Warm-water pond fish culture in the African Region
| Country | Introduction started | Main fish cultured | No. of ponds constructed | Area covered (ha) | No. of ponds in operation | Fish culture stations | Production in metric tons | Distribution of fingerlings | Remarks |
| Algeria | No information; probably no fish culture | ||||||||
| Angola | No information; probably no fish culture | ||||||||
| Basutoland | Trouts | Maseru | For river stocking for sport fishing | ||||||
| Betchuana-land | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Burundi | 1950 | Tilapia | 352 | 65 | none | Karuzi | |||
| Cameroon | 1952 | Tilapia Heterotis | 9,000 | 5,000 | Yaoundé Foumban Bertoua Ngaoundéré | ||||
| Central African Republic | 1952 | Tilapia Heterotis | 20,000 | 5,000 | Bangui Berberati Bambari Bouar Bria Ouango Bossembele | In 1956 three extension teams with about 40 extension workers; Operations since abandoned | |||
| Chad Republic | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Congo (Brazza-ville) | 1953 | Tilapia | 12,176 | 125 | 3,000 | Dioumouna | none | In 1958, 46 extension workers and five expatriates; No operations now. | |
| Congo (Leopold-ville) | 1947 | Tilapia | 122,067 | 4,058 | Kipopo Yackama Bambesa Kianza Kwili Kwanso Gandajika Dibaya Kubinda Kisampa-Senter Heenen-Keyberg Dilolo Kolwezi Kongolo Kapanga Sandoa Nyakabera Kisamba Paulis Wamba Nyangara Stanleyville Komba Djngu | 1,406 | Figures of 1960 | ||
| Dahomey | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Ethiopia | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Gabon | 1956 | Tilapia | several “thousand” | 1,500 | Wolen N'Tem Nyanga N'gounié Libreville Oyem Tschibanga 4 smaller ones | In 1959, 18 extension workers | |||
| Gambia | No fish culture, rice-cum-fish culture planned | ||||||||
| Ghana | 1953 | Tilapia | less than 30 | Nungua Bawku Lawra | Stations are mainly for stocking dams | ||||
| Guinea | 1953 | No information | |||||||
| Ivory Coast | 1956 | Tilapia | 340 | many abandoned | Bouake 9 hatcheries. (10 percent demonstration ponds) | Little private initiative; in 1958, 38 extension workers | |||
| Kenya | 1957 | Tilapia Trouts | 12,200 | 610 | Sagana Kiganjo | 1221 702 | 34,9001 70,4002 | First tilapia trials in irrigation systems 1924 | |
| Liberia | 1959 | Tilapia | “very few” | Gbaruga Suakoko | |||||
| Madagascar | 1950 | Tilapia Carp Blackbass Trout | 85,000 | 4 centres Périné Apamaherane Ambatofotsy Sisaony. 8 experimental stations, about 40 tilapia breeding stations, 1 trout hatchery | Stations badly staffed, only few extension workers from the beginning. Today 1 expatriate no extension personnel | ||||
| Malawi | No information | ||||||||
| Mali | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Mauritania | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Mauritius | Tilapia | 20 | 3.2 | 20 | 25 | ||||
| Morocco | 1924 | Trout1 Pike1 Blackbass1 Carp2 | Azrou Raz el Ma Arhbal | ||||||
| Mozambique | 1956 | Tilapia | About 250 Several larger farms | 10.5 | |||||
| Niger | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Nigeria | 1951 1954 | Tilapia Carp | Few 1 large carp farm | 61 | Brackish-water fish farm not yet in operation | ||||
| Rhodesia | Tilapia | Mazoe | For stocking purposes only | ||||||
| Réunion | 1940 | Trout Tilapia | St. Denis Salazie3 | ||||||
| Rwanda | 1950 | Tilapia | 448 | 84 | none | Astuda Kigembe | |||
| Senegal | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Sierra Leone | Large-scale tilapia farming planned | ||||||||
| Somalia (Fr.) | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Swaziland | No fish culture | ||||||||
| Tanzania | 1949 | Tilapia | 8,000 | ||||||
| Togo | 1954 | Tilapia | 514 | 60 | Many abandoned | 2 stations 20 hatcheries | Insignificant | 300,000 | Extension by forestry personnel |
| Tunisia | Mullets Eels | Brackish-water lagoons | |||||||
