety, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 504, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, NY, 2002.
CA11 Canadian Grain Commission analytical method for determination of Fusarium trichothecenes in grain by GC-MS.
CA12 Canadian Feeds Act and Regulations (1983), Section 19 (1) (I).
CA13 Mycotoxin Factsheet 2000.
CA14 Feed Inspection Manual, May 1994.
CA15 AOAC Official Method 991.31.
CA16 JAOAC Int., 83, 1377 (2000).
CA17 CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (84/16), cleanup with Romer MycoSep 227, trifluoroacyl derivatives, GC/MS (ion-trap using acetonitrile CI).
CA18 CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (90/10), cleanup with IAC, LC/fluorescence detection.

智利 [CL]

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

CL1 For food established in the Sanitary Regulations of Foods.
CL2 Procedure NCh 1479 (1979) for food and feed.
CL3 For feed established in the Resolution 736. Ministry of Agriculture: Servicio Agricola y Ganadero.

中国 [CN]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

CN1 The compilation of food hygiene standards (1991). Chinese Standards Publishing House.
Hygienic standards of food additive-red rice, 360.
Hygienic standards of food additive-α-amylase preparation, 401.
Hygienic standards of food additive-glucoamylase preparation, 402.
Hygienic standards of irradiated peanut, 503-504.
Hygienic standards of irradiated rice, 509-510.
Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-soybean, 650-654.
Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-“5410”, 655-659.
Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children- formulated weaning foods, 660-665.
Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children- weaning supplementary foods, 666-671.
CN2 Handbook of food hygiene standards [section of food hygiene standards] (1996). Chinese Standards Publishing House.
Hygienic standards of fermented bean products, 157.
Hygienic standards of starch products, 158.
Hygienic standards of edible vegetable oil, 163-164.
Hygienic standards of soybean sauce, 165.
Hygienic standards of grain paste, 166.
Hygienic standards of vinegar, 167.
Hygienic standards of fermented wine, 220-221.
Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin B1 in foods, 269.
Hygienic standards of batter cake, 316-317.
Hygienic standards of pastry, biscuit and bread, 318-319.
Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products, 377.
Hygienic standards of salad oil. Chinese Standards Publishing House: 473-474.
Hygienic standard for tolerance limits of patulin in apple and hawthorn products, 561-563.
Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 776-784.
Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 785-794.

食品法典

缩略语：

CCFAC： 食品添加剂和污染物规范委员会

参考文献：

CC1 Maximum level and sampling plan for total aflatoxins in peanuts intended for further processing. CODEX STAN 209-1999, Rev.1-2001: 5 pp.
CC2 Maximum level for patulin, CODEX STAN -2003, pre-publication.
CC3 Maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk, CODEX STAN 232-2003.

哥伦比亚 [CO]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

CO1 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 3581.
CO2 NTC366.
CO3 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 740: Livestock Industry – Animal Food - Sampling.
CO4 Diaz GJ, Perilla NS and Royas Y (2001). Occurrence of aflatoxins in selected Colombian foods. Mycotoxin Research, 17: 15-20.
CO5 NTC 535-1.
CO6 NTC 535-2.
CO7 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 602.
CO8 Agropecuario, ICA. Document No. DIP-3-100-002.
CO9 Céspedes AE and Diaz GJ (1997). Analysis of aflatoxins in poultry and pig feeds and feedstuffs used in Colombia. J. of AOAC Int., 80:1215-1219.
CO10 Diaz GJ and Céspedes AE (1997). Natural occurrence of zearalenone in feeds and feedstuffs used in poultry and pig nutrition in Colombia. Mycotoxin Research, 12: 81-87.

科特迪瓦 [CI] 

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部
MAP： 动物生产部
MC： 商务部

克罗地亚 [HR]

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部

参考文献：

HR1 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC.
HR2 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC.
HR3 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 974.18.
HR4 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and HPLC.

古巴 [CU]

缩略语：

MPH/INHA： 公共卫生部/食品卫生营养研究所
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

CU1 Ministerio de Salud Pública (1999). Manual de indicadores empleados en la evaluación sanitaria de alimentos. Instituto de Nutrición e Hygiene de los Alimentos (INHA), Diciembre de 1999.
CU2 NC76-06: 85.
CU3 (1991). Determinación de patulina en frutas frescas y conservas. Rev. Cub Alim.Nutr. No. 2.
CU4 Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R (2001). Presencia de patulina en purés y jugos de frutas. Rev. Alimentaria No. 321: 133.5.
CU5 Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R. España Validación de un método para la determinación de patulina en purés y jugos de frutas por HPLC. Rev. Cub. Alim. y Nutr. (En prensa).
CU6 Arauce Calderius, Lic. JJ (2002). Determinación de fumonisina B1 en harina de maíz. Tésis de Maestría en Nutrición. INHA, abril 2002.
CU7 Methodo Modif. Trucksess.

