Meteo

The meteo module contains all functions related to meteorological variables. All meteorological functions can be calculated on a daily or instantaneous basis. Base functions are available also. The daily functions have a ‘daily’ extension, instantaneous functions have a ‘inst’ extension.

mean_temperature_kelvin_daytime(t_air_k_min, t_air_k_max)

Computes the mean temperature over the daily sunshine period.

Parameters

• t_air_k_min (float) – maximum air temperature \(T_{a,min}\) [K]

• t_air_k_max (float) – maximum air temperature \(T_{a,max}\) [K]

Returns

t_air_k_12 – daytime air temperature \(T_{a,12}\) [K]

Return type

float

air_temperature_kelvin(t_air)

Converts air temperature from Celcius to Kelvin, where 0 degrees Celcius is equal to 273.15 degrees Kelvin.

Parameters

t_air (float) – air temperature, \(T_a\) [C]

Returns

t_air_k – air temperature, \(T_a\) [K]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.air_temperature_kelvin(12.5)
285.65

air_temperature_kelvin_daily(t_air_24)

Like air_temperature_kelvin() but as a daily average.

Parameters

t_air_24 (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [C]

Returns

t_air_k_24 – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [K]

Return type

float

air_temperature_kelvin_inst(t_air_i)

Like air_temperature_kelvin() but as an instantaneous value.

Parameters

t_air_i (float) – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [C]

Returns

t_air_k_i – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [K]

Return type

float

wet_bulb_temperature_kelvin_inst(t_wet_i)

Converts wet bulb temperature from Celcius to Kelvin, where 0 degrees Celcius is equal to 273.15 degrees Kelvin.

Parameters

t_wet_i (float) – instantaneous wet bulb temperature, \(T_{w,i}\) [C]

Returns

t_wet_k_i – instantaneous wet bulb temperature, \(T_{w,i}\) [K]

Return type

float

disaggregate_air_temperature(t_air_coarse, z, z_coarse, lapse=-0.006)

Disaggregates GEOS or MERRA or another coarse scale air temperature using two digital elevation models. One DEM for the target resolution, another DEM smoothed from the original air temperature resolution to the target resolution.

\[T_{a}=T_{a,c}+(z-z_{c}) \cdot L_{T}-T_{K,0}\]

where the following constant is used

• \(T_{K,0}\) = 273.15 K is equal to 0 degrees Celsius

Parameters

• t_air_coarse (float) – air temperature at coarse resolution, \(T_{a,c}\) [K]

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• z_coarse (float) – elevation at coarse resolution, \(z_{c}\) [m]

• lapse (float) – lapse rate, \(L_{T}\) [K m-1]

Returns

t_air – air temperature, \(T_{a}\) [C]

Return type

float

Notes

The input air temperature is specified in Kelvin. The output air temperature is specified in C.

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.disaggregate_air_temperature(24.5+273.15, 10, 5)
24.47

disaggregate_air_temperature_daily(t_air_24_coarse, z, z_coarse, lapse=-0.006)

Like disaggregate_air_temperature() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• t_air_24_coarse (float) – daily air temperature at coarse resolution, \(T_{a,24,c}\) [K]

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• z_coarse (float) – elevation at coarse resolution, \(z_{c}\) [m]

• lapse (float) – lapse rate, \(L\) [K m-1]

Returns

t_air_24 – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [C]

Return type

float

Notes

The input air temperature is specified in Kelvin. The output air temperature is specified in C.

disaggregate_air_temperature_inst(t_air_i_coarse, z, z_coarse, lapse=-0.006)

Like disaggregate_air_temperature() but as a instantaneous value.

Parameters

• t_air_i_coarse (float) – instantaneous air temperature at coarse resolution, \(T_{a,i,c}\) [K]

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• z_coarse (float) – elevation at coarse resolution, \(z_{c}\) [m]

• lapse (float) – lapse rate, \(L\) [K m-1]

Returns

t_air_i – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [C]

Return type

float

Notes

The input air temperature is specified in Kelvin. The output air temperature is specified in C.

disaggregate_dew_point_temperature_inst(t_dew_coarse_i, z, z_coarse, lapse_dew=-0.002)

Disaggregates geos dew point temperature using lapse rate and difference between smoothed coarse scale DEM and fine scale DEM.

