CYPRUS¹

The Republic of Cyprus, lying in the extreme northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea, is its third largest island. Two-thirds mountainous and one-third plain, with a narrow coastal fringe, it is primarily an agricultural land. Intensely Mediterranean in climate, this water-deficient country lacks freshwater lakes and few of its streams are perennial. Most of its freshwater resources lie in irrigation reservoirs.

Although sea-girt, it lacks a fishing tradition, and originally lacked a fauna of fluvial fishes. Those freshwater fishes now present, both warm-and cold-water species, have all been introduced recently.

Various attempts have been made to establish aquaculture, e.g., with trout, sparids and sea bass. There is now a small trout industry in the mountains and marine fish farms on the coast. Aside from aquaculture, inland fisheries are primarily recreational and confined to reservoirs.

¹ Since 1974, the northern area of the island has been under the control of the “Turkish army which sustains” a de facto division of the island and the self-proclaimed “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”

Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, lies between 34°33' and 35°34'N latitudes and 32°16' and 34°33'E longitudes. It is about 75 km south of Turkey, 105 km west of Syria and 380 km north of Egypt.

Its maximum length (E–W) is 240 km, and its greatest breadth (N–S) is 100 km. The altitudinal range is from sea level to 1 954 m.

Two mountain ranges flanking a central undulating plain occupy most of the country. The northern range, the narrow Kyrenia or Pendtadhaktylos, is a series of bare jagged peaks extending along the coast and rising to 909 m. A single, anticlinal fold of sedimentary rocks, mostly limestone, it is porous with a thin soil cover. The southern range, the Troödos or Olympus, occupies the south centre of Cyprus. Its limestone cap eroded, it is dominated by a great igneous dome of diorite, basalt and serpentine rising to 1 954 m. Largely impervious, it has some deeply cut valleys and more soil and forests than the bare Kyrenia.

Between these two ranges is a great lowland, the Mesaoria Plain, extending across the country for 96 km and opening to the sea in both east and west. Treeless, cultivated, or vegetated with garigue, and varying in width from 24 to 48 km, this depression occupies one-third of the island. Traversed by several alluvial floodplains, it was the most populated and principal agricultural area of Cyprus, before 1974.

The native vegetation of Cyprus is Mediterranean, dominated by drought-resistant plants, maquis on the lower hills and forest above. The most important native trees are Brutia pine (Pinus brutia), cypress, cedar, carob, olive and oak. Trees such as eucalyptus and casuarina have been imported. About one-fifth of the island is still forested, but the forests have suffered greatly through overexploitation, clearing and grazing². Natural pastures are scarce.

Many of the soils have a calcareous base; much of the Troödos area has silicate soils. Soil erosion is common.

North of the Kyrenia and south of the Troödos are coastal plains. Indented, with both rocky and sandy beaches, the coast extends for 782 km.

² “In ancient times, the plains of Cyprus were thickly overgrown with forests…and could not be cultivated” (Strabo, XIV. 65)

4. CLIMATE

The climate of Cyprus is intensely Mediterranean, with short mild winters, heavy showers from November to March, and long parched summers.

The mean annual temperature is 19°C with a mean summer maximum of 27°C and mean winter minimum of 12°C. The complete range has included temperatures from -3°C to 43°C.

The mean annual rainfall is 483 mm, ranging from about 1 100 mm in the mountains to 250 mm in the Mesaoria. Rainfall is erratic. Cyprus suffers from periodic droughts and there are about 340 days of sunshine.

There is no frost along the coast but it may be sharp at heights. Snow will fall at elevations over 900 m in the southern mountains between December and March.

5. HYDROGRAPHY AND LIMNOLOGY

Van der Leeden (1975), using 1965 figures, records the approximate annual runoff in Cyprus as only 37 mm or about 300 million m³, and ECE (1978) also lists the annual runoff as 300 million m³. However, Bunge (1980) and Kyriakidis (1983) state that there is an estimated 600 million m³ of usable runoff from annual rainfall. In any event, surface water resources in Cyprus are very limited, and summer droughts are common. Most of the area other than the crystalline Troödos is permeable. Springs are rare, few streams are perennial.