塞浦路斯 [CY]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
MANRE： 农业自然资源及环境部

参考文献：

CY1 Acquis Communautaire. EC Regulation No. 1528/98.
CY2 EU Directive 98/53/EC.
CY3 AOAC (2000). Official Method 991.31.
CY4 Acquis Communautaire.
CY5 Kakouri E, et al. (1995). Food & Agriculture Immunology 7: 131-137.
CY6 (1993, 2001).Feedingstuffs and Feed Additives (Control of Quality, Supply and Use). Law 13 (I) of 1993 & 34 (I) of 2001, harmonized to the relevant Acquis Communautaire. 
CY7 AOAC methods 2000.
CY8 EU method.
CY9 AOAC methods 2000.

捷克共和国 [CZ]

缩略语：

MAH： 农业及卫生部
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

CZ1 Czech Republic Law Collection (2002). Chemical requirements on health unexceptionality of food and food raw materials. Decree No. 53/2002 Coll.
CZ2 Czech Republic Law Collection (2001). Decree No. 339/2001 Coll.
CZ3 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1986). Determination of very low concentrations of aflatoxins. Cs. Hyg. 31, 5.
CZ4 AOAC Official Methods of Analysis.
CZ5 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1989). Determination of ochratoxin A in children and infant children food. Cs. Hyg. 3, 1.
CZ6 Atelier du Travail International sur l’Ochratoxine A (UNESCO, FAO, IUPAC, ICSU) [1995] de protocoles pour l’analyse de l’ochratoxine A. Tunisie, Sousse, Faculté de Médecine, 14-17.11: 1-28.
CZ7 Manual of the OCHRAPREP® immunoaffinity columns, Rhone-diagnostics technologies Ltd.
CZ8 Manual of the ROMER MycoSepTM DON-Column, Coring System Diagnostics GmbH.
CZ9 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1987). Determination of very low concentrations of aflatoxins – Monitoring of aflatoxins in milk for infant children. Cs. Hyg. 32, 6.
CZ10 Ministry of Agriculture (2000). Decree No. 451/2000 Coll.

丹麦 [DK]

缩略语：

DVFA： 丹麦兽医与食品管理局

参考文献：

DK1 Legal basis for OA legislation: Circular letter of 20 November 1980.

埃及 [EG]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部

参考文献：

EG1 Egyptian Standard UDC 615.91. Maximum Limits for Mycotoxin.
In Foods Part I: Aflatoxin.
ESTONIA爱沙尼亚 [EE]

缩略语：

VFB： 兽医和粮食委员会
PPI： 植物生产检验处

参考文献：

EE1 Regulation of the Government of the Republic (2000). Establishment of the list and permitted limits of permitted contaminants by food group No. 14 of
12 January 2000. Official Journal of Estonia Riigi Teataja (RT I, 2000, 6, 38).
EE2 Regulation of the Government (2000). The methods of sampling and analysis for determination of aflatoxins in foodstuffs No. 334 of 18 October 2000.
EE3 The list of undesirable substances and the maximum allowed quantities for the content thereof in feedingstuffs, containing undesirable substances of feed materials, which exceed the maximum allowed quantities for the manufacture of feedingstuffs. No. 54 of 17 June 2002.
EE4 The procedure for taking of control samples from feedingstuffs. No. 43 of 
13 June 2002.

欧洲委员会 [EU]

参考文献：

EU1 Commission Directive 2003/13/EC of 10 February 2003 amending Directive 96/5/EC on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children. Official J. European Union L 41 (2003) 33-36.
EU2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 77 (2001) 1-13.
EU3 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2174/2003 of 12 December 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 as regards aflatoxins. Official J. European Union L 326 (2003) 12-15.
EU4 Commission Regulation (EC) No 472/2002 of 12 March 2002 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 18-20.
EU5 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1425/2003 of 11 August 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 as regards patulin. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 1-3.
EU6 Draft Commission Recommendation on the reduction of the presence of deoxynivalenol in cereals and cereal products. SANCO /1925/00-rev-1 pp. 5 .
EU7 Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 laying down the sampling methods and the methods for analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 201 (1998) 93-101.
EU8 Commission Directive 2002/27/EC of 13 March 2002 amending Directive 98/53/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 44-45.
EU9 Commission Directive 2002/26/EC of 13 March 2002 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of ochratoxin A in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 38-43.
EU10 Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 40-44.
EU11 Commission Recommendation of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 54-59.
EU12 Commission Directive 2003/100/EC of 31 October 2003 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Union
L 285 (2003) 33-37. 
EU13 Council Directive 1999/29/EC of 22 April 1999 on the undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition. Official J. European Commun. L 115 (1999) 32- 46.
EU14 EC-directive 76/371/01.03.1976. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 8.
EU15 Seventh Commission Directive of 1 March 1976 establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. EC-Directive 76/372/EEC. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 9-18.
EU16 Commission Directive 92/95 EEC of November 9, 1992 amending the Annex of the Seventh Directive (76/372/EEC) establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feeding stuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 327 (1992) 54-62.