| Uganda | 1958 | Tilapia | 11,000 | 410 | 6,000 | Kajansi Several hatcheries | 6501 202 | 5,3401 29,8502 | |
| Upper Volta | 1956 | Tilapia | About 50 | Many abandoned | Bérégadougou | Extension by forestry personnel | |||
| Zambia | 1961 | Tilapia | 1,231 | 100 | Solwezi Mwekera Serenje Chilanga Nyanje Kalikali Misamfu | 88.5 | 1960: 414,000 1964: 70,000 |
1 Tilapia
2 Trouts
1 For stocking sport fishing waters
2 In rice fields
3 Trout and tilapia
2 Carps
Appendix II
Fishes used or tried in pond fish culture in Africa
| Family | Species | Country | Remarks |
| Atherinid | Basilichthys bonariensis | Morocco | Experimental |
| Centrarchidae | Lepomis macrochirus | Congo (Leopoldville) | For blackbass feeding |
| Zambia | For blackbass feeding | ||
| Micropterus salmoides | Cameroon | Did not spawn in ponds | |
| Congo (Leopoldville) | For tilapia control, abandoned | ||
| Kenya | For sport fishing, established in natural waters | ||
| Madagascar | For tilapia control, sometimes spawning difficulties, established in some natural waters | ||
| Mozambique | For tilapia control | ||
| Rhodesia | Together with Lepomis | ||
| Morocco | For sport fishing | ||
| South Africa | For sport fishing | ||
| Pomoxis annularis | Morocco | ||
| P. nigromaculatus | Morocco | ||
| Centropomidae | Lates niloticus | Cameroon | For tilapia control |
| Morocco | For sport fishing | ||
| Nigeria | For tilapia control | ||
| Uganda | var. albertinus, for tilapia control | ||
| Characidae | Hepsetus odoë | Cameroon | Experimental |
| Hydrocyon vittatus | Mozambique | Experimental | |
| Citharinidae | Citharinus citharus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Does not spawn in ponds |
| Nigeria | Does not spawn in ponds | ||
| Citharinus congicus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Citharinus gibbosus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Citharidium ansorgei | Nigeria | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Distichodus fasciatus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Distichodus maculatus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Distichodus sp. | Nigeria | Does not spawn in ponds | |
| Cichlidae | Astotoreochromis alluaudi | Cameroon | Mallacophagous, for bilharzia control |
| Congo (Leopoldville) | For bilharzia control | ||
| Kenya | For bilharzia control | ||
| Uganda | For bilharzia control | ||
| Hemichromis fasciatus | Cameroon | For tilapia control | |
| Congo (Leopoldville) | For tilapia control | ||
| Ivory Coast | For tilapia control | ||
| Upper Volta | For tilapia control | ||
| Haplochromis mellandi | Congo (Leopoldville) | For bilharzia control | |
| Paratilapia pollenii | Madagascar | Experimental | |
| Serranochromis robustus | Congo (Leopoldville) | For tilapia control | |
| Serranochromis thumbergi | Congo (Leopoldville) | For tilapia control | |
| Tilapia aurea | Uganda | Experimental | |
| Tilapia andersonii | Congo (Leopoldville) | Experimental | |
| Rhodesia | Perhaps confused with T. macrochir | ||
| Zambia | |||
| Tilapia christii | Zambia | ||
| Tilapia esculenta | Tanzania | ||
| Tilapia flavomarginata | Gabon | ||
| Tilapia galilea | Cameroon | ||
| Central African Republic | |||
| Congo (Brazzaville) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Ghana | |||
| Ivory Coast | |||
| Morocco | |||
| Togo | |||
| Tilapia heudeloti | Nigeria | Brackish-water culture | |
| Tanzania | |||
| Tilapia leucosticta | Uganda | ||
| Tilapia macrochir | Cameroon | ||
| Central African Republic | |||
| Congo (Brazzaville) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Gabon | |||
| Ivory Coast | |||
| Madagascar | |||
| Rhodesia | |||
| Tanzania | |||
| Togo | |||
| Upper Volta | |||
| Zambia | |||
| Tilapia marginata | Cameroon | Experimental | |
| Tilapia melanopleura | Cameroon | Confused with Tilapia zillii | |
| Congo (Brazzaville) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Gabon | |||
| Madagascar | |||
| Mozambique | |||