5.1 Rivers

Most of the 35 streams are small and impermanent. Melting snow supplies water to a number of these until late April. Others are merely winter torrents which go dry during the summer.

Among those streams of appreciable size and flow are the: Kouris, Vasilikos, Serakhis, Xeropotamos, Karyotis and Dhiarizos. The longest stream, the 100-km Pedios, flows from the Troödos eastward through the Mesaoria but does not reach the sea.

The discharge of a principal “river”, the Kouris, is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Discharge of the Kouris River (Erimi) in Cyprus, 1954–66

Source: Van der Leeden (1975) after Unesco, 1971

5.2 Lakes and Lagoons

There are only two major natural lakes in Cyprus. Akrotiri, a brackishwater lake about 11 km² in area at maximum level, has some fishery value. Larnaka Salt Lake, exploited for salt production, has a thriving population of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Both lakes may dry up during the summer months. Although Amanieu and Laserre (1981) list 4 040 ha of lagoons at Adana in Cyprus, this is apparently a mistake, since such an area is not mentioned in any other literature available to the author, and ADC (1979) states that Cyprus has few “shallow lagoons or estuaries”.

5.3 Reservoirs

The main purpose of dam construction in Cyprus was to provide water for irrigation and the domestic requirements of towns, villages, the flourishing tourist industry and the growing local industry. The result has been the construction from 6 million t in 1960 to 300 million t in 1988. Twenty-one reservoirs coverning the area of 1 292 ha and having a capacity of 268 million t were stocked with fish and are used for angling.¹

The reservoirs which are stocked with fish are usually mesotrophic-eutrophic. Their water has a high pH and is hard, especially that of dams lying in the lowland chalks. Highland dams lie on diabase igneous rock. The water temperature of the lowland reservoirs varies between 12°C and 29°C; that of the highland reservoirs between 8°C and 27°C. Cyprus dams are built in areas with altitudes ranging from about 30 m to 1 570 m.

The reservoirs which are used for angling are listed in Table 2.

¹ EIFAC (1989) listed the area of reservoirs in Cyprus as 1 177 ha

6. LAND AND WATER USE

Cyprus is still predominantly agricultural (see Table 3). The contribution of the agricultural sector to the Gross Domestic Product is about 20 percent. About 35 percent of the population is rural and 65 percent urban. Most farmers own their own land, and 18 percent of the economically active people are in agriculture. Chief crops include: potatoes, barley and wheat, citrus fruits, olives, carobs, the vine, cotton, tobacco and grapes. Stock rearing, especially of sheep, goats and cows is also important.

Limited by a chronic water shortage and over-exploitation of ground water supplies, dry farming is the usual practice. However, the demand for irrigation to increase production is great, and in 1983 about 94 000 ha (or 10 percent of the total area) were under irrigation. The construction of reservoirs for this purpose has been a boon to inland fisheries.

The clearing of forests for agriculture, their use for charcoal, and over-grazing by goats has greatly reduced the original forest and harmed the water resource. At present, about one-fifth of the forest land produces industrial timber and the rest is used to protect catchments. Afforestation is carried out on a relatively large scale in burnt areas, gaps within forests, and areas which have been declared forests. The area reforested in 1988 was 600 ha. Marshlands have also been drained in the past.

There is an ever-increasing light industry, e.g., clothing, cement, beverages, food processing, medicinal products. The main products which are exported are the industrial which represent in value 70.62 percent of the total exports and the agricultural (27.5 percent). In 1987 the total installed electric power capacity was 369 000 kW, all of which was thermal produced solely from imported heavy fuel oil. Streams are, therefore, not affected by hydroelectric development.