芬兰 [FI]

缩略语：

MAF [EELA]： 农业及林业部 [国家兽医和食品研究所]
MAF [KTTK]： 农业及林业部 [植物生产检验中心]
MF [FC]： 财政部[芬兰海关]

参考文献：

FI1 Regulation by Ministry of Trade and Industry for food products not included in EU food legislation.
FI2 Official import control in Finland by customs.
FI3 Proposal prEN 14123.

法国[FR]

缩略语：

DGCCRF： 经济、财政和工业部，竞争、消费和制止欺诈的总局
DGAL： 农业和水产部，食品总局

参考文献：

FR1 Avis du Conseil Supérieur d’Hygiène Publique de France du 8/12/1998.
FR2 CEN-NF EN 13585.
FR3 CEN-PrEN 14352.

德国 [DE]

缩略语：

BMVEL： Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft（联邦消费者保护、粮食和农业部）公共卫生部
LMBG： Lebensmittel- und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz（粮食和商品法）

参考文献：

DE1 Mykotoxin – Höchstmengenverordnung. (Ordinance laying down maximum levels for mycotoxins in foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 834. Lieferung Oktober 1999.
DE2 Diätverordnung (Ordinance on dietetic foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 832. Lieferung September 1999.
DE3 Sampling based on § 42 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 [see EU6].
DE4 Sampling based on § 35 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 [see EU6].

希腊 [GR]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部
GCSL： 国家总实验室
EFET： 希腊粮食局

参考文献：

GR1 Ministerial decision 91587/3.11.1992.

中国香港特别行政区 [HK]

缩略语：

FEHD： 香港特别行政区食物及环境卫生署

参考文献：

HK1 Harmful substances in Food Regulations, Cap. 132 of the laws of Hong Kong SAR. 
HK2 Aflatoxin B1B2G1G2: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 991.31 
HK3 Aflatoxin M1: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 200.08

匈牙利 [HU]

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

HU1 17/1999. (VI.16.) EüM Order and its amendment : 9/20003. (III.13.) ESZCSM Order’s 3rd Annex.

印度 [IN]

缩略语：

MHFW： 卫生和家庭福利部
MFCS [DCS]： 粮食和国民供应部 [国民供给部]

参考文献：

IN1 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) 1954 & Rules 1955.
IN2 Official method of sampling ISI 1548 (1981). Published by Bureau of Indian Standards.
IN3 Method for aflatoxin analysis – ISI 9071 Part I (1979). Published by Bureau of Indian Standards.
IN4 Licence under the solvent extraction oil, deoiled meal and edible flour (control) order 1967.
IN5 Indian Standards Institution IS: 1714 (1960) and IS: 4115 (1967).

印度尼西亚 [ID]

缩略语：

NADFC： 国家药物和食品监管部 [BADAN POM]

参考文献：

ID1 Hishashi Kamimura. Report in Indonesia.
ID2 (1985). Modification. Journal AOAC, Vol. 68, No. 3.
ID3 AOAC 1995 (by HPLC).

伊朗伊斯兰共和国[IR]

缩略语：

ISIRI： 伊朗伊斯兰共和国标准和工业研究所
MOH： 卫生和医疗教育部

参考文献：

IR1 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Maximum tolerated levels of mycotoxins in food and feeds.
No. 5925.
IR2 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Code of practice for sampling of pistachio and pistachio kernel for aflatoxin analysis. No. 5197.
IR3 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Code for practice for sampling of agricultural products for aflatoxin analysis. No. 2581.
IR4 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in foodstuffs – Immunoaffinity column clean-up with thin-layer chromatography method. No. 6696. 
IR5 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in foodstuffs – Immunoaffinity column clean-up with high performance liquid chromatography. In Press.
IR6 ISO [1997]. Sampling of milk and milk powder for aflatoxin analysis. No. 707. 
IR7 ISO [1998]. Milk and milk powder – Determination of aflatoxin M1 content – clean-up by immunoaffinity column and determination by high performance liquid chromatography. No. 14501.

爱尔兰 [IE]

缩略语：

FSAI： 爱尔兰食品安全局

以色列 [IL]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

IL1 AOAC Official Method Chapter 49 994.08, pages 24 – 24A.
IL2 VICAM Instruction Manual [publication foreseen].
IL3 ISO/CD 14501: 1995.
IL4 Journal of Chromatography (1993). A 654: 247-254.
IL5 VICAM. Zeara latest Instruction Manual.

意大利 [IT]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
RA&AP： 地区当局和自治省

参考文献：

IT1 Ministry of Health (1999). Circular of the Ministry of Health no. 10, 9 June 1999, indicating limits for food matrix not included in Regulation, according to indication of the National Health Institute (ISS).
IT2 Ministry of Health (2000). The Decree of the Ministry of Health 23.12.2000, transposing Directive 98/53/EC, indicates methods of analysis for food products.

日本 [JP]

缩略语

MHL&W： 卫生、劳工和福利省
MAF&F： 农林水产省

参考文献：

JP1 An analytical method for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in spices using a multifunctional column clean-up; Hiroshi Akiyama, Yukihiro Goda, Toshitsugu Tanaka and Masatake Toyoda, Journal of chromatography A 932 (2001) 153 – 157.