Parameters

• t_dew_coarse_i (float) – coarse instantaneous dew point temperature, \(T_{dew,coarse}\) [C]

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• z_coarse (float) – smoothed elevation at coarse resolution, \(z\) [m]

• lapse_dew (float) – lapse rate, \(L\) [K m-1]

Returns

t_dew_i – instantaneous dew point temperature, \(T_{dew,i}\) [C]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure_from_specific_humidity(qv, p_air)

Computes the vapour pressure \(e_a\) in [mbar] using specific humidity and surface pressure.

\[e_{a}=\frac{q_{v} \cdot P}{\varepsilon}\]

where the following constant is used

• \(\varepsilon\) = ratio of molecular weight of water to dry air = 0.622 [-]

Parameters

• qv (float) – specific humidity, \(q_{v}\) [kg/kg]

• p_air (float) – air pressure, \(P\) [mbar]

Returns

vp – vapour pressure, \(e_{a}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

specific_humidity_from_vapour_pressure(vp, p_air)

Computes specific humidity using te vapour pressure \(e_a\) in [mbar] and surface pressure.

\[e_{a}=\frac{q_{v} \cdot P}{\varepsilon}\]

where the following constant is used

• \(\varepsilon\) = ratio of molecular weight of water to dry air = 0.622 [-]

Parameters

• vp (float) – vapour pressure, \(e_{a}\) [mbar]

• p_air (float) – air pressure, \(P\) [mbar]

Returns

qv – specific humidity, \(q_{v}\) [kg/kg]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure_from_specific_humidity_daily(qv_24, p_air_24)

Like vapour_pressure_from_specific_humidity() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• qv_24 (float) – daily specific humidity, \(q_{v,24}\) [kg/kg]

• p_air_24 (float) – daily air pressure, \(P_{24}\) [mbar]

Returns

vp_24 – daily vapour pressure, \(e_{a,24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint(t_dew)

\[e_{a}=6.108\exp\left[\frac{17.27T_{d}}{T_{d}+237.3}\right]\]

Parameters

t_dew (float) – dewpoint temperature, \(T_d\) [°C]

Returns

vp – vapour pressure, \(e_a\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint(20)
23.382812709274457

vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint_daily(t_dew_24)

\[e_{a}=6.108\exp\left[\frac{17.27T_{d,24}}{T_{d,24}+237.3}\right]\]

Parameters

t_dew_24 (float) – dewpoint temperature, \(T_d\) [°C]

Returns

vp_24 – vapour pressure, \(e_{a,24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint_daily(20)
23.382812709274457

vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint_inst(t_dew_i)

\[e_{a,i}=6.108\exp\left[\frac{17.27T_{d,i}}{T_{d,i}+237.3}\right]\]

Parameters

t_dew_i (float) – instantaneous dew point temperature, \(T_{dew,i}\) [°C]

Returns

vp_i – vapour pressure, \(e_{a,i}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure_from_dewpoint_inst(20)
23.382812709274457

saturated_vapour_pressure_minimum(t_air_min_coarse)

Like saturated_vapour_pressure() but based on daily minimum air temperature. This is only relevant for reference ET calculations.

Parameters

t_air_min_coarse (float) – daily minimum air temperature, \(T_{a,min}\) [C]

Returns

svp_24_min – daily saturated vapour pressure based on minimum air temperature, \(e_{s,min}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

saturated_vapour_pressure_maximum(t_air_max_coarse)

Like saturated_vapour_pressure() but based on daily maximum air temperature. This is only relevant for reference ET calculations.

Parameters

t_air_max_coarse (float) – daily maximum air temperature, \(T_{a,max}\) [C]

Returns

svp_24_max – daily saturated vapour pressure based on maximum air temperature, \(e_{s,max}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

saturated_vapour_pressure_average(svp_24_max, svp_24_min)

Average saturated vapour pressure based on two saturated vapour pressure values calculated using minimum and maximum air temperature respectively. This is preferable to calculating saturated vapour pressure using the average air temperature, because of the strong non-linear relationship between saturated vapour pressure and air temperature.

\[e_{s}=\frac{e^{0}\left(T_{max}\right)+e^{0}\left(T_{min}\right)}{2}\]

Parameters

• svp_24_max (float) – daily saturated vapour pressure based on maximum air temperature, \(e_{s,max}\) [mbar]

• svp_24_min (float) – daily saturated vapour pressure based on minimum air temperature, \(e_{s,min}\) [mbar]

Returns

svp_24 – daily saturated vapour pressure, \(e_{s,24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure_from_specific_humidity_inst(qv_i, p_air_i)

Like vapour_pressure_from_specific_humidity() but as an instantaneous value.