The contribution of the mining industry to the national economy during the 1930–70 period was of great importance. The mining sector declined since 1970 due to depletion of the richer ore bodies. The use of water in mining is considered indispensable in Cyprus, but everyone using water for mining operations is required to assure that water leaving the area is not detrimental to aquatic life.

Table 2

Twenty-one Cyprus reservoirs used for angling and the fish present

Source: Cyprus/EIFAC (1989)

Table 3

Pattern of land use in Cyprus, 1987

Source: 1987 FAO Prod.Yearb., 41 (Publ. 1988)

The island is easily accessible by 11 974 km of roads (1986) of which about one-half are paved, providing a road density of 1.3 km/km². Passenger car ownership is 250 per 1 000 people. There are no public railroads, and obviously no inland waterways.

Marine fisheries have never been very important in the Cypriot economy. Good ports were lacking, most of the people lived inland for security, the eastern Mediterranean is unproductive, and most fishing was of a subsistence nature. Thirty-five years ago, the marine catch was only about 400 t annually, and in 1987 it was still only 2 555 t. Fishing is significant mainly as a source of useful protein and luxury food for the tourist industry. The per caput supply, including imported fish, was only 13.35 kg/year circa 1987. Inland fisheries and aquaculture (both freshwater and marine) have been developed to some extent lately, and the supply of trout is below local demand at times.

In 1972, 21 percent of Cyprus' consumptive water use was supplied by surface water of which 20 percent went to agriculture. Eighty-seven percent of the country's total water use was for agriculture (ECE, 1978).

Tourism, revolving around sea, sun, and antiquities is the most significant foreign exchange earner with over one million tourists in 1987, but angling is by no means a tourist attraction.

7. FISH AND FISHERIES

Aside from the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), all of the fishes of the inland waters of Cyprus have been introduced, most of them since 1969. There is now a population of about 19 species.

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) are now present in both lowland and highland reservoirs. Bleak (Alburnus alburnus) is present as a forage fish, as is the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) which is also used for mosquito control. Largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are also found in lowland reservoirs. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are raised commercially (see below) and fingerlings stocked in mountain dams above 250 m. A small trout population also exists in some mountain brooks.

Other aquatic species which have been introduced in recent years are: crucian carp (Carassius carassius), goldfish (C. auratus), silver carp (Hypothalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), catfish (Clarias sp.), eastern (American) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), the cichlids (“tilapia”) (Tilapia nilotica and Sarotherodon aureus), tench (Tinca tinca), pike-perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) and the crayfishes Pacificastacus leniusculus, and Astacus fluviatilus and Procambarus clarkii.

In general, this inter-continental mix of species has been introduced to provide food and sport through aquaculture, but mirror carp and grass carp are also used to control aquatic plants in irrigation reservoirs, and silver and grass carp have been introduced in a cement-lined canal for the same purpose. Goldfish are also produced for ornamental use.

7.1 Capture Fishery

There is no commercial fishery in the inland waters of Cyprus, but the irrigation reservoirs are used for sport fishing. This sport started around 1969 with the expansion of water development, introduction of various species of freshwater fishes, and issuance of licences for recreational fishing.

About 21 reservoirs with an area of about 1 292 ha and capacity of 267 million m³ were stocked with fish and available to the public for angling in 1988. The annual yield of fish was estimated in 1977 to be 15–20 t (Cyprus/EIFAC, 1977).

About 3 500 angling licences were issued in 1988. There are several angling clubs, run mostly by foreigners but in close contact with the Department of Fisheries.

Owing to the water conditions, trout fishing depends largely on one-year-old fish. About 20 000 young trout are stocked every year in highland dams, mostly in winter. Trout fishing is allowed as from spring each year. Although there is a small wild trout population in the mountains, angling is not permitted in the mountain streams. There is some catch and release fishing, and some angling for subsistence.

7.2 Aquaculture

Bertram (1944) recommended the introduction of carp farming into Cyprus as a means of expanding its fishery activity, and in 1945 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Palestine were introduced into the Syrianokhori Swamp area. Since then, a number of aquacultural surveys have been made in Cyprus (see, for example, FAO, 1970). Carp have been reintroduced, and other exotic fishes now resident in Cypriot reservoirs have also been imported (see section 7).