约旦 [JO]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

JO1 Minister of Finance and Customs Instructions (5/35/8251) 11.03.1981; letter of Minister of Health (48/37/2049)-03.03.1981.

肯尼亚 [KE]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

KE1 Foods, Drugs and Chemical Substances Regulations, Kenya Gazette, 01.07.1978.
KE2 Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC.

大韩民国 [KR]

缩略语：

KFDA： 韩国食品及药物管理局
MAF： 农业及林业部

参考文献：

KR1 Korean Food and Drug Administration (2002). The food Index of Korea: pp 127.

KR2 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2001). Specification on maximum allowance levels of harmful materials and chemical residues in animal feed: 
pp 4.
KR3 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [MAF]. Feed Manual.

科威特 [KW]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

KW1 Aflatoxin M1 concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 – 997.

拉脱维亚 [LV]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部

参考文献：

LV1 Regulations of Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia. “About contamination of food”. No. 292.
LV2 AOAC 994.08.
LV3 Analytical instruction. R-biopharm ELISA test kit.
LV4 AOAC 995.10.

立陶宛 [LT] 

缩略语：

SFVS： 国家食品和兽医管理处[卫生部]
MA： 农业部

参考文献：

LT1 Hygiene norm HN 54-2001.
LT2 The Director of the State Food and Veterinary Services and the Minister of Health (2002). Order No. 286/300, 24 June 2002.
LT3 The Minister of Health Order No.679, 24 December, 2002, laying down sampling and methods of analysis. Prepared according Commission Directives 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 and 2001/22/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.
LT4 The order of the State Food and Veterinary Service No. B1-356, April 7, 2003. Sampling for monitoring of substances and residues in food of animal origin. Prepared according Commission Directives 96/23/EC.
LT5 RIDASCREEN. Aflatoxin B1. Art. No. R 1201.
LT6 EUR 19027 EN (1999). Standard operation procedure for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrixes by immunoaffinity clean-up and thin layer chromatography.
LT7 Determination of Aflatoxin B1 by HPLC. 
SOP 5.4.Ch.16: prepared according to J.Stroka, E.Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045. 
Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.
LT8 Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 by HPLC. 
SOP 5.4.Ch.27: prepared according to J.Stroka, E.Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045. 
Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.
LT9 Immuno sorbent assay of total Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 in grain and feedingstuffs. SOP 5.4.Ch.20: prepared according to R 4701 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin total.
LT10 Immuno sorbent assay of Ochratoxin A in grain and feeding stuff. 
SOP 5.4.Ch.22: prepared according to R 1301 RIDASCREEN Ochratoxin A.
LT11 Immuno sorbent assay of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and cheese. 
SOP 5.4.Ch.21: prepared according to R 1101 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin M1.
LT 12 Immuno sorbent assay of DON (deoxynivalenol) in grains and feedingstuff. 
SDP 5.4.Ch.24: prepared according to R 5906 RIDASCREEN DON.
LT13 Immuno sorbent assay of Zearalenone in grain and feedingstuff. 
SOP 5.4.Ch.23: prepared according to R 1401 RIDASCREEN Zearalenone.

前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国 [MK]

缩略语：

FCLHSW： 联邦劳工、健康和社会福利委员会

参考文献：

MK1 Article 57, Federal Register no. 2, 1980, Slŭsbeni list Socijalisticka Federation Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980. 
MK2 Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/ Federal register no. 60/1978 Slŭsbeni.

马拉维 [MW]

参考文献：

MW1 Letter of Malawi Bureau of Standards BS/1/1 of 24.06.1976.

马来西亚 [MY]

参考文献：

MY1 Food Regulations, 1985. 
MALTA马耳他 [MT]

缩略语：

DPH： 公共卫生部

参考文献：

MT1 Draft legislation available on Malta Standards Authority website.
http://www.msa.org.mt
MT2 European Community Directive 98/53/EC.

毛里求斯 [MU]

缩略语：

MHQL： 卫生和生活质量部

参考文献：

MU1 Food regulations made under the Food Act 1998; Ninth schedule, regulation 62 (2) (c): maximum permissible quantity of mycological contaminants in food.

墨西哥 [MX]

缩略语：

MPH： 公共卫生部

参考文献：

MX1 Official Norm of cereals. Flour, seeds for human consumption. National control and imports. Norm NOM-147-SSA 1996. Official diary of Mexican Government, December 10th (1999).
MX2 Eppley method for peanuts and oilseeds.
MX3 Modified CB method for aflatoxin in corn and tortilla.
MX4 Aflatest. Official method.

摩尔多瓦 共和国[MD]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

MD1 Medico-biological regulations and sanitary norms of quality for food raw materials and food, approved by USSR Ministry of Health, ur. 5061-89 from 01.08.1989, revised by Russian Federation in 1996 and approved on 06.08.2000 by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova.