Parameters

• qv_i (float) – instantaneous specific humidity, \(q_{v,i}\) [kg/kg]

• p_air_i (float) – instantaneous air pressure, \(P_{i}\) [mbar]

Returns

vp_i – instantaneous vapour pressure, \(e_{a,i}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

saturated_vapour_pressure(t_air)

Computes saturated vapour pressure \(e_s\) [mbar], it provides the vapour pressure when the air is fully saturated with water. It is related to air temperature \(T_a\) [C] as:

\[e_{s}=6.108 \cdot \exp\left[\frac{17.27 \cdot T_{a}}{T_{a}+237.3}\right]\]

Parameters

t_air (float) – air temperature, \(T_a\) [C]

Returns

svp – saturated vapour pressure, \(e_s\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.saturated_vapour_pressure(20)
23.382812709274457

saturated_vapour_pressure_daily(t_air_24)

Like saturated_vapour_pressure() but as a daily average.

Parameters

t_air_24 (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [C]

Returns

svp_24 – daily saturated vapour pressure, \(e_{s,24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

saturated_vapour_pressure_inst(t_air_i)

Like saturated_vapour_pressure() but as an instantaneous value.

Parameters

t_air_i (float) – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [C]

Returns

svp_i – instantaneous saturated vapour pressure, \(e_{s,i}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure(svp, rh)

Computes the vapour pressure \(e_a\) in [mbar].

\[e_{a}=\frac{\phi}{100} \cdot e_{s}\]

Parameters

• svp (float) – saturated vapour pressure, \(e_s\) [mbar]

• rh (float) – relative humidity, \(\phi\) [%]

Returns

vp – vapour pressure, \(e_{a}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure(rh=75, svp=meteo.saturated_vapour_pressure(20))
17.537109531955842

slope_saturated_vapour_pressure(t_air)

Computes the rate of change of vapour pressure \(\Delta\) in [mbar K-1] for a given air temperature \(T_a\). It is a function of the air temperature \(T_a\) and the saturated vapour pressure \(e_s\) [mbar] which in itself is a function of \(T_a\).

\[\Delta=\frac{4098 \cdot e_{s}}{\left(237.3+T_{a}\right)^{2}}\]

for \(e_s\) see saturated_vapour_pressure()

Parameters

t_air (float) – air temperature \(T_a\) [C]

Returns

ssvp – slope of saturated vapour pressure curve \(\Delta\) [mbar K-1]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.slope_saturated_vapour_pressure(20)
1.447401881124136

slope_saturated_vapour_pressure_daily(t_air_24)

Like slope_saturated_vapour_pressure() but as a daily average.

Parameters

t_air_24 (float) – daily air temperature \(T_{a,24}\) [C]

Returns

ssvp_24 – daily slope of saturated vapour pressure curve \(\Delta_{24}\) [mbar K-1]

Return type

float

slope_saturated_vapour_pressure_inst(t_air_i)

Like slope_saturated_vapour_pressure() but as an instantaneous. value

Parameters

t_air_i (float) – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [C]

Returns

ssvp_i – instantaneous slope of saturated vapour pressure curve, \(e_{s,i}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

vapour_pressure_deficit(svp, vp)

Computes the vapour pressure deficit \(\Delta_e\) in [mbar].

\[\Delta_e=e_s-e_a\]

Parameters

• svp (float) – saturated vapour pressure, \(e_s\) [mbar]

• vp (float) – actual vapour pressure, \(e_a\) [mbar]

Returns

vpd – vapour pressure deficit \(\Delta_e\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure_deficit(12.5, 5.4)
7.1
>>> meteo.vapour_pressure_deficit(vp=5.4, svp=12.3)
6.9

vapour_pressure_deficit_daily(svp_24, vp_24)

Like vapour_pressure_deficit() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• svp_24 (float) – daily saturated vapour pressure, \(e_{s,24}\) [mbar]

• vp_24 (float) – daily actual vapour pressure, \(e_{a,24}\) [mbar]

Returns

vpd_24 – daily vapour pressure deficit \(\Delta_{e,24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

air_pressure(z, p_air_0=1013.25)

Computes air pressure \(P\) at a certain elevation derived from the air pressure at sea level \(P_0\). Air pressure decreases with increasing elevation.

\[P=P_{0} \cdot \left(\frac{T_{ref,0,K}-\alpha_{1} \cdot \left(z-z_{0}\right)} {T_{ref,0,K}}\right)^{\frac{g}{-\alpha_{1}\cdot R }}\]

where the following constants are used

• \(P_0\) = air pressure [mbar] at sea level \(z_0\) = 1013.25 mbar

• \(T_{ref,0,K}\) = reference temperature [K] at sea level \(z_0\) = 293.15 K

• \(g\) = gravitational acceleration = 9.807 [m/s2]