Sometime prior to 1974, there was a private grey mullet (Mugilidae) farm in Cyprus using a local species. In 1979 there was a production of about 1 t of grey mullet in tanks and ponds at the experimental farming station at Boghaz (a governmentally established station now in the Turkishoccupied area). Experimental culture of grey mullets has also been carried out on a semi-extensive basis in brackish-supersaline gravel pits in the Akrotiri area¹. Since the opportunities for marine or brackish water aquaculture in Cyprus seem to outstrip those for strictly freshwater aquaculture, there has been a considerable development of experimental facilities for its prosecution. Aside from the construction of an experimental farming station now in Turkish-occupied area, the Cyprus Department of Fisheries has run a small hatchery at Paphos on the southwest coast since 1981 for the experimental production of euryhaline fish such as the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Sparidae. In early 1989, a new experimental station was started at Meneou (Larnaca) for the development of commercial aquaculture in salt water. In 1988, three commercial fish farms worked on an intensive basis for the hatching and culture of sea bass and sparids. Six tons of these cultured species were marketed in 1988, and exports of over a million young sea bass and sparids were made to Greece. One ton of sea bass was raised each year in 1984, 1985 and 1986, and two tons of sparids in 1987 according to FAO Fish.Info.Data and Stat.Serv. (1989). Small quantities of cichlids (“tilapia”) and trout reared in brackish water have also been produced as side products. The cichlid production was as follows: 3 t (1984), 2 t (1985), 2 t (1986) and 1 t (1987) according to FAO Fish.Info.Data and Stat.Serv. (1989). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) imported from the United Kingdom as elvers in 1978, have been experimentally cultured and some were stocked in reservoirs circa 1981. Cyprus, which has had a propensity for introducing many exotic fish, has also experimented with American cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 1980 and with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus coho) in 1988. There have also been attempts to raise rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in salt water.

¹ Six tons of mullet were taken in the marine capture fishery of Cyprus in 1987

With respect to strictly freshwater culture, however, the only fish successfully cultured commercially in Cyprus is rainbow trout. The centre for the work on freshwater fish culture (as well as the management of inland waters) is the governmental Experimental Stational at Kalopanayiotis. One of the functions of the station is the production of trout to provide most of the needs for rearing in private farms and cages. The trout is “all-female”. In 1987 about 0.5 million young trout were sold to the private sector for ongrowing, and every year the station produces about 3 t of commercially sized trout.

There are (1989) four private commercial trout farms, built mainly on leased forestry land.² The farms work on an intensive basis, with an annual production of around 50 t (see Table 4).

² EIFAC (1989) stated that Cyprus had five trout farms totalling 0.3 ha

In 1985 the Department of Fisheries undertook experimental cage culture of trout in reservoirs. In 1988 about 15 t were produced in cages, and the commercial production of trout from dams is expected to double the local production soon. The environmental impact of trout cage culture is being followed through water monitoring.

The trout is sold either fresh (gutted), or smoked (whole or fillets). The larger quantity of trout is consumed by the tourist industry. There is a shortage of trout, which is more acute during certain seasons and its price is high compared to that of European countries.

Table 4

Nominal catches by species in the inland waters of Cyprus, 1972–87 (in tons)

0 - more than zero but less than 50 t

Source: 1972–73 - Yearb.Fish.Stat.FAO, 44 (Publ. 1978)
1974–81 - FAO Fish.Dept.Fishery Statistical Database (FISHDAB)
1982–87 - Yearb.Fish.Stat.FAO, 64 (Publ. 1989)

The FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics first listed “catches” of unidentified “freshwater fishes” in Cyprus in 1972, and continued use of this term to cover the entire “catch” in the country's inland waters for some time. Now, however (see FAO Yearbook 64, published 1989) it lists the entire inland fish “catch” of Cyprus as “trouts”. See Table 4.