摩洛哥[MA]

参考文献：

MA1 Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Dévéloppement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts. Project de circulaire sur les contaminants. Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes. Circulaire de discussion au niveau de la Commission Interministérielle Permanente pour le Contrôle et la Répression des Fraudes. Rabat [received May 2002]

莫桑比克 [MZ]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

MZ1 Codex Alimentarius limits.

尼泊尔[NP]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部
DFTCC： 食品技术和质量控制部

参考文献：

NP1 Food Act 1966.
NP2 Romer mini-column method.
NP3 CB method of AOAC.
NP4 Feed Act 1976.

荷兰 [NL]

缩略语：

CBAF： 商品委员会动物饲料

参考文献：

NL1 Productschap Diervoeder. Maximale normstelling DON. Besluit Productschap Diervoeder, PDV 2098, PDV, Den Haag, The Netherlands.

新西兰 [NZ]

参见澳大利亚

尼日利亚 [NG]

缩略语：

NAFDAC： 国家食品和药物管理及控制局

参考文献：

NG1 National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Decrees: SON (Standards Organisation of Nigeria) Industrial Standard.
NG2 AOAC methods

挪威 [NO]

缩略语：

MHAF： 卫生、农业和渔业部
SNT： 挪威食物监管局

阿曼 [OM]

缩略语：

MCI： 商业及工业部

参考文献：

OM1 Omanian Standard 46/1984 “Annex B: Prescribed Limit for harmful substances in compound animal feeds” Official Gazette 7/2/14054 of 01.11.1984.
OM2 Omanian Standard 48 “Methods of Sampling Animal Feeds”.

秘鲁 [PE]

参考文献：

MPH： 公共卫生部（已加工产品）
MA： 农业部（未加工产品）

菲律宾 [PH]

缩略语：

DA-BAI： 农业部，动物业管理局
PHILCOA： 菲律宾椰子管理局

参考文献：

PH1 Action Levels for Contaminants in Food; Food, Drug and Devices, and Cosmetics Act (R.A. 3720).
PH2 Inform client-example FAO sampling plan.
PH3 AOAC and Chromatographia.
PH4 Philippine Coconut Authority (PHILCOA), Diliman Quezon City, Phillippines.
Implementing guidelines of board resolution No. 034-91, prohibiting exports of copra meal, copra cake and copra pellets containing aflatoxin level of more than twenty parts per billion (20 ppb). Administrative Order No. 03, series of 1991.

波兰 [PL]

缩略语：

MA： 卫生部
MARD： 农业农村发展部

参考文献：

PL1 Ministry of Health (2001). Regulation of 27 December 2001, Dz.U. No. 9, 72.
PL2 European Commission (1996). National Veterinary Residue Control Plan according to Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in life animals and animal products (organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development).
PL3 Polish Standard (2001). Foodstuffs – Determination of aflatoxin B1 and the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cereals, shell-fruits and derived products – High performance liquid chromatographic method with post column derivatization and immunoaffinity column clean-up. PN-EN-12955.
PL4 Postupolski J, Jankowska B, Urbanek-Karłowska B (1996). Ocena metody oznaczania aflatoksyn w orzechach arachidowych przy użyciu chromatografii powinowactwa immunologicznego z detekcją. Roczn. PZH, 47, 3: 277-283.
PL5 Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs – Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products – Part 1: High performance liquid chromatographic method with silica gel clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-1.
PL6 Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs – Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products – Part 2: High performance liquid chromatographic method with bicarbonate clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-2.
PL7 Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice – Determination of patulin content – Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-1.
PL8 Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice – Determination of patulin content – Part 2: Method using thin-layer chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-2.
PL9 Polish Standard (2002). Milk and milk powder – Determination of aflatoxin M1 content – Clean up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. RPr. PN-ISO-14501.
PL10 Czerwiecki L (1998). Oznaczanie wybranych mikotoksyn w żywności. Cz. I. Dobór optymalnych warunków oznaczania aflatoksyny M1 w mleku metodą wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej. Roczn. PZH, 49, 1: 1-11.
PL11 Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs - Aflatoxins admissible content and determination. PN-R-64757.
PL12 Polish Standard (2001). Animal feedingstuffs – Determination of aflatoxin B1 content of mixed feedingstuffs – Method using high performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO-14718.
PL13 Kozak A, Wiśniewska-Dmytrow H, Żmudzki J (1995). Oznaczanie zawartości aflatoksyny B1 w paszach metodą immunoenzymatyczną – Ocena testu Ridascreen® Aflatoxin B1. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. XXVIII, 4: 383-387.
PL14 Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs -Aflatoxins admissible content and determination. PN-R-64757.