| Nigeria | Brackish water | ||
| Tanzania | |||
| Togo | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Zambia | |||
| Tilapia mossambica | Congo (Brazzaville) | ||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Madagascar | |||
| Mozambique | |||
| Rhodesia | |||
| South Africa | |||
| Tanzania | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Zambia | |||
| Tilapia multifasciata | Cameroon | ||
| Ivory Coast | |||
| Tilapia nigra | Congo (Leopoldville) | ||
| Kenya | |||
| Mozambique | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Tilapia nilotica | Cameroon | ||
| Congo (Brazzaville) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Central African Republic | |||
| Gabon | |||
| Ghana | |||
| Ivory Coast | |||
| Madagascar | |||
| Tanzania | |||
| Togo | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Upper Volta | |||
| Tilapia sparmanii | South Africa | Cultivated as food fish for black-bass | |
| Tilapia tholloni | Cameroon | Possibly confused with T. melanopleura | |
| Tilapia zillii | Cameroon | Probably often confused with T. melanopleura | |
| Central African Republic | |||
| Congo (Brazzaville) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Gabon | |||
| Ghana | |||
| Ivory Coast | Differentiates the “races” T. zillii (local) and T. zillii (Congo) | ||
| Madagascar | |||
| Morocco | |||
| Tanzania | |||
| Togo | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Upper Volta | |||
| Tylochromis lateralis | Congo (Leopoldville) | Experimental | |
| Claridae | Clarias sp. | Congo (Leopoldville) | |
| Clupeidae | Alosa finta | Morocco | Experimental - not successful |
| Cyprinidae | Barbus aeneus | South Africa | For river stocking |
| Barbus caudovittatus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Experimental, does not spawn in ponds | |
| Barbus occidentalis | Nigeria | Experimental | |
| Carassius auratus | Madagascar | Settled in natural waters | |
| Cyprinus carpio | Congo (Leopoldville) | Experimental | |
| Ghana | Experimental, not successful | ||
| Madagascar | Since 1914, settled in natural waters | ||
| Morocco | In rice paddies | ||
| Nigeria | |||
| Rhodesia | |||
| South Africa | |||
| Uganda | |||
| Gardinus (Leuciscus) rutilis | Madagascar | ||
| Morocco | In rice paddies | ||
| Labeo lineatus | Congo (Leopoldville) | Experimental | |
| Nigeria | Experimental | ||
| Tinca tinca | Madagascar | ||
| Morocco | In rice fields | ||
| Esocidae | Esox lucius | Madagascar | |
| Esox masquinongy | Morocco | For sport fishing | |
| Esox niger | |||
| Gymnarchidae | Gymnarchus niloticus | Cameroon | Experimental |
| Nigeria | Experimental | ||
| Mugilidae | Mugil cephalus | Tunisia | Brackish water |
| Mugil falcipinnis | Nigeria | Experimental, brackish water | |
| Mugil grandisquamis | Nigeria | Experimental, brackish water | |
| Ophiocephalidae | Ophiocephalus obscurus | Cameroon | For tilapia control, abandoned |
| Nigeria | Experimental, for tilapia control | ||
| Osphronemidae | Osphronemus goramy | Madagascar | Experimental |
| Osteoglossidae | Heterotis niloticus | Cameroon | |
| Central African Republic | |||
| Congo (Brazzavile) | |||
| Congo (Leopoldville) | |||
| Ivory Coast | |||
| Madagascar | |||
| Nigeria | |||
| Togo | |||
| Percidae | Lucioperca lucioperca | Morocco | For sport fishing |
| Perca fluviatilis | Morocco | For sport fishing and rice fields | |
| Polypteridae | Polypterus senegalus | Cameroon | Experimental, abandoned |
| Poecilidae | Gambusia affinis | Ghana | For malaria control |
| Madagascar (probably also in many other countries) | |||
| Salmonidae | Salmo gairdneri | Basutoland | Experimental |
| Kenya | For sport fishing | ||
| Madagascar | |||
| Morocco | For sport fishing | ||
| Hucho hucho | Morocco | Experimental, no success, cold water fish | |
| Salmo letnica | Morocco | For sport fishing, cold water, high altitudes | |
| Salvelinus sp. | Morocco | For sport fishing, cold water, high altitudes | |