It has been ascertained from various sources, especially Cyprus/EIFAC (1974) and Cyprus/EIFAC (1989) that all of the fish listed in Table 4 relate only to the trout cultivated there. Furthermore, the production (“catch”) of trout in Cyprus in 1972 was actually 12 t, that of 1973 was 40 t, and that of 1988 was 51 t (Cyprus/EIFAC, 1989). The scientific name Salmo spp. given in Table 4 should actually be Oncorhynchus mykiss since this is the scientific name now used to designate rainbow trout.

8. OWNERSHIP, ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND INVESTIGATION¹

8.1 Ownership and Availability

The ownership of all water, surface or underground, is generally vested in the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. The use of water for domestic purposes is granted priority over its use for agriculture, industry or tourism.

Aquatic resources are Government property.

The area around the high water level of the reservoirs up to a certain level belongs to the Government and is open to anyone.

The dams belong either to the: (a) Government, as Government Water Works, or (b) Irrigation Divisions, which are formed by the landowners who are the users of the dams' water.

The dams of category (a) are managed either by the Water Development Department or by Water Works Committees, while those of category (b) by Irrigation Committees, the members of which are elected among those of the Irrigation Division.

The maintenance of the dams of both categories is undertaken by the Water Development Department.

Most of the major dams of category (a) are designed for over-annual storage and no maintenance problems are faced. Water for domestic purposes is supplied only from the Government Water Works, directly through special water treatment plants, or indirectly, by the enrichment of the aquifer where boreholes for pumping drinking water exist.

8.2 Administration

The administration of all fisheries, marine or inland, as well as of aquaculture, rests in the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources acting through its Department of Fisheries. (This Ministry is also the major one for policy making in connection with water resources and water development works.)

The Department of Fisheries exercises its powers under the relevant laws to formulate by-laws and regulations for the development, exploitation, management, protection, etc., of all fishery resources.

The Department is divided into four Divisions:

1. Fishing Industry;
2. Resources;
3. Fishing Shelters, and
4. Fish Culture and Inland Water Management

The latter Division has three Sections: Freshwater Fish Culture, Marine Farming, and Inland Waters Management.

In addition, the Department has a Preventive Service (in District offices) to carry out law enforcement, and various Technological and Research Sections.

8.3 Other Concerned Agencies

1. The Cyprus Tourism Organization aids in encouraging angling and releasing fishing information. It also funds projects which aim at promoting the recreational use of the reservoirs. These projects mainly refer to the provision of facilities to the anglers and the general public and are formulated by a technical committee which consists of representatives of the Department of Fisheries, the Cyprus Tourism Organization, Town Planning and Housing, Water Development and the Forestry Department, and
2. Local angling clubs also assist the recreational fishing programme by collecting voluntary angling statistics, collecting fish for restrocking, etc.

8.4 Licensing

Fishing licences are required by the Department of Fisheries for fishing in reservoirs, but angling is not permitted in the mountain streams. Riparian rights do not exist. Only bank fishing is allowed and the use of boat in the reservoirs is prohibited.

Originally, licences were issued free of charge for each reservoir separately, and for limited periods. By the end of 1981, however, legislative measures were introduced which allowed the collection of fees for the issue of fishing licences in reservoirs.

Angling with a single rod and line has been allowed. Restrictions also exist on bag size, hours and seasons of fishing (mainly in reservoirs stocked with trout), size of fish (for trout and bass), etc.

8.5 Scientific Services

Aquaculture research and development support comes from the Department of Fisheries which cooperates closely with other related government departments. The legal framework for the establishment and operation of fish farms is being defined. The government provides technical assistance and support and there is close contact between the commercial sector and the Department of Fisheries. The government also provides long-term, low interest loans and leases, and suitable government land for the setting up of commercial fish farms.