• \(R\) = specific gas constant = 287.0 [J kg-1 K-1]

• \(\alpha_{1}\) = constant lapse rate for moist air = 0.0065 [K m-1]

Parameters

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• p_air_0 (float) – air pressure at sea level, \(P_0\) [mbar]

Returns

p_air – air pressure, \(P\) [mbar]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.air_pressure(z=1000)
900.5832172948869

air_pressure_daily(z, p_air_0_24=1013.25)

Like air_pressure() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• z (float) – elevation, \(z\) [m]

• p_air_0_24 (float) – daily air pressure at sea level, \(P_{0,24}\) [mbar]

Returns

p_air_24 – daily air pressure, \(P_{24}\) [mbar]

Return type

float

dry_air_density(p_air, vp, t_air_k)

Computes dry air density \(\rho_{d}\) in [kg m-3].

\[\rho_{d}=\frac{P-e_{a}}{\Re \cdot T_{a,K}}\]

where the following constants are used

• \(\Re\) = gas constant for dry air = 2.87 mbar K-1 m3 kg-1

Parameters

• p_air (float) – air pressure, \(P\) [mbar]

• vp (float) – vapour pressure, \(e_{a}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a}\) [K]

Returns

ad_dry – dry air density, \(\rho_{d}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.dry_air_density(p_air=900, vp=17.5, t_air_k=293.15)
1.0489213344656534

dry_air_density_daily(p_air_24, vp_24, t_air_k_24)

Like dry_air_density() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• p_air_24 (float) – daily air pressure, \(P_{24}\) [mbar]

• vp_24 (float) – daily vapour pressure, \(e_{a,24}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k_24 (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [K]

Returns

ad_dry_24 – daily dry air density, \(\rho_{d,24}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

dry_air_density_inst(p_air_i, vp_i, t_air_k_i)

Like dry_air_density() but as an instantaneous value.

Parameters

• p_air_i (float) – instantaneous air pressure, \(P_{i}\) [mbar]

• vp_i (float) – instantaneous vapour pressure, \(e_{a,i}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k_i (float) – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,i}\) [K]

Returns

ad_dry_i – instantaneous dry air density, \(\rho_{d,i}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

moist_air_density(vp, t_air_k)

Computes moist air density \(\rho_{s}\) in [kg m-3].

\[\rho_{s}=\frac{e_{a}}{R_{v} \cdot T_{a,K}}\]

where:

• \(R_v\) = gas constant for moist air = 4.61 mbar K-1 m3 kg-1

Parameters

• vp (float) – vapour pressure, \(e_{a}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k (float) – air temperature, \(T_{a,K}\) [K]

Returns

ad_moist – moist air density, \(\rho_{s}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.moist_air_density(vp=17.5, t_air_k = 293.15)
0.012949327800393881

moist_air_density_daily(vp_24, t_air_k_24)

Like moist_air_density() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• vp_24 (float) – daily vapour pressure, \(e_{a,24}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k_24 (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,K,24}\) [K]

Returns

ad_moist_24 – daily moist air density, \(\rho_{s,24}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

moist_air_density_inst(vp_i, t_air_k_i)

Like moist_air_density() but as an instantaneous value.

Parameters

• vp_i (float) – instantaneous vapour pressure, \(e_{a,i}\) [mbar]

• t_air_k_i (float) – instantaneous air temperature, \(T_{a,K,i}\) [K]

Returns

ad_moist_i – instantaneous moist air density, \(\rho_{s,i}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

air_density(ad_dry, ad_moist)

Computes air density \(\rho\) in [kg m-3].

\[\rho=\rho_{s}+\rho_{d}\]

Parameters

• ad_dry (float) – dry air density, \(\rho_{d}\) [kg m-3]

• ad_moist (float) – moist air density, \(\rho_{s}\) [kg m-3]

Returns

ad – air density, \(\rho\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> ad_moist = meteo.moist_air_density(vp=17.5, t_air_k = 293.15)
>>> ad_dry = meteo.dry_air_density(p_air=900, vp=17.5, t_air_k=293.15)
>>> meteo.air_density(ad_dry=ad_dry, ad_moist=ad_moist)
1.0618706622660472

air_density_daily(ad_dry_24, ad_moist_24)

Like air_density() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• ad_dry_24 (float) – daily dry air density, \(\rho_{d,24}\) [kg m-3]

• ad_moist_24 (float) – daily moist air density, \(\rho_{s,24}\) [kg m-3]

Returns

ad_24 – daily air density, \(\rho_{24}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

air_density_inst(ad_dry_i, ad_moist_i)

Like air_density() but as a instantaneous value.