| Salmo trutta macrostigma | Morocco | For sport fishing, cold water, high altitudes | |
| Tetrodontidae | Tetrodon fahaca strigosus | Cameroon | Experimental, for tilapia control, poor results |
Crustaceae
| Penaeidae | Paenaeus duororum | Nigeria | Experimental, brackish water |
| Astacidae | Procambarus clarkii | Uganda | Experimental |
| Palaemonidae | Macrobrachium lepidactylus | Kenya | Experimental |
APPENDIX III
Tilapia hybridization experiments in Africa
| Species crossed (male given first) | Country | Reported by | Remarks SR=sex ratio |
| Tilapia andersonii × T. macrochir | (Katanga) Congo L. | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| (N.Rhod.) Zambia | Mortimer, 1960 | No conclusive results | |
| Tilapia andersonii × T. mossambica | (N.Rhod.) Zambia | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Mortimer, 1960 | No conclusive results | ||
| Tilapia aurea × T. nilotica | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia leucosticta × T. nigra | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia leucosticta × T. nilotica | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Poor hybrids | |||
| Tilapia macrochir × T. nilotica | Cameroon | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Ivory Coast | Bard, 1960, 1962b | ||
| Bard, 1960, 1962b | |||
| Tilapia mossambica × T. macrochir | Rhodesia | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia mossambica × T. nilotica | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | 100 percent males |
| Tilapia mossambica × T. thollonii | Germany | Peters et al, 1961 | For behaviour research |
| Tilapia nigra × T. mossambica | East Africa | Bard, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia nigra × T. nilotica | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia nigra × T. zillii | East Africa | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia nilotica × T. macrochir | Cameroon, | Bard, 1960, 1962b | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Ivory Coast, | |||
| Gabon | |||
| Tilapia nilotica × T. mossambica | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| No information | |||
| Tilapia nilotica × T. nigra | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | SR less than 100 percent monosex |
| Tilapia zillii × T. menalopleura | Uganda | FAO/UN, 1965 | No interbreeding |
APPENDIX IV
Food materials used or recommended in African tilapia culture
| 1. Aquatic | mainly for herbivorous species: |
| Most soft submerged and semi-submerged water flora. The following are mentioned specificially: | |
| Characeae; Chlorophyseae; Conjugatae; Hydrilla; Lagerosiphon; Leesia; Potamogeton; Sparganium. (Plants which are not taken or only when young, by herbivorous tilapia are carex; Ceratophyllum; Cyperus; Echinochlon; Fimbristylis; Numphaeaceae; Pistia; Scirpus; Typha; Vallisneria.) | |
| 2. Terrestrial | for herbivorous and onmivorous species: |
| All kinds of soft vegetation and household and rural wastes. Specifically mentioned are: | |
| Banana leaves minced, baobab press cakes, batata leaves, batata tubers cooked, beer wastes dry, bracken, green, bran, brewery waste, brewery malt, cabbage leaves, canna leaves, carrot tops, cocoa leaves, cocoa pulp, colocasia leaves, copra press cakes, cotton seeds ground, cotton-seed press-cakes, garden weeds, green grass, fruits, cooked, soft ones raw, ground-nuts ground, ground-nut press-cakes, ground-nut shells, wastes from chicken farms, kale, kitchen waste, lettuce, maize cooked, maize bran, maize cobs, broken up, maize-crushed, maize leaves, maize flour, mandioca (= cassava) leaves, mandioca meal cooked, mandioca meal dry, mandioca skins, mandioca tubors cooked, milo meal cooked, milo meal dry, “napier fodder”, palm-nut press-cakes, papaya leaves, potatoes, pumpkin, rice, rice bran, rice waste, rubber seeds ground, soft shore vegetation, soybeans ground, soybean waste, spinach, termites, wheat waste. |