¹ Based on information sent to EIFAC by Cyprus in 1979, Demetropoulos (1982), Stephanou (1982, 1988), Kyraikidis (1983) and Cyprus/EIFAC (1989)

9. STATE OF THE FISHERY

9.1 Yield

The annual yield of fish to anglers from Cypriot reservoirs was reported by Cyprus/EIFAC (1977) to be about 15–20 t and Stephanou (1982) stated that about 300 ha of reservoirs were available for public fishing for game and coarse fish. The yield using these rough figures would, therefore, be from 50 to 67 kg/ha/year. Given the circumstances of reservoir production in Cyprus (see sections 5.4 and 7.1), and considering that only bank fishing is permitted, these appear to be very adequate yields.

The mean catch per rod-hour in 1980 was 305 g in Yermasoyia Reservoir (Stephanou, 1981).

9.2 Factors Affecting the Fishery

The very small extent of inland water in Cyprus, and the artificial nature and heavy use of most of these waters obviously limits any possibility of large fish production.

Altitudinal and climatic differences do permit a range of species combinations from trout to semi-tropical fishes, and the long growing season and basic fertility of the terrain should promote rapid growth.

The smallest reservoirs usually dry up during summer months, and medium-sized ones are periodically lowered or drained for maintenance during the winter. Successive collection, storage, and stocking of fish in such reservoirs is difficult, and even in the larger reservoirs where this may not be necessary, conditions are better for recreational than for commercial fishing.

Water pollution, according to Stephanou (1982), is not considered to be a problem in the inland waters of Cyprus, especially in the mountain reservoirs. Furthermore, the act of pollution is covered by rather strict laws. Nevertheless, this is a factor that will increase, especially since large increases in ground water are unlikely, and the present annual runoff per caput is very low. Estimates can range from 426 m³ to 852 m³, depending upon the total runoff figures one accepts (see section 5).

Sport fishing by organized or semi-organized anglers who seek permits amounts to only about 0.5 percent of the total population.

9.3 Prospect

The serious shortage of water is by far the most important deterrent to the development of inland fisheries and freshwater aquaculture in Cyprus. Water use for agriculture, domestic supply, industry, and tourism sharply limit the supply that can be devoted to other users. Furthermore, excessive extraction of underground water has already resulted in intrusions of sea water and soil salinization in some areas, and most newly irrigated land will have to depend largely on surface water.

Of course, some integration of agriculture and aquaculture is feasible, and the treated effluents of sewage treatment plants may someday be utilized for fish production in Cyprus. Furthermore, water development ranks very high in Cyprus' development budget. For example, in 1979, the budget for water development was 1½ times that for the road network, twice that for agriculture, and 5 ¼ times that for commerce and industry (Fisher, 1980). Water losses can be curtailed by greater use of improved irrigation systems, control of excessive pumping, groundwater recharge, use of low-quality water, and increased protection of catchments (a move toward the latter end was made some time ago when tethering of goats in forest areas was made compulsory). Conversion of sea water to fresh water is also in prospect, as are some long distance water transfers.

Increases in public sport fishing can, therefore, be envisioned with moves to conserve water, enlarge reservoir capacity, and increase use of the present system.

With respect to aquaculture, the shortage of freshwater resources and shallow coastal lagoons or estuaries is a limiting factor. Fish cage culture in reservoirs could contribute substantially to the increase of freshwater fish production. Marine aquaculture could offer a long-term solution to the shortage of fresh fish which is now faced in Cyprus with the operation of commercial land-based installations working on an intensive basis.

10. REFERENCES SPECIFIC TO CYPRUS

Bertram, G.C.L., 1944 Report on the possibilities of rapidly increasing the production of fish in Cyprus. Cairo, Egypt, Middle East Supply Centre

Bunge, F.M. (ed.), 1980 Cyprus, a country study. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, (DA PAM 550–22):306 p.

Cyprus/EIFAC, 1974 Information on inland water fisheries production in Cyprus. (Response to a questionnaire, EIFAC/74/Circ.10, Nov. 1974.) Unpubl.