罗马尼亚 [RO]

缩略语：

MAFF： 农业、食品和森林部；国家兽医卫生机构；公共家畜健康卫生研究所

参考文献：

RO1 Health Ministry (1998). Order no. 975/1998, article 100. Official Journal 268/11-06-1999: 47 pp.
RO2 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (1995). Order no. 186/22-9-2000. Official Journal of Romania no. 179/1995, part 1: 28 pp.
RO3 AOAC Official method 970.44. Standard preparation for mycotoxins through TLC.
RO4 AOAC Official method 977.16. Sampling and preparation of samples for determination of mycotoxins through TLC.
RO5 AOAC Official method 978.15. Aflatoxin B1 in eggs through TLC.
RO6 AOAC Official method 982.96 for aflatoxin M1 determination from liver.
RO7 ELISA test method provided with the kit test.
RO8 AOAC Official method 980.21. M1 aflatoxins in milk and cheese by TLC.
RO9 SR ISO 6651-93. Determination of aflatoxin B1 content from feeds.

俄罗斯联邦 [RU]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

RU1 Sanitary Rules and Standards, Moscow (1997). Hygienic requirements for quality and safety of food raw materials and food products. SanPiN 2.3.2.560-96. Official publication.

塞内加尔 [SE]

缩略语：

MC： 商业部
MPH: 公共卫生部

参考文献：

SE1 Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal.
SE2 EC-directive 76/372/01.03.1976. Official Journal EC L102/9, 1976.

沙特阿拉伯[SA]

缩略语：

SASO: 沙特阿拉伯标准组织

参考文献：

SA1 Aflatoxin M1 concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 – 997.

新加坡 [SG]

缩略语：

AVA： 农产品和兽医机构

参考文献：

SG1 Regulation 34 of the Singapore Food Regulations.
SG2 AOAC International, 17th Edition, 990.33.
SG3 JAOAC (1992), Vol. 3: 481.
SG4 Food & Agricultural Immunology (1990). Vol.2: 189-195.
SG5 JAOAC (1978). Vol. 61, 6: 1359-1362.
SG6 J. Chromatography A (1999). 859: 23-28.
SG7 JAOAC International (1997). 80: 825-828.
SG8 VICAM, ZearalaTest HPLC Document.
SG9 J. Chromatography A (1987). Vol. 407: 393-398.

斯洛伐克 [SK]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部
MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

SK1 Food Codex of Slovak Republik. Registered in Collection of Laws from 29 June 1996.
SK2 ELISA test [ Standard Operating Protocol].

斯洛文尼亚 [SI]

缩略语：

MHHI： 卫生部，卫生检验机构
VARS： 斯洛文尼亚共和国兽医管理署
MAFF： 农林及食品部

参考文献：

SI-1 Rules on contaminants in foodstuffs (OJ RS 69/2003, 16.07.2003).
SI-2 Immunoaffinity columns, HPLC, Kobra cell (Rhone Diagnostics).
SI-3 AOAC, immunoaffinity columns, HPLC (Rhone Diagnostics).
SI-4 Rules on the Sanitary Suitability of Feedingstuffs (OJ RS 65/2002).
SI-5 Rules on the method of sampling and analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. (OJ RS 41/2003, 05.05.2003).
SI-6 Rules on the method of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs (OJ RS 73/2003, 29.07.2003; - in accordance with CD 76/372 EEC and 94/14 EEC).
SI-7 AOAC (1995). 16th Ed. Combination with Romer minicolumns.
SI-8 Easi-Extract Zearalenone, Application of immunoaffinity columns for sample clean-up prior to detection of zearalenone using HPLC analysis, Rhone Diagnostics, EE Zearalenone IFU (RP91v7). Doc 27-10-99.
SI-9 Rood HD et al. (1988). Gas chromatographic screening method for T-2 toxin, DAS, DON and related trichothecenes in feeds. Journal of AOAC 71, 493-498.
SI-10 AOAC (1995). Analysis method for Trichothecenes. DON, 3-Acetyl-DON, 15-Acetyl-DON, FUS X, NIV by TLC, Romer; 3 Toxin Test – Analysis Method for Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol, Romer, AOAC, 16th Ed.

南非[ZA]

缩略语：

DH： 卫生部

参考文献：

ZA1 Regulations R.313 of 16 February 1990, published under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (Act 54 of 1972).

西班牙 [ES]

斯里兰卡 [LK]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部
MH： 卫生部

参考文献：

LK1 Food (Labelling & Miscellaneous) Regulations 1993.

苏丹[SD]

缩略语：

SSMO： 无

瑞典 [SE]

缩略语：

NFA： 国家粮食管理局
SBA： 瑞典农业委员会

参考文献：

SE1 SLVFS 1993:36.
SE2 SLVFS 2002:16, annexes 1 & 2.
SE3 SLVFS 2000:43.
SE4 SLVFS 1993 :17, annex 15.