Parameters

• ad_dry_i (float) – instantaneous dry air density, \(\rho_{d,i}\) [kg m-3]

• ad_moist_i (float) – instantaneous moist air density, \(\rho_{s,i}\) [kg m-3]

Returns

ad_i – instantaneous air density, \(\rho_{i}\) [kg m-3]

Return type

float

latent_heat(t_air)

Computes latent heat of evaporation \(\lambda\) [J kg-1], describing the amount of energy needed to evaporate one kg of water at constant pressure and temperature. At higher temperatures less energy will be required than at lower temperatures.

\[\lambda=\lambda_0 + \Delta_\lambda \cdot T_{a}\]

where the following constants are used

• \(\lambda_0\) = latent heat of evaporation at 0 C = 2501000 [J kg-1]

• \(\Delta_\lambda\) = rate of change of latent heat with respect to temperature = -2361 [J Kg-1 C-1]

Parameters

t_air (float) – air temperature, \(T_a\) [C]

Returns

lh – latent heat of evaporation, \(\lambda\) [J/kg]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.latent_heat(20)
2453780.0

latent_heat_daily(t_air_24)

Like latent_heat() but as a daily average.

Parameters

t_air_24 (float) – daily air temperature, \(T_{a,24}\) [C]

Returns

lh_24 – daily latent heat of evaporation, \(\lambda_{24}\) [J/kg]

Return type

float

psychrometric_constant(p_air, lh)

Computes the psychrometric constant \(\gamma\) [mbar K-1] which relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature.

\[\gamma=\frac{P \cdot c_{p}}{\varepsilon \cdot \lambda}\]

where the following constants are used

• \(c_{p}\) = specific heat for dry air = 1004 [J Kg-1 K-1]

• \(\varepsilon\) = ratio of molecular weight of water to dry air = 0.622 [-]

Parameters

• p_air (float) – air pressure, \(P\) [mbar]

• lh (float) – latent heat of evaporation, \(\lambda\) [J/kg]

Returns

psy – psychrometric constant, \(\gamma\) [mbar K-1]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.psychrometric_constant(p_air = 1003.0, lh = 2500000.0)
0.6475961414790997
>>> meteo.psychrometric_constant(1003.0, 2500000.0)
0.6475961414790997

psychrometric_constant_daily(p_air_24, lh_24)

Like psychrometric_constant() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• p_air_24 (float) – daily air pressure, \(P_{24}\) [mbar]

• lh_24 (float) – daily latent heat of evaporation, \(\lambda_{24}\) [J/kg]

Returns

psy_24 – daily psychrometric constant, \(\gamma_{24}\) [mbar K-1]

Return type

float

wind_speed_blending_height(u, z_obs=2, z_b=100)

Computes the wind speed at blending height \(u_{b}\) [m/s] using the logarithmic wind profile.

\[u_{b}=\frac{u_{obs} \cdot \ln\left(\frac{z_{b}}{z_{0,m}}\right)} {\ln\left(\frac{z_{obs}}{z_{0,m}}\right)}\]

Parameters

• u (float) – wind speed at observation height, \(u_{obs}\) [m/s]

• z_obs (float) – observation height of wind speed, \(z_{obs}\) [m]

• z_b (float) – blending height, \(z_{b}\) [m]

Returns

u_b – wind speed at blending height, \(u_{b}\) [m/s]

Return type

float

Examples

>>> from ETLook import meteo
>>> meteo.wind_speed_blending_height(u=3.0, z_obs=2, z_b=100)
5.4646162953650572

wind_speed_blending_height_daily(u_24, z_obs=2, z_b=100)

Like wind_speed_blending_height() but as a daily average.

Parameters

• u_24 (float) – daily wind speed at observation height, \(u_{obs,24}\) [m/s]

• z_obs (float) – observation height of wind speed, \(z_{obs}\) [m]

• z_b (float) – blending height, \(z_{b}\) [m]

Returns

u_b_24 – daily wind speed at blending height, \(u_{b, 24}\) [m/s]

Return type

float

wind_speed(u, v)

Calculate wind speed vector from two components.

Parameters

• u (float) – Eastward wind speed.

• v (float) – Northward wind speed.

Returns

Wind speed.

Return type

u_24

air_pressure_kpa2mbar(p_air_kpa)

Like p_air().

Parameters

p_air_kpa (float) – air pressure, \(Pair_{a}\) [kpa]

Returns

p_air_mbar – air pressure, \(Pair_{a}\) [mbar]

Return type

float