Cyprus/EIFAC, 1977 Information on inland water fisheries in Cyprus. (Response to the EIFAC Secretariat, revising Dill, 1976.) Unpubl.

Cyprus/EIFAC, 1989 Information on inland water fisheries in Cyprus. (Response to the EIFAC Secretariat.) Unpubl.

Demetropoulos, A., 1982 Cyprus. In Country reports of EIFAC member countries for intersessional period 1980–1982, edited by K. Tiews. Rome, FAO, EIFAC XII/82/16:4–6 (mimeo)

Demetropoulos, A., 1984 1974–1984, ten years of agricultural development in Cyprus. Nicosia, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 68 p.

Demetropoulos, A., 1989 Annual report of the Department of Fisheries and the Cyprus fisheries for 1987. Nicosia, Department of Fisheries

Demetropoulos, A., 1989a Cyprus. Nicosia, Press Information Office

FAO, 1961 Report to the Government of Cyprus on fishing development possibilities. Based on the work of V. Fodera. Rep.FAO/(TA), (1436):82 p.

FAO, 1970 Report to the Government of Cyprus on possibilities of fish culture in Akrotiri Lake, 15–28 June 1969. Based on the work of T.J. Job, No. RP 1:6 p. (mimeo)

FAO, 1985 Cyprus. Fishery Country Profile. Rome, FAO, FID/CP/CYP. Rev. 2:4 p.

Fisher, W.B., 1980 Cyprus, physical and social geography. In Europa, The Middle East and North Africa, 1980–81. 27th ed. London, Europa Publications Ltd., pp. 268–301

Fish Farming International, 1979 Cyprus seeks fish rise through farm tests. Fish Farming Int., 6(4):37

Konteatis, C.A.C., 1974 Dams of Cyprus. Nicosia, Cyprus, Water Development Department, 264 p.

Kyriakidis, C., 1983 Cyprus. In Water law in selected European countries (Cyprus, Finland, the Netherlands, USSR, Yugoslavia). Vol. 2, compiled by Agrarian and Water Legislation Section, Legislation Branch, Legal Office. FAO Legis.Stud., (30):1–25

Newberry, J. and J.M. Reid, 1976 Appraisal of Cyprus dam sites. In Douzième Congrès International des Grands Barrages, Mexico, Mexique, 29 mars–2 avril 1976. Comptes rendus/Twelfth International Congress on Large Dams, Mexico City, Mexico, 29 March–2 April 1976. Transactions. Vol. 3, pp. 299–318

Purcell, H.D., 1969 Cyprus. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher, 416 p.

Stephanou, D., 1981 On the recreational use of dams. Nicosia, Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, Republic of Cyprus, 53 p.

Stephanou, D., 1982 Recreational fisheries in Cyprus. In Allocation of fishery resources. Proceedings of the Technical Consultation on Allocation of Fishery Resources, held in Vichy, France, 20–23 April 1980, edited by J.H. Grover. FAO of the UN/American Fisheries Society, pp. 545–9

Stephanou, D., 1984 Cyprus country report for 1982–83. Paper prepared for the intersessional period of 1982–84 for the 13th Session of EIFAC, Aarhus, Denmark, 23–30 May 1984, 3 p. (mimeo)

Stephanou, D., 1986 Cyprus. EIFAC Occas.Pap./Doc.Occas.CECPI, (16):3–4

Stephanou, D., 1988 Cyprus country report for 1986–1987. EIFAC Occas.Pap./Doc.Occas.CECPI, (20):5–7

Stephanou, D., 1988a Twenty years of experience in managing Cyprus reservoirs for angling. EIFAC Symposium in Management Schemes for Inland Fisheries. Göteberg, Sweden, 29/5–3/6/1988

Stephanou, D., 1988b The cage culture of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Richardson in Cyprus dams. Second Session of the EIFAC Working Party on Fish-Farm Effluents. Verona, Italy, 10–12 October 1988