瑞士 [CH]

缩略语：

OFCACS： 瑞士各州官方食品监管局
EVD： 联邦国民经济部

参考文献：

CH1 Verordnung über Fremd- und Inhaltsstoffe in Lebensmitteln. SR817.021.23, see http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_021_23.html
CH2 Verordnung über Probenerhebung von Lebensmitteln und Gebrauchsgegenständen. SR817.94, see http://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_94.html
CH3 Schweizerisches Lebenmittelbuch. Ausgabe 2002, Deutsche Version,
Kapitel 54.
CH4 CEN-methods.
CH5 Verordnung des EVD vom 10. Juni 1999 über die Produktion und das Inverkehrbringen von Futternmitteln, Zusatzstoffen für die Tierernährung, Silierungszusätzen und Diätfuttermitteln (Futtermittelbuch-Verordnung, FMBV). SR916.307.1, Artikel 15 und Artikel 17 (Anhang 10, Teil 1, Aflatoxin B1), see 
http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c916_307_1.html .

阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 [SY]

缩略语：

MS： 供给部
MH： 卫生部
MA： 农业部

中国台湾省 [TW]

缩略语：

DH： 卫生部
CA： 农业委员会

参考文献：

TW1 Standard for the tolerance of aflatoxin in foods. DOH Food No. 8189322 Announced, 1/4/1993.
TW2 Sanitation Standard for Infant Foods. DOH Food No. 8189322. Announced, 1/4/1993.
TW3 Chinese National Standard, General No. 12925, Classified No. N6233, Method of Test for Grains-Sampling.
TW4 AOAC official method 991.31.
TW5 Lin SS, Lin FM, Fu YM, Shih YC (2002). Survey of Aflatoxins of Peanut Products in Taiwan. Ann. Rept. NLFD Taiwan, R.O.C. 20: 257-262.
TW6 Chinese National Standard, General No. 4090, Classified No. N6097, Method of Test for Aflatoxins in Foods.
TW7 Lin SS, Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC. Analysis of ochratoxin A of cereals by Reversed Phase HPLC with fluorescence detector (unpublished).
TW8 AOAC official method 995.10.
TW9 Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC (2000). Determination of Mycotoxin Patulin in Apple Juice. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 8 (2): 85-96.
TW10 Journal of AOAC Int. (1995). 78: 705-710.
TW11 Chung YJ, Fu YM. Assay of mycotoxin fumonisins in foods (unpublished).
TW12 Chinese National Standard, General No. 3440, Classified No. 6056, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-General Rules.
TW13 Journal of AOAC Int. (2001). 84: 437-443.
TW14 Fu YM (1996). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk powder using immuno-affinity column and fluorescence measurement. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 4 (2): 178-183.
TW15 Chinese National Standard, General No. 13631, Classified No. N6282, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-Test for Aflatoxins M1 and M2 in Fluid Milk.

坦桑尼亚联合共和国 [TZ]

缩略语：

NFCC： 卫生部国家食品监管委员会

参考文献：

TZ1 The Food (Control of Quality / Importation of Food) Regulations (1982).
TZ2 Sampling of Agricultural Products and their analysis for Aflatoxin Determination Manual (1989) FAO/UNEP/USSR Tanzanian Project FP/7101/86/03, Centre for International Projects, USSR State Committee for Environment Protection, Moscow.
TZ3 AOAC and ROMER Methods.

泰国 [TH]

缩略语：

MPH-FDA： 公共卫生部—食品及药物管理局

参考文献：

TH1 Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 98 B.E. 2529. Re: Standard of food containing contaminants.
TH2 Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 193 B.E. 2543 and its amendment Notification No. 239 B.E. 2544. Re: Prescribing the methods of production, tools and utensils, used in the production and storage of food.

突尼斯 [TN]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
ANCSEP： 国家产品卫生控制署

参考文献：

TN1 Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia. Standard NT 117.02 – 1985.
TN2 EEC published methods.

土耳其 [TR]

缩略语：

MARA： 农业和农村事务部

参考文献：

TR1 Turkish Food Codex Regulation. 1997. Official Gazette (16 November 1997) No. 23172: 1-198 and the amendments to this Codex Regulation: Official Gazette (23 September 2002) No. 24885: 29-40.
TR2 AOAC Official Method 999.07 (2000). Aflatoxins and total aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste and paprika powder. Immunoaffinity column-liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. First action 1999. J AOAC Int. 83: 320.
TR3 AOAC Official Method 2000.16. Aflatoxin B1 in Baby Food. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; Chapter 49: 37.
TR4 ISO 14501. Milk and milk powder. Determination of aflatoxin M1 content; clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. First edition 1998-11-15.
TR5 Entwisle C, et al. (2000). Liquid Chromatographic Method with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup for Determination of Ochratoxin A in Barley. AOAC Official Method 2000.03. J. AOAC Int. 83: 1377.
TR6 Ochratest. Procedure for Currants and Raisins. Vicam Ochratest. HPLC Procedure.
TR7 ISO 8128-1 (1993). Apple juice, apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice. Determination of patulin content. Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography.
TR8 MAFF-UK. Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Retail Milk and Milk Products. CSL Food Science Laboratory. Norwich Research Park, Colney. Norwich NR4 7UQ. Report No. FD 94/98A.
TR9 Official Gazette (1991). (5 August 1991) No. 20982.
TR10 Stroka J, Von Holst C, Anklam E (2003). Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography Using Post-Column Bromination for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Cattle Feed: Collaborative Study. AOAC Official Method 2000.02. J. AOAC Int 86: 1179-1186.

乌克兰 [AU]

缩略语：

MHP： 卫生保护部
SDVM: 国家兽医医学部
（农业政策部）

参考文献：

UA1 The order of the Ministry of Health of USSR No. 5061-89. Medical and biological requirements and sanitary norms of the quality of food raw materials and ready products.
UA2 The order of the Ministry of Agricultural Complex of Ukraine, State Department of Veterinary Medicine No. 16 from 03.11.1998. On approval of the mandatory minimal list of tests of the materials, products of animal and plant origin, raw materials for animal combined feed, vitamins etc. to be conducted by the state laboratories of veterinary medicine and as a result of which the veterinary document F2 is issued. 
UA3 Ministry of Health – The issuing agency (2001). Temporary hygienic norms for the contents of chemical and biological contaminants in the biologically active additives. No. TH 4.4.8.073-2001.
UA4 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of aflatoxins in food products. No. 2273-80.
UA5 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of patulin in fruit and vegetable juices and puree. No. 2655-82.
UA6 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and grain products. No. 3940-84. 
UA7 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of T-2 toxin in food products and food raw materials. No. 3184-84.
UA8 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of zearalenone in food products. No. 2964-84.
UA9 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of aflatoxins in food raw materials and food products by means of high performance liquid chromatography. No. 4082-86.

阿拉伯联合酋长国 [AE]

参考文献： 

AE1 Information about maximum residue levels established in various countries. Australian Government, Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry; Commonwealth of Australia 2003. Internet access date: 6 October 2003; http://www.affa.gov.au > Product Integrity / Animal and Plant Health > National Residue Survey (NRS).

大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国 [UK]

缩略语：

FSA via PHA and LAEHTSO： 由港口卫生局和当地环境卫生、贸易标准官员机构成立的食品标准管理署。

乌拉圭 [UY]

缩略语：

TLU： 乌拉圭技术实验室
MSP： 公共卫生部
MGAP： 农牧渔业部

参考文献：

UY1 Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A, 283, 302A, 336A.
UY2 Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A.
UY3 Decreto 533/001. Ministerio de Salud Pública (2001).
UY4 AOAC (2000). 970.45
UY5 AOAC (2000). 993.17.
UY6 Journal of AOAC International (1994). 77:1518.
UY7 AOAC (2000). 974.18.
UY8 AOAC (2000). 986.17.
UY9 AOAC (2000). 985.18.
UY10 Resoluciones 26 dic. 2001, 7 February 2002, 28. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (2002). 
UY11 Decreto 737/986. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (1986).
UY12 Fajardo JE, Dexter JE, Roscoe MM, Nowicki TW (1995). Retention of Ergot Alkaloids in Wheat during Processing. Cereal Chem 72 (3): 291-298.

美利坚合众国 [US]

缩略语：

FDA： 食品及药物管理局
USDA： 美国农业部

参考文献：

US1 Compliance Policy Guides. CPG 555.400, CPG 570.200, CPG 570.375, CPG 570.500.
US2 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 510.150.
US3 Unpublished letter from FDA to State Agricultural Directors, State Feed Control Officials, and Food, Feed and Grain Trade Organizations, September 16, 1993.
US4 FDA (2001). Guidance for Industry: Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds, November 9, 2001.
US5 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fumongu2.html .
US6 FDA Investigative Operations Manual, http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/iom/Contents/ch4_TOC.html .
US7 FDA Compliance Program, Mycotoxins in Domestic Foods (7307.001), Mycotoxins in Imported Foods (7307.002).
US8 AOAC International (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Edition, Chapter 49.
US9 Trucksess et al. (1996). Journal of AOAC International 79 (4): 883-887.
US10 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 527.400.
US11 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 683.100.
US12 FDA Compliance Program, Feed Contaminants (7371.003). http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/cp04004.html .

委内瑞拉 [VZ]

参考文献：

VZ1 AOAC [Title, source, page]
VZ2 AOAC [Title, source, page]

越南 [VN]

缩略语：

MH： 卫生部
MARD： 农业及农村发展部

参考文献：

VN1 Ministry of Health (1998). List of hygiene standard of foodstuffs issued with the Decision No. 867/1998/QDD-BYT dated 4/4/1998: 55.
VN2 Ministry of Health. Vietnam Standards, Normal Rule.
VN3 AOAC
VN4 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Normal Rule

也门 [YE]

缩略语：

MCI： 商业及工业部
DGSS： 标准和规格董事会

参考文献：

YE1 AOAC Official Methods (2000). Detection of Natural Toxins. Chapter 49.

津巴布韦 [ZW]

缩略语：

MA： 农业部

参考文献：

ZW1 Government Gazette no. 4959- 16.01.1976.

表4：1995年和2003年对某些（某类）黄曲霉毒素最大耐受量的中值和范围（微克/千克）及制定了相关法规的国家数目